Environmental Sustainability Perspective Research Articles

Developing a Measurement Framework for Ethiopian Dry Port Sustainability: An Empirical Study

Developing a Measurement Framework for Ethiopian Dry Port Sustainability: An Empirical Study

A Microporous Mn(II) MOF Based on 5-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl) Isophthalic Acid for CO2/N2 Separation.

Removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from a CO2/N2 mixture by utilizing CO2-selective sorbents is important from the perspective of energy security and environmental sustainability. Herein, a microporous metal-organic framework (MOF) composed of manganese(II) and a bifunctional linker 5-(4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (H2L), [Mn(HL)2] (1) is designed and synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), a microporous channel was found in the structure of compound 1 along the a-axis. Attributed to hydrogen-binding interactions between CO2 molecules and N- and O-donor ligands in its microporous one-dimensional (1D) channel, compound 1 exhibits favorable adsorption of CO2 over N2. Further, verified by experimental breakthrough tests, the CO2/N2 mixture can be separated efficiently. This work provides potential guidance for designing CO2-selective MOFs for CO2/N2 separation.

All-natural 2D nanofluidics as highly-efficient osmotic energy generators

Two-dimensional nanofluidics based on naturally abundant clay are good candidates for harvesting osmotic energy between the sea and river from the perspective of commercialization and environmental sustainability. However, clay-based nanofluidics outputting long-term considerable osmotic power remains extremely challenging to achieve due to the lack of surface charge and mechanical strength. Here, a two-dimensional all-natural nanofluidic (2D-NNF) is developed as a robust and highly efficient osmotic energy generator based on an interlocking configuration of stacked montmorillonite nanosheets (from natural clay) and their intercalated cellulose nanofibers (from natural wood). The generated nano-confined interlamellar channels with abundant surface and space negative charges facilitate selective and fast hopping transport of cations in the 2D-NNF. This contributes to an osmotic power output of ~8.61 W m−2 by mixing artificial seawater and river water, higher than other reported state-of-the-art 2D nanofluidics. According to detailed life cycle assessments (LCA), the 2D-NNF demonstrates great advantages in resource consumption (1/14), greenhouse gas emissions (1/9), and production costs (1/13) compared with the mainstream 2D nanofluidics, promising good sustainability for large-scale and highly-efficient osmotic power generation.

Cellulose nanocrystal filled synthetic rubber: Sustainable production, environmental assessment and end-of-life biodegradation by polyphagous pests

Plastic and rubber productions have reached staggering levels, leading to environmental concerns and accumulation of microplastics (MPs) rising in ecosystems. Rubber tires, a major source of MPs, pose further challenges due to excessive use of carbon black (CB) nanofillers in their manufacturing process, stresses on adding the element of sustainability to these products. This study emphasizes on the production of bio-based cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) filled synthetic rubber with sustainability assessment through life cycle assessment (LCA). It investigates the end-of-life (EOL) biodegradation potentials of rubber waste using a polyphagous pest, fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda). The results revealed that the production of CNC filled rubber demonstrate enhanced modulus compared to CB nanofillers, while requires substantial resource consumption, impacting abiotic resource depletion–fossil fuels (ADPf), freshwater ecotoxicity (CTUe), global warming potential (GWP), particulate matter (PM) and other impact categories. Emissions associated with CNC filled rubber during EOL phase are comparatively lower than CB, rendering CNC based rubbers a potentially viable choice from an environmental sustainability perspective. EOL pest biodegradation of CNC filled rubber showed negligible to no discernible physiological effects, potentially attributed to the presence of a diverse gut microbiota community in FAW (S. frugiperda). These findings highlight the relationship between physiochemical properties and CNC biodegradability in synthetic rubbers, aiding the development of sustainable EOL strategies for rubber waste management.

Reinventing waste: Transforming discarded optical discs into polycarbonate-organosilane adsorbent for effective removal of mercury(II) in water

Polycarbonate, renowned for its versatile properties, has become indispensable in numerous domestic applications. However, the escalating rates of consumption and disposal raise significant concerns for sustainable development. Of particular concern is the inadequate management of obsolete optical discs, which pose a serious environmental threat due to the non-biodegradable polycarbonate component. To address this challenge, this study aimed to repurpose polycarbonate derived from optical disc waste into adsorbent materials using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) coupling. The waste-derived products underwent comprehensive characterization employing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission-scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda techniques. Additionally, batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the mercury(II) adsorption behaviours. The successful immobilisation of APTES on polycarbonate surfaces was confirmed by the detection of nitrogen, silicon, and urethane groups. Notably, the product modified with 3 mL of APTES exhibited the highest surface area (61.992 m2 g−1), suggesting its potential for the adsorptive removal of mercury(II). Analysis based on the Langmuir (R2 =0.9824) and Redlich-Peterson (R2 =0.9834) isotherm models suggested a predominantly monolayer adsorption mechanism with an estimated maximum capacity of 1.284 mg g–1, while the adsorption process followed pseudo second-order kinetics (R2 =0.9998). The results highlight the efficacy of waste-derived polycarbonate-organosilane adsorbents in removing mercury(II) from diverse water matrices, rendering them attractive from both economic and environmental sustainability perspectives.

The nutritional value of meat should be considered when comparing the carbon footprint of lambs produced on different finishing diets

IntroductionLamb production systems are under increasing pressure to reduce their environmental footprint, particularly emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane. However, the metrics used to express the carbon footprint of lamb seldom consider its nutritional density and contribution to balanced diets in humans. Lamb production systems vary considerably, from low-input pastoral systems to higher-input systems feeding concentrates for the latter ‘finishing’ period. To date, no studies have explored the effect of finishing diet on the carbon footprint of lamb meat on a nutritional basis.MethodsData from 444 carcasses were collected from four abattoirs across Wales, United Kingdom. Lambs were derived from 33 farms with one of four distinct finishing diets: forage crops (n = 5), grass (n = 11), concentrates (n = 7), and grass and concentrates (n = 15). Carcass data were analysed using mixed effects models. Significant differences were found in fatty acid composition of two large commercial cuts of meat from different finishing diets. To illustrate the effect of different measures of footprint, mass (kg dwt) and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content (g omega-3) were selected as functional units. GHG emission estimates were calculated using Agrecalc.ResultsThe concentrates diet had the lowest average mass-based product emissions [25.0 kg CO2e/kg deadweight (dwt)] while the grass systems had the highest (28.1 kg CO2e/kg dwt; p < 0.001). The semimembranosus muscle cut from the forage crops diet had the lowest average nutrition-based product emissions (19.2 kg CO2e/g omega-3); whereas the same muscle cut from lambs finished on the grass and concentrates diet had the highest nutrition-based product emissions (29.4 kg CO2e/g omega-3; p < 0.001).DiscussionWhile mass-based functional units can be useful for comparing efficiencies of different farming systems, they do not reflect how farming systems impact the nutritional differences of the final product. This study demonstrates the importance of considering nutrition when expressing and comparing the carbon footprints of nutrient-dense foods such as lamb. This approach could also help inform discussions around the optimal diets for lamb production systems from both a human nutrition and environmental sustainability perspective.

Ayurveda Perspective of Environmental Sustainability for the Economic Crisis–A Review

Ayurveda, the science of life is a comprehensive system of health care of great antiquity, based on experiential knowledge and grown with perpetual expansion. Ayurveda treatment combines products of plant derivatives as well as animal, metal, and mineral, diet, exercise, and lifestyle. According to WHO 88% of all countries are estimated to use traditional medicine, such as herbal medicines, acupuncture, yoga and indigenous therapies. U.S. Environmental protection Agency defines, Environmental sustainability is the responsibility to conserve natural resources and protect global ecosystems to support health and well-being, now and in the future. The objective of this study has been aimed to review on Ayurveda system of medicine for environmental sustainability. The study was carried out as a review study and data was collected from Ayurveda authentic texts, previously published research papers and journal articles. As per findings, Ayurveda provides clear guidelines for lifestyle and nutrition, all of which fit within the framework of Dharma (Moral principles) which promotes responsibility for the whole society. According to Ayurveda, lifestyle helps to protect a healthy environment and support nature. It also means the natural care of sustainable food sources and agriculture preserves not only life but also responsible and safe ways of nutrition, careful approach and planning to preserve and guarantee the abundance of all medicinal plants in nature. Sustainable food aims to avoid damaging or wasting natural resources. The major four elements of environmental sustainability which are air and water management and risk reduction have been described in Ayurveda authentic texts. As adaptations the concepts such as the knowledge of Ritucharya (regimen for various seasons) and Dina Charya (daily regimen) in Ayurveda, are the key to survival, thus essential to maintain a healthy life which helps to free from lifestyle diseases in humans and leads to maintaining good relationship with their environment. The predictive approach of Ayurveda based on the constitutional knowledge about human being shall assist to solving a serious challenge of the modern life. Modern drug-based medicine is becoming increasingly inaccessible to the majority of the world‘s poor. The neglect of environmental, spiritual and psychological factors behind health and disease does not allow a simple, abstemious lifestyle. Ayurveda offers a sound, millenary natural alternative to the prevailing medical system on its way to individual well-being, improving health economy and social-economic development. 
 Keywords: Ayurveda perspective, Economic crisis, Environmental sustainability

Dry Direct-Seeded Rice Yield and Water Use Efficiency as Affected by Biodegradable Film Mulching in the Northeastern Region of China

In the realm of agriculture, biodegradable films are emerging as a promising substitute for traditional polyethylene (PE) films. Despite their potential, there has been a notable lack of extensive research on their effectiveness in the context of dry direct-seeded rice cultivation. Addressing this gap, a comprehensive biennial study was conducted in the northeastern regions of China, focusing on the ‘Baonong 5’ rice variety. This study meticulously compared three distinct cultivation methods: (1) employing biodegradable film mulching, (2) using conventional plastic film mulching, and (3) cultivating without any mulch. The findings revealed that biodegradable film mulching significantly enhanced soil moisture control, increased leaf area, and improved rice yield and water utilization efficiency (p < 0.05) compared to the plots without mulch. Notably, there was no marked difference in outcomes between the plastic film mulching and the unmulched plots. This research underscores the profound benefits of biodegradable film in rice cultivation, particularly from an environmental sustainability perspective. This innovative method not only boosts agricultural productivity but also addresses critical environmental challenges like climate change and water conservation. The application of biodegradable mulch has proven to be remarkably effective in improving irrigation efficiency and crop water conservation, leading to enhanced rice development and higher yields. The study recorded a substantial increase in water productivity—30% in 2021 and between 52.85% and 60% in 2022—compared to traditional cultivation practices. Furthermore, the use of biodegradable mulch resulted in significantly higher rice yields than the non-mulched plots, thus contributing to increased profitability. Such methods not only yield higher crop outputs but also mitigate environmental issues like water pollution and help alleviate prevalent water shortages in rice farming.

Sustainable reduction of sulfate contained in gypsum waste: perspectives and applications for agroforestry waste and sanitary sewage

This review article explores sustainable biotechnological strategies for converting sulfate compounds and lignocellulosic waste, focusing on using sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and the valorization of agroforestry residues and sanitary sewage. SRB show potential in effluent treatment, mine drainage, and the removal of sulfate and heavy metals from wastewater, with their metabolic activity being influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, and chemical oxygen demand/sulfate (COD/SO4=) ratio. In the context of a sustainable bioeconomy, the challenge of converting lignocellulosic waste into value-added products is addressed through physical pretreatment techniques such as milling, extrusion, microwave irradiation, and ultrasound, which are efficient in valorizing waste from urban tree pruning. The article highlights the importance of bioreactors in transforming raw materials into desirable biochemical products, discussing different types of bioreactors, such as batch, continuous stirred tank, airlift, fluidized bed, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), and bubble column, and their specific advantages and disadvantages. Sustainable sulfate reduction is the central focus, integrating the application of SRB and the conversion of lignocellulosic waste in a way that complements the objectives of the work and promotes a more cohesive flow in the summary. Thus, the interrelationship between effluent treatment strategies and waste valorization is emphasized from an environmental sustainability perspective, highlighting the relevance of this study in the broader context of a sustainable bioeconomy.

Modeling an Optimal Environmentally Friendly Energy-Saving Flexible Workshop

From the perspective of energy efficiency and environmental sustainability, the scheduling problem in a flexible workshop with the utilization of automated guided vehicles (AGVs) was investigated for material transportation. Addressing the dual-constrained integrated scheduling challenge involving machining machines and AGVs, a scheduling optimization model was established with makespan, workshop energy consumption, and processing quality as the optimization objectives. To effectively solve this model, an enhanced whale optimization algorithm (IWOA) was proposed. Specifically, nonlinear convergence factors, adaptive inertia weights, and improved helix positions were introduced into the standard whale optimization algorithm to update the model. Furthermore, a loss function was constructed based on fuzzy membership theory to obtain the optimal compromise solution of the multi-objective model. The research results indicate that: (1) The IWOA obtained the optimal solutions on benchmark instances MK01, MK02, MK04, MK07, and MK08; (2) The IWOA outperformed the WOA(1), WOA(2), WOA-LEDE, and NSGA-II algorithms in the two instances provided in this paper, demonstrating strong robustness of the model; (3) Although the multi-objective model constructed in this paper could not surpass the single-objective optimal solution in individual objectives, it achieved compensation in other objectives, effectively balancing the trade-offs among the makespan, workshop energy consumption, and processing quality of the three objectives. This research offers an effective practical approach to address green flexible workshop scheduling with AGV transportation.

Natural disasters and energy innovation: unveiling the linkage from an environmental sustainability perspective

Natural disasters, characterized by their escalating frequency and intensification, fueled relentlessly by the inexorable forces of climate change, unambiguously underscore the urgent need to reassess our built environments and meticulously revise infrastructure design to withstand the unforgiving onslaught of these extreme events, thereby demanding concerted attention and unwavering dedication from policymakers and academic researchers to navigate this formidable predicament. The current study delves into the exploration of how natural disaster impact the course of energy technology evolution. To achieve this, This investigation uses panel data from 1990–2020 and sophisticated econometric analyses to model the effect of calamities on energy technology advancement across BRICS countries. Rigorous empirical methodologies lend credibility regarding the observed detrimental impact of disasters on innovation. The preliminary findings of the investigation suggest that natural disasters potentially exert a markedly detrimental effect on energy technology innovation. This influence is not merely confined to the year of the disaster occurrence but persistently lingers for the subsequent 4-year period. Moreover, the adverse impacts of such environmental upheavals on energy evolution seem to be mitigated by various factors. These include robust economic growth, government stability, interpersonal globalization, financial openness, trade openness, and the expansion of social globalisation. Adding further dimension to this research is the understanding that epidemics have the most pronounced negative implications on energy innovation. Concluding on a nuanced note, the study underscores a significant inverse relationship between natural disasters and low-carbon energy innovation. Interestingly, however, there is no discernible correlation when it comes to non-low carbon energy innovation. In a nutshell, this research presents a potential reference guide for policymakers, illuminating pathways to enhance the degree of energy innovation while tackling natural disasters and ensuring environmental sustainability.

Influence of graphene oxide on the long-term durability behaviour of high-strength rubberised concrete

Applying waste tire rubber as rubber aggregate (RA) in concrete is advantageous from the perspective of environmental sustainability. This study examines the action of graphene oxide (GO) on the durability properties of high-strength rubberised concrete (RC). The durability characteristics of concrete were assessed with the help of acid attack, water sorptivity, and rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) on the hardened concrete specimens for the test periods of 7, 28, 56, and 90 days each. Acid attack tests (mass loss and compressive strength loss) were performed after immersing the concrete specimens in hydrochloric (HCl) and sulphuric (H2SO4) acids for the stipulated periods. The increased mass and compressive strength losses were observed with the incorporation of RA in concrete, which was finally mitigated by the action of GO in concrete. Water absorption was increased by RA alone but was reduced after the incorporation of GO in this RC. It was also observed that the chloride penetration was reduced after the incorporation of RA and GO in conventional concrete (CC). This study concludes that GO excellently strengthens the long-term durability properties of the RC.

Compressible, anti-freezing, and ionic conductive cellulose/polyacrylic acid composite hydrogel prepared via AlCl3/ZnCl2 aqueous system as solvent and catalyst

From the perspective of environmental sustainability, introducing cellulose into ionic conductive hydrogel is an inevitable trend for the development of flexible conductive materials. We report a double-network cellulose/polyacrylic acid (Cel/PAA) composite hydrogel based on the dissolving of cellulose by AlCl3/ZnCl2 aqueous system. The Cel/PAA composite hydrogel consists of rigid cellulose chains and flexible polyacrylic acid, which synergistically realize the improvement of the mechanical properties. The AlCl3/ZnCl2 aqueous system not only serves as the green solvent for cellulose, but also the Al3+ and Zn2+ metal ions can be served as a catalyst to activate the initiator for polymerization of acrylic acid. Compared with pure cellulose hydrogel, the compression strain of the Cel/PAA composite hydrogel was significantly improved to 80 %, and its conductivity increased by 28.1 %. In addition, its compression stress was enhanced over 2 times than pure PAA hydrogel. The Cel/PAA composite hydrogel exhibits excellent anti-freezing (−45 °C), weight retention (90 %), and conductivity (2.70 S/m) properties, still maintaining transparency and storage stability in the extreme environment. This work presents a facile strategy to develop an ionic conductive cellulose-based composite hydrogel with good conductivity and mechanical properties, which shows potential for the application fields of flexible sensors and 3D-printing functional materials.

Integrating Absolute Sustainability and Social Sustainability in the Digital Product Passport to Promote Industry 5.0

The establishment of the digital product passport is regarded to be a prominent tool to promote environmental and social sustainability, thus enabling the transition towards Industry 5.0. In this way, it represents a holistic tool for the decision-making process of several actors of a product’s value chain. However, its development is still ongoing and the absolute perspective of environmental sustainability and the social sustainability have been overlooked. The present work aims to fill these gaps and complement the literature currently available on the digital product passport with a threefold purpose. Firstly, by referring to social life cycle assessment methodologies, useful social indicators to include in the digital product passport are discussed and proposed. Secondly, the need for an absolute perspective of environmental sustainability that respects the natural limits of our planet is presented; based on the LCA methodology and the Planetary Boundaries framework, environmental attributes and environmental impact indicators with the corresponding threshold are proposed to be included in the passport and enable the so-called absolute environmental sustainability assessment of products. Finally, a framework based on a cyber-physical system for filling in the digital product passport throughout a product lifecycle is conceived. This work represents an example of how the hallmark technologies of Industry 4.0 can be used towards Industry 5.0.

Preparation and properties of lignin-based dual network hydrogel and its application in sensing

Ionic conductive hydrogels prepared from various biological macromolecules are ideal materials for the manufacture of human motion sensors from the perspective of resource regeneration and environmental sustainability. However, it is now difficult to develop conductive hydrogels including excellent self-healing and mechanical properties, mainly due to their inherent trade-off between dynamic cross-linked healing and stable cross-linked mechanical strength. In this work, alkali lignin-Polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylic acid double network conductive hydrogels with high mechanical strength and good self-healing properties were prepared. We formed the primary network structure by hydrogen bonding interaction between polyvinyl alcohol, alkali lignin and polyacrylic acid, and the secondary network structure by coordination interaction with polyacrylic acid through the addition of Fe3+. The added lignin acts as a dynamic linkage bridge in a porous network mediated by multiple ligand bonds, imparting superior mechanical properties to the hydrogels. The relationships between the alkali lignin and iron ion dosage and the comprehensive properties of hydrogels (adhesion, antibacterial, self-healing, electrical conductivity and mechanical properties) were studied in detail. On this basis, the hydrogels explored the role of lignin in the regulation of hydrogels properties and revealed the self-healing and conductive mechanism.

Scenario-based life cycle assessment and environmental monetary valuation of biosuccinic acid production from lignocellulosic biomass

Succinic acid (SA) is a valuable platform chemical produced via bio-based and fossil-based routes. Both routes need to be compared from an environmental sustainability perspective. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) followed by a monetary valuation of the environmental impacts of biosuccinic acid (BioSA) production from lignocellulosic biomass is presented in this paper. Three biorefining scenarios are studied. Scenario 1 employs C-6 and C-5 sugars to produce BioSA, while C-5 sugar is derived to produce furfural and biogas in scenario 2 and 3, respectively. The three scenarios cogenerate electricity using the biogas produced from C-5 sugars in scenario 3 and the residual lignin in all three scenarios. These scenarios are compared against a fossil-based succinic acid (SA) production route. ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint impacts were considered in the analysis. The analysis of midpoint impact categories showed that the feedstock production and transportation stages, as well as the pretreatment process of biorefining stage, are the most important contributors to the environmental impact of BioSA production. Endpoint impacts and monetary valuation showed that scenario 1 scored the lowest environmental cost followed by scenario 3, the fossil-based route, and scenario 2 with 1.48, 2.04, 2.24, and 3.05 USD/kg BioSA, respectively. Sensitivity analysis for monetary valuation suggested that the environmental costs are highly sensitive to damage to human health, and variations in damage to resources have minimum impact on the environmental cost.

Investigating the environmental externalities of digital financial inclusion and the COVID-19 pandemic: an environmental sustainability perspective.

Financial inclusion enhances economic growth by facilitating businesses and individuals to access financial resources. Financial inclusion also contributes to environmental sustainability; however, very few studies have explored the link between financial inclusion and the environment. Also, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental performance remains unexplored. From this perspective, this study probes the objective of whether financial inclusion and environmental performance co-move in COVID-19 in highly polluted economies. This objective is tested with the help of 2SLS and GMM approaches. The study also gets assistance from a panel quantile regression approach for empirical tasks. The results show that financial inclusion and the COVID-19 pandemic have a negative impact on CO2 emissions. Based on these findings, the study suggests that highly polluted economies should promote financial inclusion and assimilate environmental policies with financial inclusion policies to attain environment-related goals.

Biomass potential as an alternative resource for valuable products in the perspective of environmental sustainability and a circular economy system

The increasing interest in environmental sustainability and its economic aspects has triggered scientific investigations on biomass’s potential as a new alternative source. Various fields like wastewater treatment, energy, construction material, and fertilizer are connected to biomaterial utilization. This review article discusses current literature related to the implementation of unused and low-cost biomass as either primary or supporting materials that could result in new products with higher economic value. Biomass consisting of plant parts such as rubber seed, eucalyptus bark, rice husks, fruit peels, or animal remnants like animal bones have been effective and potential for further processing. Furthermore, literature has shown that final products supported by or derived from processed biomass materials have potential competitiveness with other typical products entirely made from conventional sources like adsorbents, biofuel, concrete additives, and biofertilizers. After a comprehensive critical review of the relevant present literature, a concise summary can be drawn that biomass waste has reliability and potential function as an alternative resource to obtain low-cost materials for useful products making, and to overcome environmental damages due to increasing organic waste disposal.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH: LITERATURE REVIEW

The objectives of this study, based on the framework of realizing the circular economy model, are: a) Knowing the environmental factors that influence the circular economy and b) Knowing the circular economy variables that affect economic growth. This study uses the method of literature analysis from various research literature that has been done. The data used is secondary data: books and international journals. The results of the study can conclude two things. First, the circular economy affects economic growth through a) The importance of development from an environmental sustainability perspective, b) Business innovation that takes into account environmental aspects, c) Recycling economic activities that do not reduce environmental quality, d) the importance of investing in recycling infrastructure and natural resources innovative. Second, the factors that influence the circular economy are a) Human Capital, b) Development with an environmental sustainability perspective, c) Maintaining the value of resources, d) Socio-ecological and anthropological factors, e) Business innovation, f) Innovation of social progress, h) Redesign of processes and cycles of materials, h) Need for public attention, i) Need to promote 3R on circular consumption, j) Goods/services management system, k) Invest in recycling infrastructure.

Menasdikkan Prinsip Deep Ecology Dan Shallow Ecology Di Dalam Peraturan Terhadap Lingungan Sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Pencemaran

<p><em>Industry is a key sector of the national economy, and manufacturing is also the sector with the largest number of jobs. Therefore, the industrial sector is able to become a leader in the development of the economic sector. However, on the other hand, the intensity of industrial activities is quite dense. In particular, waste disposal which is carried out by throwing it into the river around the area can cause more severe pollution. The obstacle experienced by small and medium industries is the inability to build a waste water treatment plant which requires a lot of money. Nonetheless, Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management states that environmental protection and management are systematic and integrated actions taken to maintain environmental functions and prevent environmental pollution and/or damage. Viewed from the perspective of broader ecological theory, economic interests and environmental sustainability are two inseparable sides.</em></p>