Environmental Monitoring Problems Research Articles

Ensuring the stability of spectrophotometric measurement results during analysis of mixtures composition

Spectrophotometric methods for studying the composition of mixtures are considered. The need to increase the stability and accuracy of the results of spectrophotometric measurements when analyzing substances with low absorption coefficients or a low concentration of the determined substance is shown. A spectrophotometric complex with a thermostated cell is described, which enables to study gaseous and liquid mixtures. Results of study at this complex of absorption spectra of isomers of liquid xylene and their mixtures are given. Methods of increasing the stability of spectrophotometric measurement results, hardware and data processing methods necessary for this are considered. It has been shown that thermostating of not only vaporous, but also liquid samples is one of the necessary conditions for ensuring the stability of measurement results. The procedure for performing experiments and processing the results of spectrophotometric measurements is presented. A differential method has been developed to reduce the impact of spectrophotometer signal instabilities on the accuracy of determining the composition of mixtures. The method consists in using as input data for multiple linear regression not the absorption spectrum, but its wavelength derivative. An analysis of the composition of mixtures of two xylene isomers showed that the use of this method can reduce RMS of determining the composition of mixtures by about 1.6 times. It is noted that additional filtering (smoothing) of the measured absorption spectrum derivative may be required to reduce errors in determining the composition of mixtures. The developed method of reducing the influence of the spectrophotometer signal instabilities on the results of the mixture composition analysis is of the greatest interest for the analysis of substances with low absorption coefficients or in the case of low concentrations of the studied substances and can be used to solve environmental monitoring problems, for example, when determining hydrocarbon contaminants in the atmosphere.

Features of the Geoinformation Monitoring System Using Microwave and Optical Tools

The article discusses the issues of GIMS-technology that combines the methodology of GIS-technology and simulation modeling, giving it predictive functions when solving problems of environmental monitoring of the environment. The relationships between experimental data, algorithms and models of environmental processes are analyzed to implement effective operational control and diagnostics of the environment. Particular attention is paid to remote microwave sensing sensors, which ensure the implementation of the functions of GIMS-technology when solving specific problems of monitoring natural systems. For example, the use of microwave technology makes it possible to quickly obtain data on the state of soil moisture, and salinity water bodies, assess the possibility of critical hydrological situations and monitor the condition of hydraulic structures in regions with increased hydrological hazard. It is noted that GIMS-technology ensures the restoration of the spatial distribution of geoecosystem characteristics based on the data of route and ground measurements, which are characterized by fragmentation in space and episodicity in time. GIMS-technology makes it possible to overcome situations of irreducible information uncertainty, using the evolutionary modeling technique for this. The use of optical sensors and spectroellipsometry and spectrophotometry technologies makes it possible to calculate indicators of the quality of water resources, assessing the content of chemical elements in water and the presence of pollutant stains on the water surface.

A Brief Discussion on Environmental Monitoring in En- vironmental Impact Assessment

In recent years, the natural environment s continuous deterioration of our country s government and society made our country the environmental problem great attention, the current environmental problem of our country is extremely serious, but in such circumstances, the city development must meet the environmental protection requirement, to promote the harmonious development of the man and the nature, but wants to achieve this purpose must carry on environmental assessment to construction project, So that it can meet the corresponding en- vironmental protection standards, and this environmental protection assessment is through the environmental impact assessment to complete. Environmental impact assessment cannot exist alone, it needs the support of all kinds of relevant environmental data, and the means to obtain these environmental data is environmental monitoring, it can be said that environmental monitoring is extremely important to environmental impact assessment, the paper analyzes the environmental monitoring problems in environmental impact assessment.

Automation of aquaponics systems through integration of RTC modules, turbidity sensors, and water level sensors

Automation of aquaponics systems is key in increasing agricultural efficiency and productivity. A system considered an innovative method of sustainable food production that combines fish farming with agriculture simultaneously. The problem that often occurs is crop failure, due to the lack of technology that can monitor automatically, so that farmers experience losses as a result of fish and plant growth does not thrive, and problems in urban areas that require land for planting and fish farming due to limited land in urban areas. There is another problem with the lack of accurate timing and monitoring of water quality in aquaponics. The purpose of this research is to implement an IoT system in aquaponics that is connected to various sensors, such as Turbidity sensors, Water Level sensors, and RTC Modules. To monitor water quality conditions in tilapia habitat and accurate time measurement to provide fish feed automatically so as to improve fish health and growth and support better and consistent yields. The findings of this study show that the implementation of IoT systems in aquaponics can overcome environmental monitoring and control problems effectively. Using the integration of RTC modules, turbidity sensors, and water level sensors effectively improves the automation of aquaponics systems. This optimized system provides better monitoring of environmental conditions, reduces reliance on manual maintenance, and increases overall productivity. It helps increase tilapia growth and plant productivity in a modern aquaponics system. This research demonstrates the great potential of IoT technology in increasing efficiency and productivity in aquaponics aquaculture, so that it can push the fisheries sector towards a more advanced and competitive direction. So the main conclusion is expected that this automation can increase the productivity of ecosystem balance, and can face food security challenges and move towards more environmentally friendly solutions, towards effective management in the future.

Ecological monitoring technologies for rational nature use

The article identifies the problems of environmental monitoring at enterprises of the Russian Federation and the level of severity of environmental problems in the regions of Russia. The main objects of environmental monitoring in accordance with the legislation and regulatory legal acts of Russia are presented. The characteristics and functions of the Russian Unified State Environmental Monitoring System are presented. The necessity of monitoring the level of environmental pollution using specially designed automated information systems has been determined. The possibilities and advantages of environmental control and monitoring systems used in the territory of the Russian Federation are revealed. The necessity of implementing the multilevel principle through the information system developed in the Russian Federation – "Ecology. 1C-KSU: Environmental Protection".

Geodesic tasks of global monitoring

The rapidly developing anthropogenic impact on the environment generates a need for a monitoring system based on aerospace methods of Earth observation. The foundation of monitoring feasibility study is cartographic materials based on aerospace information as well as traditional geodetic methods. One of the main elements of any sectoral and global monitoring system is the definition of the list of objects, with allocation of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. In the context of global monitoring, this process is performed more appropriately on the basis of remote sensing materials. In this case structural analysis of aerospace monitoring information support becomes very important. Detailed elaboration of monitoring object interpretation features allows increasing information content of cartographic materials. When interpreting boundaries of monitoring objects, the most important are plan outlines and internal structure of the researched object. Effective investigation of environmental monitoring problems on a global scale is based on integrated use of aerospace, topographic and geodetic methodology. The author's concept of classification of cartographic support for global monitoring expands the research tools for the assessment of global processes of change in the Earth's surface. The use of predictive cartographic materials in the step-by-step monitoring of global exogenous processes is the most effective tool for fixing changes in landforms.

Stochastic modeling of meteorological elements for solving environmental monitoring problems

The purpose of the research presented in the publication is developing the stochastic model for simulating the series of meteorological elements used in predicting for transferring of biogenic elements into water bodies from the territory of agricultural land. The object of study is artificial series of meteorological elements with given statistical characteristics. As initial data, the meteorological data of the State Institution “Republican Hydrometeorological Center” for the Minsk object obtained for the period 2000–2020 were used. For development of the stochastic model, the following indicators were used: daily amount of total solar radiation, maximum and minimum air temperature, relative air humidity, amount of atmospheric precipitation, number of days with precipitation, maximum half-hour share of precipitation, wind speed at a height of 10 m above the earth’s surface. Artificial meteorological series are obtained on the basis of a sample set of randomly generated daily values with using the Monte Carlo method. The stochastic component of precipitation generation is a Markov chain gamma model; total precipitation – inverse method of two-parameter gamma distribution; relative air humidity – Simpson distribution; wind speed – inverse Weibull distribution method; the minimum and maximum air temperatures and solar radiation are determined using the Matalas first-order recurrent filter. For each of the elements, a differentiated correspondence of the statistical parameters determined from the measured and calculated series of meteorological elements were proved. The results of investigation can be used for modeling and forecasting of weather in areas with limited meteorological observation data for solving applied problems in biological and ecological systems.

SPECIFICS OF WASTEWATER PARAMETERS CALCULATION, WHICH SHOULD BE DETERMINED WHEN DRAWING UP RULES FOR RECEIVING WASTEWATER INTO THE CITY SEWERAGE SYSTEM

The article analyzed the problems of environmental monitoring and the level of automation for predicting the state of the environment and the level of use of computer information and analytical systems for environmental expertise. It is established that in order to improve the environmental safety management system and automate the processes of assessing the impact of economic activity on the environment, it is necessary to create software packages aimed at solving various environmental problems, namely receiving wastewater from enterprises to the urban sewerage systems. It is known that the relationship between consumers and water utilities is governed by the Rules of sewage. According to these Rules, the permissible concentrations of pollutants contained in the wastewater of enterprises are determined. But such calculations are characterized by a large number of parameters and a large amount of input data. The authors of the article developed a software package for calculations and rationing of wastewater quality indicators of enterprises that discharge their wastewater into the sewerage network of cities and may disrupt the operation of treatment facilities. In general, the developed software package will reduce the time and perform calculations to determine the permissible concentrations of pollutants in the wastewater of enterprises (consumers), and at the same time analyze large data sets. Automation of the main components of environmental procedures will increase the efficiency and reliability of urban sewerage systems and more effectively assess the impact on the environment. Also, the created software complex will determine the concentration of heavy metals in the sewage sludge and ensure its use as a fertilizer containing more phosphorus and calcium. It should be noted that the created software package allows you to perform such calculations that are difficult to perform in Excel. You can export data from any source - WEB, Excel, OpenOffice. Data and calculation algorithms are separated, which minimizes error. The software package was created using Node.js technology.

Learning Submodular Objectives for Team Environmental Monitoring

In this paper, we study the well-known team orienteering problem where a fleet of robots collects rewards by visiting locations. Usually, the rewards are assumed to be known to the robots; however, in applications such as environmental monitoring or scene reconstruction, the rewards are often subjective and specifying them is challenging. We propose a framework to learn the unknown preferences of the user by presenting alternative solutions to them, and the user provides a ranking on the proposed alternative solutions. We consider the two cases for the user: 1) a deterministic user which provides the optimal ranking for the alternative solutions, and 2) a noisy user which provides the optimal ranking according to an unknown probability distribution. For the deterministic user we propose a framework to minimize a bound on the maximum deviation from the optimal solution, namely regret. We adapt the approach to capture the noisy user and minimize the expected regret. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of learning user preferences and the performance of the proposed methods in an extensive set of experimental results using real world datasets for environmental monitoring problems.

Первые результаты работы аппаратуры МСУ-ГС/ВЭ на КА «Арктика-М» № 1

The hydrometeorological spacecraft Arktika-M No. 1 was successfully launched in February 2021. The Arktika-M series spacecraft are used in the highly elliptical orbit Molniya, which allows regular imaging of the Earth’s polar regions that are inaccessible for observation from the geostationary orbit. Information from these satellites is applied to solve problems of operational meteorology, hydrology, climate, and environmental monitoring in the Arctic region. The MSU-GS/VE equipment deployed on these spacecraft is slated for receiving images of the Earth in the visible and infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum with the periodicity of up to 15 minutes. The MSU-GS/VE equipment is the analogue of the MSU-GS equipment developed for geostationary spacecraft and upgraded for use in imaging from a highly elliptical orbit. The paper presents the first results of the MSU-GS/VE equipment operation. Modernization of the MSU-GS equipment, which allows using it on the Arktika-M series spacecraft, is described. Further development of the MSU-GS and MSU-GS/VE equipment is also discussed.

Ontology of Mathematical Modeling Based on Interval Data

An ontological approach as a tool for managing the processes of constructing mathematical models based on interval data and further use of these models for solving applied problems is proposed in this article. Mathematical models built using interval data analysis are quite effective in many applications, as they have “guaranteed” predictive properties, which are determined by the accuracy of experimental data. However, the application of mathematical modeling methods is complicated by the lack of software tools for the implementation of procedures for constructing this type of mathematical models, creating an ontological model that operates by the categories of the subject area of mathematical modeling, regardless of the modeling object proposed in this article. This approach has made it possible to generate tools for mathematical modeling of various objects based on the interval data analysis for any software development environment selected by the user. The technology of creating the software on the basis of the developed ontological superstructure for mathematical modeling using the interval data for different objects, as well as various forms of user interface implementation, is presented in this article. A number of schemes, which illustrate the technology of using the ontological approach of mathematical modeling based on interval data, are presented, and the features of its interpretation when solving environmental monitoring problems are described.

Integration of Web Processing Services with Workflow-Based Scientific Applications for Solving Environmental Monitoring Problems

Nowadays, developing and applying advanced digital technologies for monitoring protected natural territories are critical problems. Collecting, digitalizing, storing, and analyzing spatiotemporal data on various aspects of the life cycle of such territories play a significant role in monitoring. Often, data processing requires the utilization of high-performance computing. To this end, the paper addresses a new approach to automation of implementing resource-intensive computational operations of web processing services in a heterogeneous distributed computing environment. To implement such an operation, we develop a workflow-based scientific application executed under the control of a multi-agent system. Agents represent heterogeneous resources of the environment and distribute the computational load among themselves. Software development is realized in the Orlando Tools framework, which we apply to creating and operating problem-oriented applications. The advantages of the proposed approach are in integrating geographic information services and high-performance computing tools, as well as in increasing computation speedup, balancing computational load, and improving the efficiency of resource use in the heterogeneous distributed computing environment. These advantages are shown in analyzing multidimensional time series.

Current problems of environmental monitoring in urban agglomerations at the regions of Russia

This article outlines the results of a study of environmental problems and environmental monitoring conducted in large cities located in the territories of the subjects of the Russian Federation, in particular, at the territory of Krasnoyarsk Krai, a subject of the Russian Federation. Meanwhile, the main trends in the development of cities and the urban environment as a whole are indicated. The paper provides data on the pollution of water resources of the Krasnoyarsk Krai, caused, among other things, by the anthropogenic impact on the environment, and identifies environmental problems arising from the functioning and development of large urban agglomerations. In addition, the tasks and problems associated with the realization of environmental monitoring have been investigated, the prospects for its application in cities have been determined, and the tasks solvable by using data on the state of the natural urban environment, as well as areas close to the city and experiencing serious impacts due to the livelihood of the urban population, have been identified. Within the study, sufficient attention is paid to the issues of ensuring the purity of water resources used in urban agglomerations, the issues of environmental pollution caused by accumulations of waste of the urban population at urban landfills, as well as landfills positioned in areas adjacent to cities, the problems of changes in the landscape, soil, and vegetation cover in large cities. The issues of atmospheric air pollution in large urban agglomerations are also considered.

Solving environmental monitoring problems using a miniature four-axis unmanned flying platform

A miniature quadcopter platform is low-cost, simple to control, has low take-off and landing requirements, a small size, is easy to carry, more flexible in use, has safety and other advantages, compared with the traditional quadcopter. This paper mainly uses the Arduino open-source program to develop the design and implement the micro quadcopter hardware, remote control and the ground station for solving environmental monitoring problems. It is necessary to propose the study of miniature four-axis drones, then to demonstrate the use of microelectronics technology, wireless communication technology, sensor technology for aircraft, remote control, and the ground station detailed design. Finally, the specific implementation of each part will be shown, and the theory will be verified experimentally.

МОРФОЛОГИЧСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ КАК ПАРАМЕТР БИОИНДИКАЦИОННОЙ ОЦЕНКИ

Morphological changes in plants are widely used as an indicator. This is an important indicator parameter. The reason for its widespread use is its low cost, availability and simplicity of research, no need for highly qualified personnel and the presence of a special laboratory. Numerous studies are devoted to the standardization of the test material and the conditions for its use. The national monitoring system of all developed countries includes a large arsenal of morphological indicators, which made it possible to create maps of anthropogenic impacts. The aim of the research is to study the possibility of using morphological changes in plants as a parameter of bioindication assessment. Material and methods: theoretical - analysis of literature on the problem of environmental monitoring, laboratory. Assessment of the degree of plant change is associated with internal factors and different sensitivity of plant organisms. For the purpose of active monitoring, a large group of plants is recommended. For passive monitoring and determination of the consequences of environmental pollution, indicator signs of plants growing freely in the study area are used. Bioindication methods are useful for assessing the state of the environment. The study of the reaction of plants to the level of pollution makes it possible to assess its consequences. The study of urban communities makes it possible to develop ways to stabilize them, for example, by changing loads. Bioindication is an important addition to instrumental methods.

Solving the problem of environmental monitoring of a port water area using a distributed system of sensors

Solving the problem of environmental monitoring of a port water area using a distributed system of sensors

Increasing the Thermostability of Optoelectronic Devices on Semiconductor Radiators

The article proposes a scheme for thermal stabilization of the radiation flux of mid-IR LEDs in the temperature range + 20 ° C + 80 ° C. It is shown that the relevance of mid-IR LEDs for solving problems of gas analysis, environmental monitoring, moisture measurement and medical diagnostics. It was revealed that the guarantee of the measurement accuracy and sensitivity of optoelectronic devices is the correct spectral matching of the photodetector, LED and absorption of the investigated substance. The disadvantages of emitting diodes associated with time and temperature instability during operation are considered. A study of the spectral characteristics of mid-IR LEDs at various temperatures showed that the wavelength at the maximum the emission spectrum increases almost linearly with increasing temperature, which leads to additional errors and lowers the measurement accuracy of optoelectronic devices. A schematic diagram is proposed for stabilizing the radiation flux of mid-IR LEDs in the temperature range + 20 ° C + 80 ° C..

Construction of ring monitoring network for river and lake environmental monitoring system

With the continuous improvement of the level of science and technology in China, people’s desire for green water and blue sky is becoming more and more intense. Water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution and other issues always affect the lives of residents. Environmental detection is the basic work of environmental protection. In this paper, based on the problems of environmental monitoring of rivers and lakes, we set up a ring network for environmental monitoring of rivers and lakes. The system is mainly composed of sensor nodes and monitoring center to monitor the main indicators of river and lake environment. In order to ensure people’s high requirements and high standards for the environment. To realize the complete monitoring of rivers and lakes.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА СИСТЕМА ЕКОЛОГІЧНОГО МОНІТОРИНГУ МІСТА

The article is devoted to the application of the latest technology of ecological monitoring of the city on the basis of identification and assessment of the condition of plantations with the use of satellite images. Based on the application of such technology, the development of information systems for environmental monitoring in cities and areas of potentially environmentally hazardous industries is provided, which requires constant environmental monitoring. The current state of solving the problems of environmental monitoring of cities for various reasons can not be considered satisfactory. The purpose of the research is to develop methodological bases for identification and assessment of the green mass of plantations from satellite images of megacities to build an environmental monitoring system. Based on the fact that the dimensions of plants for satellite imagery are too small, ecological monitoring was carried out on the basis of green mass of trees, the dimensions of which are sufficient for their identification and determination of spectral indices of plants. The research was conducted using digital photographs of the Obolon district in Kyiv in the optical and infrared range from spacecraft. The selection of research sites was carried out using Microsoft Picture Manager simultaneously for both ranges. Areas visually identified as tree canopies in the sun and shade, lawns in the sun and shade, asphalt parking lot and the roof of the building were considered. Plot sizes: The minimum side of the plot was 16 pixels. For clarity, additional coefficients were introduced in the display of certain visually experimental samples and the building quarter to obtain a single order of magnitude. Data processing was performed using MathCad. It was proposed to conduct spectral indices for environmental monitoring, which take into account several components of color needed to assess the condition of plants. The results of the research showed that the spectral indices proposed for infrared imaging provide identification of green mass, both in the shade from buildings and in direct sunlight.

VARIATIVE SOLUTION OF THE COEFFICIENT INVERSE PROBLEM FOR THE HEAT EQUATIONS

One of the main types of inverse problems for partial differential equations are problems in which the coefficients of the equations or the quantities included in them must be determined using some additional information. Such problems are called coefficient inverse problems for partial differential equations. Coefficient inverse problems (identification problems) have become the subject of close study, especially in recent years. Interest in them is caused primarily by their important applied values. They find applications in solving problems of planning the development of oil fields (determining the filtration parameters of fields), in creating new types of measuring equipment, in solving problems of environmental monitoring, etc. The standard formulation of the coefficient inverse problem contains a functional (discrepancy), physics. When formulating the statements of inverse problems, the statements of direct problems are assumed to be known. The solution to the problem is sought from the condition of its minimum. Inverse problems for partial differential equations can be posed in variational form, i.e., as optimal control problems for the corresponding systems. A variational statement of one coefficient inverse problem for a one-dimensional heat equation is considered. By the solution of the boundary value problem for each fixed control coefficient we mean a generalized solution from the Sobolev space. The questions of correctness of the considered coefficient inverse problem in the variational setting are investigated.