Antioxidant Enzyme Status Research Articles

Nanopriming with phytofabricated selenium nanoparticles alleviates arsenite-induced oxidative stress in Spinacia oleracea L.

Arsenic (As) contamination of agricultural soil has become a major concern due to its adverse effects on plant growth and human health. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), a novel selenium (Se) source, are characterised by their exceptional biocompatibility, degradability, and bioactivities. In the present study, SeNPs were biogenically synthesised and further characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and TEM analysis. Different concentrations of the synthesised SeNPs were used to treat Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) seeds to determine their impact on growth profile, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzyme status upon arsenite (AsIII) treatment. The findings revealed that SeNP supplementation at a concentration of 100µM (SeNPs100) led to a significant reduction in As accumulation by twofold in roots and 1.5-fold in leaves when compared to plants exposed to AsIII100 (µM) alone. Interestingly, the photosynthetic efficiency was also remarkably enhanced upon SeNPs100 treatment, associated with increased activities of the defence enzymes (ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) in the AsIII + SeNP-exposed spinach plants as compared to AsIII treatment alone. Overall, the present study highlights the potential of biogenic SeNP supplementation in promoting plant growth and mitigating As toxicity in spinach under AsIII stress. This study could have significant implications for the use of SeNPs as a nanofertiliser in regions grappling with As-contaminated soils for sustainable agriculture and human health.

Impact of Rumex nepalensis on Performance, Blood Markers, Immunity, Intestinal Microbiology and Histomorphology in Broiler Chicken.

The study investigated the impact of utilizing Rumex nepalensis leaf powder (RNL) as a phytogenic feed additive on performance, blood markers, intestinal microbiology and histomorphology in broiler chicken. One hundred eighty day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups having three replicates with fifteen birds each. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets primarily based on maize-soybean were formulated, viz., CN (Control)-fed basal diet only; RNL2.5 (basal diet + 2.5 g/kg RNL); RNL5 (basal diet + 5 g/kg RNL); and RNL10 (basal diet + 10 g/kg RNL). The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in dietary treatments compared to CN with best values in RNL10 followed by RNL5. The blood markers like glucose, total protein, creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) showed no significance (p > 0.05) among all the treatments, however total cholesterol significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in RNL5 and RNL10 as against CN. Regarding immune parameters, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced in RNL5 and RNL10. Antioxidant enzyme status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in RNL10 compared to CN. Gut health in terms of cecal microbiology and histomorphology of duodenum and jejunum were altered by inclusion of RNL in the broiler diet. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in coliform count was recorded by incorporation of dietary treatments with highest reduction in RNL10. Lactobacillus count and total viable count did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments and CN. Duodenal and jejunal villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in RNL5 and RNL10 compared to RNL2.5 and CN. Thus, it could be concluded that inclusion of Rumex nepalensis leaf powder in the diet resulted in improved performance and better immuno-antioxidant status of broilers. Further, an improvement in the gut health was observed in terms of positive effects on cecal microbiota and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens.

Effects of different housing systems on the oxidative defence system, heterophil functions, cellular immune response and cytokines in laying hens.

1. This study investigated the effects of different housing systems on oxidative defence mechanisms, heterophil functions, cellular immune response and cytokine production in laying hens. One hundred and twenty laying hens were allocated into one of four groups: conventional cages, furnished cages, deep litter, and free range.2. Housing system did not affect malondialdehyde concentrations and enzymatic antioxidant status. Ascorbic acid values were higher in deep-litter hens than in those in conventional cages and free range.3. Phagocytic and chemotactic activities tended to rise in the deep-litter system, and oxidative burst was higher than in furnished cages. Cytotoxic T cells were decreased in furnished cages, both cytotoxic and helper T cells decreased in deep litter compared to free range.4. The IL-2 and IL-13 expression was higher in deep litter than in conventional cages, and IL-6 expression was higher in furnished cages than in free range.5. Housing system had no significant effects on the oxidative defence system; however, they affected heterophil functions, cellular defence mechanisms and cytokine production. The results suggested that breeders need to consider the housing system's potential effects on immune defence responses while applying a breeding strategy appropriate for animal welfare and consumer demand.

Role of Antioxidant Enzymes in Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

To investigate the antioxidant enzyme status in biological samples of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and compare them with biological samples of healthy people through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Antioxidant enzymes of catalase (CAT), sodium dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxide (GPx) were included in the analysis. A literature search was conducted of the PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library databases for studies published between January 1999 and December 2022. A total of 831 articles were selected, of which 131 were found to be relevant. Finally, the full texts of 12 studies were screened and included. Studies that evaluated other antioxidant enzymes were excluded. Standardised mean difference (SMD) was derived to conduct a meta-analysis using comprehensive meta-analysis v3 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA). A random effects model with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the effect size. P < 0.05 was considered significant. CAT levels were measured in eight studies (n &#61; 567) and the mean values for the OSCC and control groups were 4.81 ± 2.57 and 10.02 ± 1.81, respectively (SMD 3.18, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.42; P &#61; 0.001). SOD level was evaluated in 11 studies (n &#61; 762) and the values for the OSCC and control groups were 3.78 ± 1.45 and 7.34 ± 1.79, respectively (SMD 3.66, 95% CI 1.51 to 1.94; P &#61; 0.001). GPx level was evaluated in 10 studies (n &#61; 697) and the values for the OSCC and control groups were 13.33 ± 1.42 and 16.54 ± 2.9, respectively (SMD 1.91, 95% CI 1.34 to 1.77; P &#61; 0.001). The heterogeneity between the studies was severe (I2 ≥ 90%). The risk of bias between studies was low to moderate. Analysis revealed that the levels of antioxidant enzymes decreased in biological samples of patients with OSSC as compared to healthy controls. Understanding the pathological progress of OSCC by analysing the level of antioxidant enzymes is beneficial in formulating a personalised, targeted pro-oxidant therapy for cancer treatment.

Valencene ameliorates ox-LDL induced foam cell formation by suppressing inflammation and modulating key proteins involved in the atherogenesis on THP-1 derived macrophages

Atherosclerosis is a distinct risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, which are significant contributors to global mortality. It is defined by macrophage-derived foam cell development followed by persistent inflammation, plaque formation, fibrosis and thrombosis. Studies have shown valencene, a sesquiterpene obtained from Valencia oranges, has several health-promoting properties. However, its protective effect against atherosclerosis and foam cell models remains unexplored. The present investigation revealed that valencene treatment suppresses foam cell generation and accumulation of lipids in THP-1-derived cells macrophage models activated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), maintained in vitro. The intracellular lipid content was qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed by Oil Red O staining, and the compound's cytotoxicity was assessed through the MTT assay, considering both time-dependent and dose-dependent factors. The RT-qPCR results showed promising anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant enzyme status upon valencene treatment. The H2DCFDA staining revealed valencene's ability to reduce the oxidative stress induced by ox-LDL. Further, high-throughput proteomic profiling was carried out to identify the target proteins affected by valencene treatment and thereby explore its mechanism of action on foam cell models. Proteomic studies revealed that valencene treatment regulates the expression of several proteins associated with ox-LDL-induced inflammation, defective cholesterol homeostasis and cholesterol efflux pathways.

Biochemical and histological alterations induced by UV-328 in the gill tissue of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) and its reversal by Dimethoxy curcumin

The presence of Benzotriazole UV Stabilizer-328 (UV-328) in different biological and natural systems is of fast, regular concern in recent days due to their exuberant use in sunscreens. To learn more about its role of oxidative damage in the gills and to uncover the protective nature of DiMC, we evaluated its sub-lethal toxicity in Zebra fish gill tissue and also evaluated the potential defensive role of Dimethoxy curcumin (DiMC). Grown-up Zebra fish were exposed to 55 µg/L of UV-328 and 50mg/kg of DiMC for four weeks. After the completion of 28 days, gill tissues were dissected out and assessed for their response to oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes status, and histopathological changes. Our results demonstrated that antioxidant such as glutathione (GSH) levels and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST) were all diminished in the gill tissue along with the profound increase in lipid peroxidation (measured as TBARS) in the UV-328-treated group. Histopathological lesions, for instance, inflammatory cell infiltration with a minimal congestion in primary lamellae, diffuse epithelial hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae, multifocal mucus cell hyperplasia were seen in the UV-328-treated gill tissue of Zebra fish. The UV-328-induced oxidative, biochemical, and histological alterations were almost reverted back to normal in the DiMC enhanced group, suggesting its remediative efficacy against UV-328-induced respirotoxicity. Based on our findings, exposure to UV-328, even at a low level, could be toxic, causing oxidative stress, antioxidant depletion, and pathological gill damage in Zebra fish. And these alterations were almost recuperated in DiMC supplemented group which signifies its protective influence against UV-328 toxicity. Keywords: UV-328; Oxidative stress; Antioxidants; Histopathology; Zebra fish

Prophylactic effects of apigenin against hyperglycemia-associated amnesia via activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway in zebrafish

The escalating focus on ageing-associated disease has generated substantial interest in the phenomenon of cognitive impairment linked to diabetes. Hyperglycemia exacerbates oxidative stress, contributes to β-amyloid accumulation, disrupts mitochondrial function, and impairs cognitive function. Existing therapies have certain limitations, and apigenin (AG), a natural plant flavonoid, has piqued interest due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. So, we anticipate that AG might be a preventive medicine for hyperglycemia-associated amnesia. To test our hypothesis, naïve zebrafish were trained to acquire memory and pretreated with AG. Streptozotocin (STZ) was administered to mimic hyperglycemia-induced memory dysfunction. Spatial memory was assessed by T-maze and object recognition through visual stimuli. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, antioxidant enzyme status, and neuroinflammatory genes were measured, and histopathology was performed in the brain to elucidate the neuroprotective mechanism. AG exhibits a prophylactic effect and improves spatial learning and discriminative memory of STZ-induced amnesia in zebrafish under hyperglycemic conditions. AG also reduces blood glucose levels, brain oxidative stress, and AChE activity, enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. AG prevented neuronal damage by regulating brain antioxidant response elements (ARE), collectively contributing to neuroprotective properties. AG demonstrates a promising effect in alleviating memory dysfunction and mitigating pathological changes via activation of the Nrf2/ARE mechanism. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of AG in addressing memory dysfunction and neurodegenerative changes associated with hyperglycemia.

Zinc, antioxidant enzymes in preeclampsia, and association with newborn outcome

BackgroundThe etiology of preeclampsia (PE) may be associated with the increased of production of reactive species and decreased antioxidant activity of enzymes. Inadequate intake of Zn can affect gestational health due to its biological functions, such as its role in the antioxidant defense system. The study aimed to assess the nutritional status of Zn and antioxidant enzymes in postpartum women and its correlation with neonatal outcomes. MethodsA cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at a referral gynecology and obstetrics hospital. A total of 119 women (PE = 58, HP = 61) participated in the study. A quantitative food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess food consumption and further analyze the dietary Zn levels.Zinc levels in plasma and erythrocytes samples were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. ResultsPlasma and dietary intake Zn results were considered adequate and without statistical difference between groups. SOD levels were significantly higher in the HP group (p = 0.011), and CAT levels were higher in the PE group (p = 0.050). There was a positive correlation between SOD activity in women with PE and the weight of their newborns (r = 0.336, p=0.021). ConclusionThe results showed adequate Zn levels (consumption and serum levels) in the groups studied, although with a reduction of plasma Zn in the PE group compared to the PH group.Zinc in plasma fractions and erythrocytes are important markers for oxidative stress, in particular, plasma Zn seems to be related to the rapid response to preeclampsia. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was elevated in the groups studied. Better SOD activity improves birth weight in children of pregnant women with preeclampsia.

Daidzein ameliorates nonmotor symptoms of manganese-induced Parkinsonism in zebrafish model: Behavioural and biochemical approach.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by motor dysfunction. Environmental factors, especially manganese (Mn), contribute significantly to PD. Existing therapies are focused on motor coordination, whereas nonmotor features such as neuropsychiatric symptoms are often neglected. Daidzein (DZ), a phytoestrogen, has piqued interest due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anxiolytic properties. Therefore, we anticipate that DZ might be an effective drug to alleviate the nonmotor symptoms of Mn-induced Parkinsonism. Naïve zebrafish were exposed to 2mM of Mn for 21 days and intervened with DZ. Nonmotor symptoms such as anxiety, social behaviour, and olfactory function were assessed. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and antioxidant enzyme status were measured from brain tissue through biochemical assays. Dopamine levels and histology were performed to elucidate neuroprotective mechanism of DZ. DZ exhibited anxiolytic effects in a novel environment and also improved intra and inter fish social behaviour. DZ improved the olfactory function and response to amino acid stimuli in Mn-induced Parkinsonism. DZ reduced brain oxidative stress and AChE activity and prevented neuronal damage. DZ increased DA level in the brain, collectively contributing to neuroprotection. DZ demonstrated a promising effect on alleviating nonmotor symptoms such as anxiety and olfactory dysfunction, through the mitigation of cellular damage. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of DZ in addressing nonmotor neurotoxicity induced by heavy metals, particularly in the context of Mn-induced Parkinsonism.

Benincasa hispida Alleviates Stress and Anxiety in a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model.

The Ayurvedic medical system uses fruits of the Benincasa hispida plant to treat mental diseases, including schizophrenia. The goal of the current study was to assess the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit's ability to relieve stress and anxiety induced in zebrafish models using neuropharmacological evaluation, which included determining behavioral parameters in tests such as the T-maze, open tank test (OTT), and light-dark preference test (LDPT). After measuring the zebrafish survival rate for 96 h, the LC50 was found to be 5 µg. AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitory activity and the status of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and LDH) were also used to evaluate the toxicity. Furthermore, the administration of the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit increased the frequency of entry and duration of time spent in the bright section, suggesting a noteworthy reduction in levels of stress and anxiety. Additionally, the antistress and antianxiety activity was confirmed by the docking studies' mechanism of action, which involves the AChE receptor binding stability of the homogalactaconan molecule found in the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit is a viable therapeutic molecule for the creation of novel drugs and the treatment of stress since it has the therapeutic advantage of reversing the negative effects of stress and anxiety.

Impact of glyphosate-based herbicide exposure through maternal milk on offspring's antioxidant status, neurodevelopment, and behavior.

Glyphosate-based Herbicide (GBH) is a widely used pesticide that functions as a broad-spectrum, non-selective herbicide. Despite advanced research to describe the neurotoxic potential of GBH, the harmful effects on maternal behavior and neurodevelopment of offspring remain unclear. This study was conducted to highlight the effects of GBH on the antioxidant system, anxiety traits, social interaction, and cognitive and sensorimotor functions in pups exposed to 25 or 50mg/l daily via their mother's milk. Concerning the biochemical biomarkers, GBH administered during the early stages of development negatively affected the status of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in the brain structures of the pups. Furthermore, our results showed a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) specific activity within the brains of treated pups. The results of the behavioral tests indicated that the treated offspring developed anxiety, memory, and sociability disorders, as evidenced by the Open Field, Y-maze, object recognition task, and social interaction tests. Through neurodevelopmental testing, we also showed sensorimotor impairment (righting reflex and negative geotaxis) and abnormal maternal behavior. Altogether, our study clearly demonstrates that the developing brain is sensitive to GBH.

The Effects of Oxygen-Derived Free-Radical Scavengers During Normothermic Ex-Situ Heart Perfusion.

Oxidative stress occurs during ex-situ heart perfusion (ESHP) and may negatively affect functional preservation of the heart. We sought to assess the status of key antioxidant enzymes during ESHP, and the effects of augmenting these antioxidants on the attenuation of oxidative stress and improvement of myocardial and endothelial preservation in ESHP. Porcine hearts were perfused for 6 hours with oxygen-derived free-radical scavengers polyethylene glycol (PEG)-catalase or PEG-superoxide dismutase (SOD) or with naive perfusate (control). The oxidative stress-related modifications were determined in the myocardium and coronary vasculature, and contractile function, injury, and endothelial integrity were compared between the groups. The activity of key antioxidant enzymes decreased and adding catalase and SOD restored the enzyme activity. Cardiac function and endothelial integrity were preserved better with restored catalase activity. Catalase and SOD both decreased myocardial injury and catalase reduced ROS production and oxidative modification of proteins in the myocardium and coronary vasculature. The activity of antioxidant enzymes decrease in ESHP. Catalase may improve the preservation of cardiac function and endothelial integrity during ESHP. While catalase and SOD may both exert cardioprotective effects, unbalanced SOD and catalase activity may paradoxically increase the production of reactive species during ESHP.

A Long-Term Study on Chemical Compounds and Their Location in Sweet Basil Leaves from Organic and Conventional Producers

Bioactive compound profiles in organic and conventional sweet basil were analyzed by HPLC, and the enzymatic status and antioxidant status of plants cultivated with the two systems were also examined. Fluorescence microscopy was used for the determination of compounds’ locations in the basil leaves. The experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Organic and conventional basil samples were obtained directly from Polish herb producers. The results showed that the chemical profiles of organic and conventional basil leaves are different. Not only the cultivation method but also the experimental year had a significant impact on the antioxidant content in basil leaves. Organic basil contained significantly more dry matter (11.97 g 100 g−1 FW) compared to conventional one (10.54 g 100 g−1 FW) and a higher tendency for total phenolic compounds (5.24 mg g −1 DW) accumulation. The higher bioactive compound content reflects the antioxidant activity (61.0%, 54.33%, and 46%) in organic basil compared to conventional (46.87%, 38.055, and 39.24%) with respect to the analysis method (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP). Catalase activity (39 µmol H2O2 min−1 mg−1) in organic basil was higher compared to conventional (23.19 µmol H2O2 min−1 mg−1) ones. The obtained results are very unique and could be used by herb producers as a key for high-quality basil production. The higher concentration of bioactive compounds in organic basil gives a better nutraceutical status to this popular herb.

Production of Phenylpropanoids, Naphthodianthrones and Antioxidant Status of Hypericum perforatum L. Transgenic Shoots

Fifteen transgenic shoot clones (TS A-TS O) regenerated from Hypericum perforatum hairy roots were evaluated for growth characteristics, phenylpropanoid, and naphthodianthrone production, as well as non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant status. Transgenic shoots displayed higher biomass production and non-altered phenotypes compared to control shoots. Phenylpropanoid production in TS was not related to phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity indicating that alternative enzymes could be involved in the regulation of phenylpropanoid/flavonoid biosynthesis. The positive correlation between phenylpropanoids (phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavan-3-ols, tannins) and non-enzymatic antioxidant assays suggested that these compounds are the main contributors to the redox state and radical scavenging properties of TS clones. More importantly, enhanced naphthodianthrone production (hypericin, pseudohypericin and protopseudohypericin) in TS was associated with the number of leaf dark glands. Concerning the enzymatic antioxidant status of TS, guaiacol peroxidase was shown as the main enzyme that turns down H2O2 levels, while the upregulation of superoxide dismutase coincided with decreased O2•− production. The efficiency of antioxidant enzymes for O2•− and H2O2 neutralization decreased the level of MDA and consequently delayed lipid peroxidation in TS clones. Altogether, H. perforatum transgenic shoots could be proposed as a prospective biotechnological system for scale-up production of naphthodianthrones and phenylpropanoids with antioxidant properties.

Fenpropathrin Induces Oxidative Stress, Inhibits Cholinesterase, and Causes Genotoxicity in &lt;i&gt;Pethia conchonius&lt;/i&gt; (Hamilton, 1822)

Pesticide contamination in water bodies is a serious threat to aquatic organisms. Among the new generation pesticides, synthetic pyrethroids enter the aquatic environment from agricultural runoff and are more persistent in aquatic environment. In this study, we investigated the effect of fenpropathrin, a type II pyrethroid, on Pethia conchonius. The median lethal concentration for commercial formulation of fenpropathrin (Danitol®) was determined to be 2.43 μg/L. Based on the median lethal concentration, the fish were exposed to 1/5th (0.486 μg/L) and 1/10th (0.243 μg/L) of median lethal concentrations for 30 days. After the exposure period, antioxidant enzymes status (superoxide dismutase and catalase), oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione) in brain, liver, and kidney, cholinesterase enzyme activity in brain and muscles, and incidences of micronucleus were evaluated. In the treatment groups, alteration in antioxidant enzyme levels were observed in brain, liver, and kidney. Lipid peroxidation, which is indicative of oxidative stress, was observed but did not show much variation. Reduced glutathione was also altered. Cholinesterase activity was significantly different in the brain tissues between control and treatment groups; however, no significant difference was observed between the cholinesterase activities of muscles in control and treatment groups. Micronucleus incidence in treatment groups was higher than that in the control. Our study indicates that fenpropathrin altered the antioxidative enzyme status, inhibited cholinesterase activity in brain, and exhibited potential genotoxic effects in the fish Pethia conchonius.

Physiological response of thiamethoxam and ulexite in rainbow trout: A neural network-mediated approach

Fish, which are in constant contact with water, serve as an important ecological indicator of aquatic environment health. Therefore, in this study, in the name of neural degeneration, thiamethoxam (TMX) insecticide in the cerebral tissue of Oncorhynchus mykiss; neurotoxic endpoints such as biomarkers of oxidative stress, DNA damage and the status of antioxidant enzymes have been identified. Antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD, GPx, GSH) activities were significantly inhibited by TMX administration, and MDA and MPO values increased as a result of the stimulation of ROS (p < 0.05). It was interpreted that ulexite (UX) added to the medium was effective in favor of antioxidants and tried to prevent MDA and MPO levels. It was determined that Nrf-2, one of the inflammation parameters, was inhibited as a result of TMX application, and the supplementation of UX to the medium created merits similar to the no treatment group. In the 48th and 96th hour analyses of cerebral tissue, it was determined that IL-6 and TNF-α values were induced in TMX applied groups and UX tried to inhibit this situation. It was commented that TMX induced DNA damage and apoptosis at 48th–96th h, whereas UX suppressed this situation. The results provide possible in vivo evidence that UX supplements can reduce TMX-mediated oxidative stress and brain damage in O. mykiss brain tissue.

Endogenous enzymatic antioxidant status of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) following exposure to sublethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles

Immunotoxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) was assessed using redox-status orchestrating enzymes. To this end, the shrimp was exposed to sublethal AgNPs concentrations (0 % LC50: control; 25 % LC50: 0.97 mg/L; 50 % LC50: 1.95 mg/L; 75 % LC50: 2.92 mg/L). During the experiment, the behavior of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was monitored, besides total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The hepatopancreas SOD activity reduced about 63 %–76 % at.%50 LC50 and %75 LC50 AgNPs treatments, and CAT decreased in both tissues at 50 % LC50 AgNPs. TAC exhibited a U-form response in the hepatopancreas organ against stress caused by AgNPs, and hepatopancreas MDA displayed a time-dependent increase. Taken together, AgNPs triggered severe immunotoxicity through suppression of CAT, SOD, and TAC in the hepatopancreas tissue.

Methyl jasmonate-induced senescence results in alterations in the status of chlorophyll precursors and enzymatic antioxidants in rice plants

We examined the control of chlorophyll biosynthesis and protective mechanisms during leaf senescence induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA). After MeJA treatment, rice plants displayed evidence of great oxidative stress regarding senescence symptoms, disruption of membrane integrity, H2O2 production, and decreased chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency. After 6 h of MeJA treatment, plants greatly decreased not only their levels of chlorophyll precursors, including protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-Proto IX, Mg-Proto IX methylester, and protochlorophyllide, but also the expression levels of the chlorophyll biosynthetic genes CHLD, CHLH, CHLI, and PORB, with the greatest decreases at 78 h. MeJA-treated plants showed a noticeable degradation of light-harvesting chlorophyll-binding proteins (LHCB) at 78 h after MeJA treatment but began to downregulate expression of LHCB at 6 h. Photoprotection, as indicated by nonphotochemical quenching, slightly increased only at 6 h after MeJA treatment. In parallel to the increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase, MeJA-treated plants responded to senescence by markedly upregulating the expression of APX and CAT. Our study demonstrates that rice plants developed protective mechanisms for mitigating oxidative stress by scavenging phototoxic chlorophyll precursors and activating enzymatic antioxidant responses during MeJA-induced senescence.

Serum malondialdehyde in different stages of chronic renal disorder

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a widespread public health problem, which may have several adverse consequences such as renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. Kidney-related pathologies have increasing prevalence rates, produce a considerable financial burden, and are characterized by elevated levels of oxidative stress (OS). Several markers emerged as well-suited indicators of OS such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid hydroperoxides. The reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes status and increased production of MDA in the CKD patients confirm the presence of OS. The alteration in antioxidant status and MDA in CKD patients supports the role of OS in CKD patient. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare serum MDA in different stages of CKD with that of control. It is well known that inflammation has an important role in CKD and MDA is an oxidant biomarker. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study having 400 participants with 300 known cases of CKD and 100 healthy controls. Serum MDA levels were measured by thiobarbituric acid assay. Results: There was a significant difference between the groups regarding the MDA values (P&lt;0.001) with that of control. The mean MDA value in Stage III (5.64±1.93 Umol/L), Stage IV (6.14±1.584 Umol/L), and Stage V (10.761±3.347 U moL/L) of CKD patients were high in comparison to healthy control (1.88±0.181 U mol/L). Conclusion: We concluded that MDA is a useful biomarker in CKD patients. The correlations of serum MDA among different stages of CKD patients were significant. Larger studies focused on CKD severity and antioxidant/oxidant biomarkers are required.

AD−1 Small Molecule Improves Learning and Memory Function in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Mice Model through Regulation of CREB/BDNF and NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway

Cognitive decline and memory impairment induced by oxidative brain damage are the critical pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Based on the potential neuroprotective effects of AD-1 small molecule, we here explored the possible underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of AD-1 small molecule against scopolamine-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. According to our findings, scopolamine administration resulted in increased AChE activity, MDA levels, and decreased antioxidant enzymes, as well as the downregulation of the antioxidant response proteins of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression; however, treatment with AD-1 small molecule mitigated the generation of oxidant factors while restoring the antioxidant enzymes status, in addition to improving antioxidant protein levels. Similarly, AD-1 small molecule significantly increased the protein expression of neuroprotective markers such as BDNF and CREB and promoted memory processes in scopolamine-induced mice. Western blot analysis showed that AD-1 small molecule reduced activated microglia and astrocytes via the attenuation of iba-1 and GFAP protein expression. We also found that scopolamine enhanced the phosphorylation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling and, conversely, that AD-1 small molecule significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling in the brain regions of hippocampus and cortex. We further found that scopolamine promoted neuronal loss by inducing Bax and caspase-3 and reducing the levels of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. In contrast, AD-1 small molecule significantly decreased the levels of apoptotic markers and increased neuronal survival. Furthermore, AD-1 small molecule ameliorated scopolamine-induced impairments in spatial learning behavior and memory formation. These findings revealed that AD-1 small molecule attenuated scopolamine-induced cognitive and memory dysfunction by ameliorating AChE activity, oxidative brain damage, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis.