Environmental Protection Program Research Articles

ROLE AND POSITION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INSTITUTIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Problems regarding global environmental issues have become the focus of attention of developed and developing countries. Because the issue of environmental damage certainly has quite a broad impact, namely regarding the exploitation of Natural Resources (SDA) on land, sea and air on a massive scale which then arises threats such as the depletion of the atmosphere and uncertain climate change, especially as the rate increases. population growth that is increasingly unmanageable transnationally. This destruction certainly requires an alternative solution through international legal instruments to be later adopted by other countries through international environmental institutions. Like the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) as an organization originating from the United Nations (UN) in the environmental sector and several other institutions have the ability to handle global environmental problems by inviting each country to study dominant problems, such as forest fires, water pollution, or degradation of soil quality. Through international environmental institutions, of course it has become the focus of in-depth studies regarding its position and role in influencing environmental prevention and preservation in all countries around the world. The results of this research show that international institutions through their respective authorities are able to suppress policies in each country in cooperative activities to achieve global environmental protection programs.

Алгоритм COOT Bird для ежедневного прогнозирования концентрации мелкодисперсных твердых частиц. Статистическое исследование

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses significant risks to public health and the natural environment. Accurate prediction of PM2.5 concentration is crucial for effective environmental management. In this study, we present a novel hybrid model, the COOT bird-inspired natural life model combined with Artificial Neural Network (COOT-ANN), for predicting daily PM2.5 concentration in hydier abad and Delhi from 2014 to 2022. The performance of the COOT-ANN model is compared with stand-alone ANN and Dragonfly-ANN (DA-ANN) hybrid models. Using the Taylor diagram, we demonstrate that the COOT-ANN model exhibits the closest proximity to the observation point, resulting in a 13.94 % and 11.42 % reduction in prediction errors compared to the ANN model in Hyderabad and Delhi, respectively. Furthermore, the box-plot of the COOT-ANN model closely resembles the actual data distribution. Consequently, the COOT-ANN model outperforms both the ANN and DA-ANN models at both monitoring stations. This innovative approach to air quality prediction can significantly enhance the accuracy of environmental protection programs.

DNA Damage in Bat Blood Leukocytes Using a Chromatin Dispersion Test (CDT): Biomarker of Environmental Genotoxicity.

Environmental pollutants produce adverse effects on organisms and ecosystems. Biomonitoring and biomarkers offer a reasonable approach to make these assessments. Induced genetic changes can be using as a biomarker in organisms that react to a given compound in the ecosystem. Monitoring environmental genotoxicity necessitates the choice of model animals known as "sentinels or biological monitors" and the suitability of validated tests for DNA damage evaluation. We aimed to estimate the DNA damage produced by thermal stress in the leukocytes of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). The DNA damage in bat leukocytes exposed to different temperatures (35°C, 45°C, and 55°C) was evaluated by the adapted chromatin dispersion test (CDT) and the results were confirmed by the alkaline comet test. The CDT permitted a clear representation of leukocytes with fragmented DNA and of nonfragmented DNA. In addition, we detected nuclear anomalies in relation to cell death cellular swelling, nuclear fragmentation, and chromatin lysis. The alkaline comet assay revealed that the halos of diffuse chromatin include fragmented DNA. The assay of the method employing the CDT is well established, precise, and cost-effective for the routine quantitative analysis of DNA damage on the effect of the leukocytes of bats exposed to thermal stress. This could also apply as a sensitive screening tool for the evaluation of genotoxicity in environmental protection programs.

Numerical modeling of Joule heated ceramic melter

Computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer models of waste glass melters are being developed to support the vitrification campaign at the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) as part of the United States nuclear waste stewardship and environmental protection programs. The WTP mission aims to achieve the stable and durable processing of vitrified waste in the safest, most efficient, and economical manner possible. Hanford’s tank waste is far more complex and varied than the waste treated by other vitrification facilities and both startup and long-term operational challenges are likely to be even greater than prior experience has shown. There are thousands of different waste compositions, which makes processing the waste a complex and challenging task. Models of test melters, pilot-scale, and full-scale melters have been developed to provide understanding and insight into the various physical and chemical phenomena occurring during vitrification. The results of these modeling activities will be used to support the WTP operations to process legacy nuclear waste into a stable form for disposal.

Fiscal spending and green economic growth: evidence from highly polluting Asian economic.

The study examines the link between fiscal expenditure and green economic development in heavily polluting Asian nations. The conventional wisdom that environmental sustainability and economic progress are incompatible is contested in this research. The study found a strong positive link between green fiscal policy and long-term economic development, offering empirical support for using fiscal policy to promote green growth. With an emphasis on high-pollution sectors like manufacturing and energy, the study used sophisticated econometric approaches, such as panel data regression and Granger causality tests, to evaluate the data from a few Asian nations. The findings supported the idea that increased government investment in environmental protection programs and eco-friendly technology positively impacted green economic development. The results also highlight how governmental actions influence economic trajectories and aid in the shift to a sustainable economy. The report emphasizes the need for cross-level and cross-sector policy coordination, arguing that achieving significant green economic development with comprehensive, well-integrated green fiscal policies would be more straightforward. The study also highlights the need for international collaboration and assistance while acknowledging possible restrictions on fiscal expenditure in emerging nations. Policymakers, environmental economists, and other stakeholders who want to transition to a green economy while pursuing economic growth and development should take these conclusions seriously. The linkages among fiscal investment and green economic development in heavily polluting Asian nations are substantially established in this work, but it also highlights the need for additional study. Future research could benefit from examining these patterns in a broader range of situations and over extended periods, given the intricate interaction of variables driving fiscal policy and green growth.

DETERMINING THE QUANTITIES OF WASTE STREAMS

In this research, we examine and distinguish the waste that is landfilled at the local level, this is the process by which unwanted and unnecessary waste is disposed of. We can distinguish them by defining and evaluating them properly. There is a law that states that municipal programs for waste management are sectoral programs and are an integral part of municipal programs for environmental protection. We will also consider the objectives guaranteeing the achievement of the general objective of the Plan. We will consider the equations by which the amount of household waste generated is determined.

Mechanical Weed Control Systems: Methods and Effectiveness

This article presents a division of methods to support mechanical weeding based on mechatronic control systems and estimates their effectiveness. The subject was undertaken due to the noticeable increase in interest in machine weeding methods, which is the result of the need for farmers to meet the growing awareness of customers focusing on healthy and high-quality products and the European Union policy promoting environmental protection programs, such as the European Green Deal and supporting commission priorities like the Mission Soil as a flagship initiative of the long-term vision for the EU’s rural areas. Mechanical weeding meets the stringent conditions set by organic farming, and automation favours the development of these methods. Based on sources in the literature, it has been shown that it is possible to increase the weeding speed by at least 1.6 times by using the tool position correction system for row crops. In the case of crops requiring weeding, and in the spaces between plants in a row, the use of specialised weeding machines allows for an increase in the weeding efficiency by up to 2.57 times compared to manual weeding. Each of the analysed methods used to support weeding are subject to a certain error due to the use of sources in the literature, including manufacturers’ materials; however, it shows an upward trend in the effectiveness of using mechatronic weeding support systems, which was part of the thesis. This article presents the division of these systems and analyses the specific market solutions of machines, which is its distinguishing feature.

Mother’s knowledge for environmental risks and self-awareness for the presence of pollutants in her living area in West and Central Anatolia: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundEnvironmental risk awareness is a key concept to raise awareness and plan future programs for environmental protection. A cross-sectional household survey aimed to find out the presence of environmental hazards next to living area and the mother’s knowledge levels about environmental risk factors with their related factors according to district development ranking, and Western and Central Anatolian regions with sampling from rural and urban residence.MethodThe study was designed with household sampling weighted according to population density in 2008. Data on the demography and health status, dwelling characteristics of the residents are also collected in 2009. In addition, open-ended questions "What does environmental risk/hazard mean?" and "Which environmental risks/hazards are present in your environment?" were asked. The data collected from the survey were analyzed using multivariate binary logistic regression. ResultsThe sample included 3489 mothers living either in urban or rural areas. Of the mothers, 19.3% did not know what an environmental risk is and 75.7% stated that there was at least one environmental pollutant in their environment. The most commonly perceived risk factor was air pollution (23.0%), which was reported to be present in their living areas by 12.4%. Regions, residence, settlement features of the house, and health status of family members were associated with the perception of environmental risk at a statistically significant level.ConclusionThe neighborhood conditions and health status of family associated with the mother’s awareness for environmental risk factors. Communication and cooperation between local governments, health institutions, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders should be strengthened to increase risk awareness.

Environmental taxes in the context of contemporary challenges

For more than 50 years, issues of the environmental protection and pollution prevention have attracted an attention of the general public, scientists and governmental bodies. These concerns has especially increased due to the reduction in supplies and the increase in prices for natural gas and oil on a global scale, as well as the fact that the energy sector generates significant volumes of greenhouse gas emissions. With this in mind, environmental regulation is gaining more and more relevance. Environmental taxes are one of the tools for its implementation. The expansion of environmental taxes around the world took place in conditions of their active support by scientists, activists of the environmental protection movement, representatives of business and government agencies. However, if previously publications highlighted the positive side of these economic instruments of environmental regulation (incentives for polluters to reduce the level of environmental pollution, the formation of revenues for budgets that can be used to finance environmental and social programs), then in the last 3-5 years, there began to appear separate scientific publications, in which the effectiveness of environmental taxes as a mean of regulation the state of the environment is questioned. The objective of this paper is to define factors and features of the environmental taxes’ application that reduce their effectiveness as a tool for environmental regulation of the economy. As a result of the analysis of the environmental taxes’ revenues dynamics, peculiarities of their application in some countries of the world, and the dynamics of pollutants’ emissions, it was once again confirmed that environmental taxes alone cannot solve all environmental problems. They should be supplemented with other tools and approaches of environmental regulation. In addition, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of environmental taxes by removing those rebates, exemptions and subsidies from the national tax systems that have a negative impact on the environment and by indexing environmental taxes’ rates in accordance with inflation rates. Ideally, it is also advisable to harmonize environmental taxes’ rates on a global scale. But at the moment, this is unlikely to happen even in the medium run. Implementation of these recommendations in practice will allow not only to reduce the level of environmental pollution, but also to obtain additional funds for the carrying-out environmental protection and social programs, for example – in the field of energy conservation, which should reduce the dependence of countries on fuel imports.

Incorporating expert knowledge in the estimate of farmers’ opportunity cost of supplying environmental services in rural Cameroon

This paper applies a Bayesian approach to incorporate non-data information in estimating the opportunity cost for farmers in rural Cameroon to engage in biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration efforts. Findings from our field survey reveal that only a small percentage of farmers are willing to participate in environmental protection programmes without compensation. A multidimensional preferences analysis indicates that this behavior may be attributed to a disconnection between environmental values and socioeconomic values. Bayesian analysis of the Tobit model, examining Willingness to Accept (WTA) compensation for agroforestry participation, highlights that factors such as aging, higher educational attainment, and higher socioeconomic status are highly likely to promote pro-environmental behaviors. The estimated opportunity cost of supplying environmental services is 10,775 CFA francs with a standard deviation of 333.6 CFA francs per farmer. These results differ qualitatively from the existing literature, underscoring the relative significance of considering expert knowledge in the interpretation of environmental policies.

Central inspections of environmental protection and transition for low-carbon Chinese cities: Policy intervention and mechanism analysis

The central government continues to elevate ecological considerations in local governments' incentive and penalty systems under the relentless pressure of dual carbon objectives. The central inspections of environmental protection (CIEP) program have emerged as an increasingly significant tool and institutional arrangement for environmental governance. Therefore, this study evaluates the impact of CIEP policy intervention on carbon emissions intensity employing the time-varying difference-in-differences model (TV-DID) in 233 Chinese cities from 2008 to 2019. The empirical evidence reveals that CIEP's enforcement significantly reduces carbon emissions intensity, and these effects are consistent for different model specifications. The mechanism analysis indicates that CIEP decreases carbon emissions intensity by improving energy utilization efficiency and intensifying local government environmental attention. The negative influence of CIEP on carbon emission intensity is only significant in eastern cities, high administrative hierarchy cities, and non-resource-based cities but insignificant in mid-western cities, ordinary cities, and resource-based cities. These findings support the CIEP implementation to achieve energy transition and carbon neutrality targets.

Kedudukan Profesi Akuntan Dalam Perwujudan Sustainable Development Goals (SGD’s) 2030 Berbasis Green Technology

This study aims to identify the accountant's role in the application of green technology in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s). The methodology used in this study was a qualitative method with a literary approach as the foundation for information relating to the Sustainable Development Goals, accountants, and green technology to improve and build human civilization. Changes and developments have persisted to this day. From technological developments to the economy to the standard of living of the people. The development of the world today focuses on the sustainability of environmental protection programs. All existing fields, including health, education, and business, are directed towards sustainability and environmental protection. Green technology is a recent trend that supports environmental sustainability. All industries, even the one usually known as accounting, must use green technologies. The achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) program and the role of accountants in day-to-day operations are both discussed in this paper.
 Keywords: Accountant, SDG’s, Green Technology

The impact of the provincial minimum wage on environmental quality in indonesia

This research aims to determine the relationship between provincial minimum wages, poverty, unemployment, and income inequality to the environmental quality index (EQI). This research also aims to demonstrate if the Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis is applicable in Indonesia. This research utilized secondary data collected from 33 provinces in Indonesia between 2012 and 2021. This research used panel regression with Fixed Effect Model (FEM) as the research method. The research results indicated that the provincial minimum wages and poverty positively and significantly affected the EQI. The results also demonstrated that the EKC hypothesis holds true in Indonesia, as illustrated by the significance of the GRDP per capita and GRDP per capita squared. Meanwhile, this research showed that unemployment and income inequality did not significantly impact the environmental quality index. This study offered a new analysis on the impact of provincial minimum wage on EQI in Indonesia. Therefore, this study has contributed to the additional information to the body of knowledge. The government needs to strive for an increase in the development and use of environmentally friendly products, as well as optimization of environmental protection programs. In addition, government needs to increase the provincial minimum wage according to limits set to improve environmental quality. The limited variables and research methods used are expected that further research can complement this study.

STRATEGIES OF SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE MARKETING OF COMPANIES IN THE SPHERE OF SPORTS

The main goal of the research is to study and evaluate modern socially responsible marketing strategies of global sports brands for the development of proposals for the domestic sports business. The article examines the role and significance of the social responsibility of business in modern marketing strategies of companies. The essence of socially responsible marketing and types of marketing strategies have been studied. The key marketing strategies that are relevant under modern market conditions are distinguished. It was determined that charity, sponsorship, and active participation in environmental protection programs are the most popular forms of social responsibility of sports companies. The largest and most popular sports companies were chosen on the basis of the rating evaluation results of the world's sports brands. According to the official websites of the world's leading sports companies, the content of strategic marketing initiatives that take place in their management practice was analyzed. It was found that all global sports brands have a high level of activity in the field of social responsibility of business. Among the most popular marketing strategies, these companies use the production of goods from ecological raw materials, the strategy of transformational cyclicality and energy efficiency, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle among potential and contact audiences, the involvement of consumers in programs for the preservation and restoration of natural resources, the observance of human rights, the strategy of inclusiveness and equality for all categories of consumers. Studies of the Ukrainian market of sports brands have shown that many new companies have appeared in the country in recent years, however, their level of social business responsibility remains low compared to global sports brands. In order to create favourable conditions for the success of Ukrainian sports companies on the basis of the best global practice, strategic areas of socially responsible marketing were proposed. The main elements of marketing strategies were identified as key elements of the implementation of these strategic initiatives, including reputational capital and branding, active promotion technologies based on digital potential, socially significant long-term values, unity of business interests and the interests of society.

The transition journey of EU vs. NON-EU countries for waste management.

This study aims to identify macroeconomic indicators that can be used as predictors of waste management on the European continent. The study was conducted taking in account the intensification of urbanizations, the increase of standard of leaving that fuels to consumerism phenomenon, and imposed challenges for waste management. The research focuses on the interval from 2010 to 2020 for 37 European countries grouped according to EU15/EU28/non-EU and EU/non-EU members. As macroeconomic indicators, human development index (HDI), GDP/capita. GNI/capita, general government expenditure with environment protection, people at risk of poverty or social exclusion, population by educational attainment level, sex, and age (%)-less than primary, primary and lower secondary education (levels 0-2) were used. A multilinear regression model with collinearity diagnosis was applied to find out the direction and intensity of the contribution of independent variables and to hierarchy the predictors of waste management.. For multiple comparison between and inside of each grouping of countries, statistical inference methods were used: one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test multiple comparisons and independent samples Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc test. The main conclusions of the study are that EU15 countries have the highest average values for most indicators of waste management, comparative with EU28 and with non-EU countries, followed by a group of EU28 countries. For indicators of recycling rate of packaging waste by type of packaging-metallic and recycling rate of e-waste, the non-EU countries have the highest values of mean compared with the EU15 and EU28 groups of countries. This can be explained by the high level of development of the some non-euro area countries (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Liechtenstein) that have intense concerns about waste recycling and have the necessary financial strength to carry out complex environmental protection programs.

Experimental investigation of an effective solar hybrid system for treatment of concentrated brine solution of desalination plants

Desalted water and highly saline water (brine discharge) are two main primary streams produced by desalination plants. The disposal of brine into the sea in the case of coastal desalination plants, or in the groundwater aquifers in the case of inland plants caused harmful effects on the environment. It can adversely affect the ecosystem of the sea animals in addition to increasing the water salinity of the aquifers. Therefore, the brine produced from RO desalination plants under high pressure (plants without an energy recovery system) is utilized to operate a turbine coupled with a generator to generate energy, which is used as an energy source for MD pumps. In addition, the brine passed through the solar collector is used as a pre-heating to achieve the acquired temperature for evaporation in the membrane distillation device. Moreover, the produced highly concentrated saline solution will be evaporated using an evaporation pond (EP) and a byproduct is produced in the form of salt that can be separated into several types to be used in the industry. It found that the system is economically visible by decreasing the cost of the desalted water and increasing the quantity of fresh water through condensing the evaporation produced from the MD and evaporation ponds. The RO system with 28 l/min feed water inlet, produce 6 l/min permeate water and 22 l/min brine water. For unit area of MD and EP (1 m2), the amount of fresh water recovery from brine water is 0.62 l/min which represent 3% recovery. This percentages proportionally increased to 28%, 70 % and 98% by increasing the surface area of the MD and EP to 10 m2, 25 m2, and 35 m2 respectively. It is found that the current experimental work achieved gained output ratio GOR values ranging from 0.18 to 0.66 which comply with the range of the previous researches. In addition, the maximum water flow (25 l/min) produces a higher rotational speed in the generator. The rotational speed also increases with the increasing of nozzle diameter from 1 mm to 6 mm and then decreased with a nozzle diameter larger than 6 mm. The presented system is considered one of the positive contributions to the environmental protection program.

Mangrove Reforestation, Protection, and Conservation Initiatives: The Case of Sorsogon Bay Rompeolas, Philippines

Mangrove losses have been observed in several parts of the world including the Philippines despite its explicit directive through Republic Act 8550 or the Philippines Fisheries Code (PHILIPPINES, 1998) in ensuring the conservation, protection, and sustained management of the country’s fishery and aquatic resources. This qualitative research made use of a case study design at Sorsogon Bay Rompeolas through observation, field visits, and interviews to describe and evaluate the milestones and challenges encountered in the mangrove reforestation and protection initiatives among volunteer stakeholders. The study found out that the post-implementation (monitoring) phase of the project was the least participated activity while the project implementation phase was the fully participated activity of the different stakeholders involved in the project. Waste pollution, unsustained participation of residents, and natural calamities are the challenges encountered by the project. The Local Government Units (LGUs) in collaboration with the concerned national authorities may adopt blended infrastructure projects with the environmental protection program in the preservation and enhancement of the current state of the coastal ecosystem for future generations.

Reduce Carbon footprint in Rawalpindi Pakistan

In developing countries such as Pakistan, atmospheric pollution has become a disaster. This study's objective was to observe and evaluate the air quality in the 15-million-person combined population of the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan. The quantities of particulate pollution, as well as CO2, were measured in five different cities. There are now far too many types and sources of pollution from numerous air pollutants. However, due to an absence of management skills for air pollution, the world is currently facing diminishing air quality. The ecosystem, public health, and quality of life are all seriously threatened by air pollution, according to facts from multiple governmental organizations and foreign organizations. Through the Pakistan Environmental Protection Program, the Pakistani government has implemented important strides toward air quality management, including the establishment of few active monitoring stations. However, there are currently no standards for environmental protection. This paper examines the standards for air pollutants from observational studies. Five main air pollutants—NO2, SO2, CO, O3, and PM2—were taken into consideration. Our findings show that under the baseline scenario, Existing air pollution in Pakistan management efforts are inadequate to achieve the nation's air quality criteria. By 2050, the percentage of deaths caused by PM2.5 will be 24% lower nationwide because of the implementation of sustainable development policies. Innovative standard precautions can improve Pakistan's air quality and public health, but when associated with foreign long-term new developments, they can also lower greenhouse gas emissions (implementing SDG 13's indicator on climate action) and save about a quarter of GDP (0.32% of GDP) on costs associated with emission control by 2050. It seems to have a substantial co-benefit in terms of cost (economic), health (social), and air pollution (environmental), suggesting that Pakistani public policy should consider a co-control at a low cost of greenhouse gases and air pollution in the future.

КОРПОРАТИВНА СОЦІАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ У СИСТЕМІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЄЮ

The article considers different positions on the interpretation of the meaning of the concept of «corporate social responsibility». It is noted that there are two opposite approaches to the concept of corporate social responsibility. Emphasis is placed on the fact that a company that adheres to the principles of social responsibility, on the one hand, must comply with all legally stipulated obligations and rules, and on the other hand, take on additional obligations to implement various social programs. Approaches to the assessment of corporate social responsibility are revealed and the main models of corporate social responsibility are considered. There are American, European and Japanese models of corporate social responsibility, which have their own characteristics. The advantages of the American model of corporate social responsibility are: the absence of strict legal restrictions; lack of strict state regulation, which allows companies to independently determine the directions of their activities and implement innovations; reduction of public expenses due to the absence of expenses for development, improvement and control over the implementation of legislation in the field of corporate social responsibility. The European model is characterized by the presence of state regulation in the field of corporate social responsibility and is more mandatory than recommendatory in nature. Features of the Japanese model of corporate social responsibility are ensuring gender equality, developing volunteering, responsible behavior of citizens towards their country, supporting environmental protection programs, and ensuring honest partnership. There are three approaches to assessing corporate social responsibility: a minimalist approach; an approach based on identifying one or more key areas of corporate social activity; comprehensive approach. The principles and stages of the corporate social responsibility management process are presented. It was concluded that for the effective management of social responsibility, the organization should promptly respond to the expectations and demands of interested parties and carry out an assessment of internal capabilities and identification of risks associated with them.

Building a Collective School Culture to Achieve Education for Sustainability: The Contribution of Teachers’ Perceptions

Our current educational reality is often devoid of an encompassing vision of Education for Sustainability (EfS) that involves all stakeholders and invites them to take coordinated action towards an equalizing goal. Many educators in their schools take a lonely trajectory; they are limited in their classes or within perceived disciplinarian confinements of their cognitive expertise. In their attempt to explain how an all-encompassing vision of “sustainable education” can be promoted, nine in-service teachers involved in European environmental protection programmes were asked to reflect on their experience, explain possible reasons behind each challenge and make recommendations for improvement. Based on empirical studies and participants’ responses, we argued that sustainable education policies and innovative scholarships should not be standing alone, isolated from other programmes, policies, institutions or even education theories. EfS researchers and practitioners should establish clear links between EfS teacher education theory, approaches, curricula and implementation before policies are formulated or pursued.