Environmental Management Activities Research Articles

Training and Utilization of Geographic Information Systems at Rahmatullah Lempake Samarinda Islamic Boarding School

The application of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in education is becoming increasingly vital for enhancing digital literacy and spatial analysis skills. Rahmatullah Lempake Islamic Boarding School in Samarinda is one of the educational institutions with significant potential to utilize this technology in supporting the management of its environment and local resources. The initiative aims to provide students with training in GIS, enhancing their knowledge and skills in spatial data management and geographic analysis. The training employed a combination of lectures, discussions, and practical sessions using GIS software. It was attended by students aged 12 to 15 and covered foundational topics, such as an introduction to GIS, mapping applications, and data analysis techniques. The results of this training demonstrated a notable improvement in the students' understanding and basic GIS skills, as well as increased awareness of the technology's potential applications in their local environment. The integration of GIS into the educational process offers significant benefits, particularly in enhancing students' technological literacy and spatial analysis capabilities, which can be applied to environmental management activities within the Islamic boarding school. In conclusion, the GIS training at Rahmatullah Lempake Islamic Boarding School has effectively developed the students' foundational skills in technology and geographic analysis, offering practical benefits for future resource management and environmental planning endeavors.

Quantifying the impact of environmental changes on migratory species: a model perturbation framework

Migratory species use different habitats and pathways across their migratory route. Pathway contribution metrics are transient metrics of population growth, derived from population models, and quantify the predicted contribution of an individual, travelling along a specified migratory route, to the total population over a specified length of time. Environmental disturbances or management actions may occur temporally or spatially throughout the process of migration. The impact that a given perturbation may have on pathway contribution metrics is not always obvious owing to the propagation of the perturbation through the migratory cycle. Here, we develop a general modelling framework that incorporates perturbations into a class of matrix migratory population models, and which quantifies the effect that perturbations to the model, in terms of the transition rates of habitats and pathways, have on pathway contribution metrics. We also detail how to calculate the sensitivity of pathway contribution metrics to the perturbations considered. Our framework may be used to provide insights into the impact that environmental disturbances or management actions have on migratory populations. These insights may be used to inform management actions which either buffer against possible deleterious disturbances or increase the population size through targeted interventions. Our theoretical results are illustrated via hypothetical examples and a model inspired by the monarch butterfly; we uncover results that are not clear from the calculation of the pathway contribution metrics alone.

The effects of disease lesions and amoxicillin treatment on the physiology of SCTLD-affected corals

Metrics of coral physiology can be used to identify changes in coral health due to environmental stressors or management actions. One of the most unprecedented stressors to Caribbean corals is the spread of stony coral tissue loss disease (SCTLD), which also resulted in the novel management action of in-water amoxicillin treatments on active disease lesions. Though highly effective at halting lesions and preventing coral mortality, possible unintended consequences of topical application of amoxicillin to coral tissue were unknown. We used in-water instrumentation to measure and compare photosynthesis (P), respiration (R), P/R ratios, and calcification of corals that were visually healthy, actively diseased, and diseased but treated with amoxicillin paste. Measurements occurred across three time points and two species – Orbicella faveolata and Montastraea cavernosa. Across all metrics, treatment type did not cause significant differences, indicating that neither SCTLD lesions nor amoxicillin treatments impacted the physiology of adjacent tissues. There were significant variations among time points, which may have resulted from changes to coral health across the reef, variations due to environmental variables, or other unknown factors. We suggest that physiological metrics could be an interesting way to fate track coral health across short- and long-term timeframes. We also conclude that amoxicillin treatments as a tool to halt SCTLD are not detrimental to respiration, photosynthesis, or calcification rates of adult corals.

IoT Sensor Based Cross-Basin Natural Ecological Environment QualityMonitoring and Modeling Simulation with Artificial Intelligence RemoteSensing and GIS

This study presents an integrated approach for monitoring and modelling the quality of crossbasin natural ecological environments using advanced techniques such as Markov Random Field Clustering Classification (MRF-CC), Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Hidden Markov Models (HMM), and remote sensing. With key ecological parameters including water quality, biodiversity, habitat suitability, and land cover types across various scenarios and locations within a study area. The simulation results from MRF-CC revealed the significant impacts of different environmental scenarios and management actions, with restoration efforts showing improvements in ecological quality, while pollution mitigation and urbanization pressures led to declines. The simulation results from MRF-CC revealed the significant impacts of different environmental scenarios and management actions. For example, restoration efforts (Scenario 1) improved water quality (pH 7.5), biodiversity index (0.88), and habitat suitability (0.78) compared to the baseline values (pH 7.2, biodiversity index 0.85, habitat suitability 0.75). Conversely, pollution mitigation (Scenario 2) and urbanization pressure (Scenario 8) resulted in declines, with water quality dropping to pH 7.0 and 6.9, biodiversity indices to 0.82 and 0.81, and habitat suitability to 0.72 and 0.71, respectively. GIS estimation provided spatial insights into ecological parameters, revealing variability across different locations. For instance, Point A (forest) exhibited a water quality index of 0.78, while Point D (urban) showed a lower index of 0.54. The integration of HMM offered probabilistic predictions of land cover dynamics, with probabilities ranging from 0.85 for forest at Point A to 0.45 for urban land cover at Point D.

A geospatial approach to identifying and mapping areas of relative environmental pressure on ecosystem integrity

The influence of increasing anthropogenic pressure on ecosystem integrity, such as land use change, is resulting in many ecosystems experiencing a decline in their ability to maintain balanced functions and services. Identifying and quantifying these pressures over different scales is challenging and thus impacting the achievement or maintenance of key environmental outcomes. In this study, a GIS-based and scalable tool was developed, the Relative Environmental Pressure (REP) Tool, to address these challenges. The REP tool combines an ecosystem integrity conceptual framework with a weighted linear combination analysis to quantify and rank relative environmental pressure across the scale of interest. The REP Tool was developed as an automated Python-based model in a PyCharm working environment using ArcGIS Pro Arcpy scripting. The REP Tool was applied to spatially contiguous geospatial data for the Province of Alberta, Canada and dynamically scaled relative to Hydrologic Unit Codes at level 8 (HUC8) along with regional and sub-regional scale sub-watersheds. Both cumulative and individual relative pressure levels were calculated and mapped for specific ecosystem integrity framework-derived Environmental Pressure Groups (EPGs) including Atmospheric Alteration, Sedimentation, Habitat Alteration, Hydrologic Alteration, and Social Pressure. Data driven Jenks natural breaks were then applied to classify the relative environmental pressures into a nine-level ranking system. The resulting visualization and data outputs from the REP Tool clearly show that the highest cumulative relative environmental pressure values align with the distribution of major population centres, zones of intense agriculture and major industrial activity. These regions reflect the physiography of Alberta with the Rocky Mountain and Boreal natural regions dominated by low relative environmental pressure. As scales become smaller and more refined, the location of the higher relative environmental pressure levels typically become more subdivided with greater spatial precision where higher pressured areas are located. These patterns are repeated when looking at individual EPGs but with enhanced differentiation of pressure as scales are refined. The framework and geospatial science driven approach behind the REP Tool can be universally applied to support enhanced understanding of relative environmental pressures in, or between regions, as well as informing adaptive environmental resource management and monitoring activities.

A Weight-of-Evidence Approach for Understanding the Recovery of Okanagan Sockeye Salmon

The productivity of Pacific Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Columbia River has been declining over the past century. Yet, the Okanagan River Sockeye salmon population, which spawns in the Okanagan River, a Canadian tributary of the Columbia River, has seen a remarkable turnaround in abundance. Different hypotheses and lines of evidence covering multiple spatial scales have been proposed to explain this recovery; but they have never been comprehensively assessed. We adopted a weight-of-evidence approach to systematically assess the relative likelihood that each of these causal hypotheses contributed to the observed recovery. Our analysis disentangles the relative consequences of a set of environmental management actions that have been implemented to augment the Sockeye salmon freshwater productivity, while accounting for changes in freshwater and marine environmental conditions. Our list of potentially explanatory causal factors (anthropogenic and natural) included: (1) changes in escapement concurrent with improving local fish passage, (2) the implementation of fish-friendly flows in the Okanagan River, (3) initiating a hatchery restocking program, (4) potential improvements to Columbia dam operations to support higher relative survival of out-migrating juvenile fish, (5) possible shifts in survival-favorable conditions in the coastal marine environment for ocean-going life stages, and (6) broader changes to multi-stock harvest regimes in the Columbia River. Our assessment leveraged comparisons with the population dynamics of another Sockeye salmon stock in the Columbia River basin to differentiate between the impacts of management actions taken within the Okanagan watershed (our focus) from those occurring over the broader basin and marine scale. The results suggest that while shifts towards survival-favorable conditions in the coastal marine environment in 2007 played an important role in the upturn of the Okanagan population, alone it cannot explain the rate at which the Okanagan River Sockeye salmon recovered. Strong evidence supports the combined effect of increased escapement in conjunction with establishing and securing fish-friendly flows during spawning, incubation, and alevin emergence. Additionally, Sockeye salmon restocking improved the resilience of the stock against density-independent mortality events. These combined basin-level management actions played a pivotal role in magnifying the recovery trajectory afforded by improved marine survivorship. The spectacular response of the Okanagan River Sockeye salmon to the holistic perspectives and management interventions of Indigenous and other caretakers provides hope that other Pacific salmon stocks can be stabilized and recovered.

Containing alien plants in coastal dunes: Evidence from a soil manipulation experiment

Biological invasion is recognised as one of the major threats to biodiversity, particularly in disturbance-prone ecosystems such as costal dunes. Many studies have associated alien plant invasion of dune ecosystem to human disturbances, but less is known about the role of soil properties in invasion after disturbance. Soil properties are crucial filters during plant succession and soil-related changes in the initial stage of species colonization might shape the final success of the invaders.We performed a manipulative experiment aimed at elucidating the effects of soil properties on plant colonization processes in highly invaded dune systems, as a proxy for plausible management actions to curb the success of exotic plant species over native ones, which was measured through species richness and abundance.In a barrier island of the Marano and Grado lagoon, Northern Adriatic Sea, we mechanically removed all the native and alien vegetation present in the back dune (also known as secondary dune), triggering a new ecological succession and further altered, for the following three months, soil properties by adding salt, nitrogen, and organic matter in a full factorial design with randomized blocks.The soil treatments reduced the overall species richness and abundance of alien plants. Further, soil treatment interactions strongly shaped community evenness and species richness. Soil salinity had a positive effect on native cover while decreasing the overall number of alien species, especially in soil with added organic matter.Our findings suggest that soil salinity, and its interplay with organic matter, might significantly reduce the initial success of alien species propagule pressure (i.e. alien plant germination), with likely implications for the trajectories of future plant communities. This study highlights that alien plant containment should be focused on early stages of succession, giving new perspective on future environmental management actions for dune restoration and conservation.

Pengaruh Implementasi Akuntansi Lingkungan terhadap Kinerja Perusahaan: Systematic Literature Review

Environmental accounting, also known as “Green Accounting” or “Evironmental Accounting”, refers to the process by which businesses or companies incorporate environmental costs into their accounting procedures. Environmental costs are the result of actions that have an impact on the quality of the environment, whether financially or not. The aim of this research is to look at the function, application and impact of environmental accounting on environmental and business sustainability. This research method was carried out using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). This approach is used to examine and review all research. A total of 52 articles were analyzed in this research. Research Results Environmental accounting has a positive impact on a number of factors related to the sustainability of a business entity, especially company performance through the use of social responsibility as a mediator. Research on environmental accounting Even though Indonesia is a strong country, it still needs improvement because there is not much research there and the topics discussed are limited. The results of this research have consequences for environmental management initiatives and actions that are based on green innovation or environmentally friendly principles and can develop further.

Understanding sedimentary dynamics and bottom sediment characteristics in Bons Sinais Estuary – Mozambique: Insights from statistical analysis and Pejrup diagram

This article addresses the Bons Sinais Estuary sedimentary dynamics and bottom sediment characterization and its implication to pollution, based on bottom sediment grain size and statistical parameters. There were collected 15 bottom sediment samples with a Van veen sampler, which were further analysed by sieve and pipette methods. Sand was the most dominant textural class (51%), followed by silt (25%) and clay (24%). The sedimentary dynamics have varied from moderate to high. Both size of sediments and Pejrup diagram suggests that the hydrodynamics of this Estuary is high. Although the percentage of coarse sediments is higher, the estuary is susceptible to pollution, as the amount of thinner sediments is considerable regarding the values of skewness. These results may be useful to environmental management actions including pollutants tracking.

Digitalisation and environmental management activities: The effects of family ownership`

AbstractWhile digitalisation has significant implications for environmental management activities, this nexus has received minimal attention in research. Given this backdrop, this study uses a unique survey dataset of 386 micro and small enterprises (MSEs) and conducts an OLS regression analysis to examine the impact of digitalisation on environmental management activities. The study also investigates how family ownership moderates this relationship. The study finds that digitalisation supports environmental management activities as an important strategic mechanism, and that family ownership has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between digitalisation and environmental management activities. This study contributes to ‘institutional theory’ by highlighting its applicability to the new context of MSEs in emerging markets. Further, the study provides managerial insights into how to ensure environmental management practices in the digital age.

Community engagement approaches for malaria prevention, control and elimination: a scoping review

IntroductionGlobally malaria programmes have adopted approaches to community engagement (ACE) to design and deliver malaria interventions. This scoping review aimed to understand, map, and synthesise intervention activities guided by ACE...

IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE HUMAN RESOURCES IN COFFEE BEAN SUPPLY IN THE SATAK COFFEE AGROINDUSTRY, KEDIRI DISTRICT

The supply of coffee beans in Indonesia involves several stakeholders, namely farmers, collectors and KUB (Joint Business Group). Sustainable supply activities are human, economic, social, environmental and technological resource management activities. The aim of this research is to analyze the sustainability performance of human resources in the supply of coffee beans in Indonesia. The data processing stage is identifying the supply of coffee beans in Indonesia. Analysis of identifying the supply of coffee beans in Indonesia, analysis of added value, measurement and assessment of the sustainable supply performance index for coffee beans. The added value of coffee bean supply was analyzed using the Hayami modification. SCOR-AHP (Supply Chain Operations Reference-Analytical Hierarchy Process) is used to measure the sustainability performance of human resources. The supply status of coffee beans is calculated using the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) technique with R software. The value added ratio for coffee farmers is low (46.58%) compared to collectors with (71.31%) and KUB (86.35% ). Farmers' supply performance is 71.99% lower than collectors with a value of 88.15% and KUB 86.77%. The economic dimension of sustainability is almost sustainable (78.39), the social dimension is sustainable (89.25), the environmental dimension is almost sustainable (79.63) and the technological dimension is almost sustainable (67.68). The aggregate value of sustainable supply shows 78.72% which means almost sustainable. This research recommends a strategy for building partnerships between coffee farmers and coffee cafes to improve performance and sustainability of the supply of coffee beans.

Green growth in e-commerce : Environmental management and customer actions

The global e-commerce industry has been experiencing rapid growth, especially post COVID-19 pandemic, which has significantly transformed market structures and consumer shopping behaviour. The waste generated and the plastic pollution due to e-commerce is increasing tremendously post pandemic. The surge in e-commerce has contributed to an alarming increase in packaging waste, aggravating the plastic pollution crisis. Research indicates that traditional in-store shopping can substantially reduce CO2 emissions highlighting the environmental impact of online shopping. In response to these challenges, many e-commerce companies are implementing green technologies and sustainable practices to mitigate environmental impacts. However, individual customers also play a crucial role in promoting sustainability in online shopping. By making informed choices, consumers can significantly reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future. This research explores effective strategies for managing environmental impacts and integrating green technologies in e-commerce operations, emphasizing the collaborative efforts of companies and customers to achieve sustainability. The research reveals that though majority of customers are concerned about environment and sustainability; while shopping they aim to satisfy their immediate needs. Customers have shown willingness to opt for the strategies like concession on returning the packaging, discounted price for less packaging and bulk purchases in a single order if introduced and implemented effectively by e-commerce companies.

Influence of mountain pine beetle outbreaks on large fires in British Columbia

AbstractA key uncertainty in understanding climate change effects on wildfires in western North America is the role of mountain pine beetle (MPB) outbreaks in driving wildfire occurrence and severity. In this study, we investigated the complex relationship between MPB outbreaks, other environmental factors, and wildfire occurrence in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We adopted a fire risk analysis method developed for fire occurrence prediction to separate the effect of changing fuel conditions on wildfires in BC when neither post‐outbreak fuel conditions, climate, nor management is stationary. Using lasso‐logistic regression and a novel variable ranking procedure, we determined that MPB‐affected areas had 1.7 times more large lightning‐caused fires (≥100 ha), as the likelihood of large lightning‐caused fires increased by 40% in these areas and likely contributed to the increased burned areas in BC. Meanwhile, the likelihood of large human‐caused fires decreased in MPB‐affected areas. Fire weather factors were most influential for both lightning‐ and human‐caused fires, while anthropogenic factors were most influential for human‐caused fires. Fuel dynamics following MPB outbreaks vary across the wide distribution of a host species such as lodgepole pine, at stand and landscape levels. Furthermore, the expression of the effects of MPB and other disturbances on wildfire is also conditional on, as well as confounded with, many other environmental factors and management activities that vary across western North America. Therefore, a lack of consensus on the impacts of MPB on wildfire is not surprising.

Ocorrência de patógenos transmitidos pelo carrapato Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato em cães na região semiárida do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of infection by Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Babesia vogeli, and Hepatozoon canis in dogs from the semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state. Also, we evaluated the characteristics that favor the infection by E. canis and the presence of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks. For that, 120 dogs were included, from which blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and molecular diagnosis of these four pathogens. Anamnesis and physical examination were performed on each patient, and all properties were characterized. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to verify the association of the studied variables. The most prevalent pathogen in the study was E. canis (13.3%), followed by A. platys (11.7%), H. canis (6%) and B. vogeli (6%). Correspondence analysis performed between E. canis positivity and the variables studied showed the influence of factors such as tick history, non-vaccination and non-use of antiparasitic medications. The main environmental factor observed in the infection by E. canis was the presence of trees and vegetation in the residences. Recognizing these characteristics can help elaborate prevention and control strategies since environmental management activities seek to reduce the interaction between vector and host and, consequently, the exposure to diseases.

Study of implementation of the eco-pesantren concept at Dayah Terpadu Inshafuddin, Banda Aceh

Environmental problems and the phenomenon of global warming that occurs raise awareness of the impact of the environment on sustainable development. It is very important to increase awareness and knowledge about the environment. One of them is through an educational approach in Islamic education institutions (Pesantren), through the application of the Eco-Pesantren concept. This study aims to examine the potential for implementing the Eco-Pesantren concept at Dayah Terpadu Inshafuddin, Banda Aceh. The research method is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques through observations and interviews. The results of the study show that Dayah Terpadu Inshafuddin has implemented several aspects of the Eco-Pesantren concept such as making eco-friendly Pesantren policies and involving students in eco-friendly practices even though it has not been maximized. The implementation of eco-friendly Pesantren can improve the quality of the Islamic environment and encourage environmental management activities that bring social and ecological benefits. Improvements in several aspects will provide a foundation for the implementation of the Eco-Pesantren concept. Through this implementation, Pesantren is expected to contribute an environmental education model to support sustainable development.

Stakeholders’ Attitude in Implementing Cleaner Production: Case of The Pharmaceutical Industry in Jakarta

The medicines production process in the pharmaceutical industry, especially in herbal medicines, impacts natural resources and environmental pollution. Implementing cleaner production (CP) can be a profitable solution for companies. Stakeholders’ attitudes toward implementing CP are needed to achieve a sustainable pharmaceutical industry. This research was conducted at the Company X, a pharmaceutical industry that produces herbal medicines located in DKI Jakarta Province. This research aims to identify and analyze stakeholder attitudes toward CP as assessed based on knowledge, responses, and practices through a questionnaire. The sample was conducted on 122 stakeholders participating in production and environmental management activities, including the Manager, Supervisor, and Staff. The results show that all stakeholders’ knowledge, responses, and practices have a good average criteria. The most significant number of stakeholders who were respondents were production staff at 37.7%. From the results of this research, it is hoped that all respondents will know the herbal medicine production process and implement CP at Company X.

The Condition of Climate Change Adaptation in Polish Municipalities Before and After the Pandemic on the Basis of Cso Environmental Indicators - Management Implications

The pandemic undoubtedly had a significant impact on local development management processes in municipalities in economic, social, environmental and institutional-political dimensions. The article presents and evaluates various activities of municipal governments in the field of environmental management for climate protection and formulates recommendations for municipalities in this regard. The main purpose of this article is to assess the condition of climate change adaptation in municipalities before and after the pandemic, particularly in Polish municipalities, based on the environmental specific indicators of the Central Statistical Office. The purpose of the paper was realized on the basis of a review of the latest literature on the subject, domestic and foreign, as well as quantitative and qualitative comparative analysis. The study was carried out in thirty Polish urban-rural municipalities, , at the same time district cities (cities of the seat of county government, cities, "micro capitals" of counties), with varying own incomes. In Polish municipalities, climate change adaptation priorities have changed in very positive terms after the pandemic, in particular, this applies to municipal spending on ambient air protection (including renewable energy sources, thermal modernization, etc.), which has increased two or even three times compared to the time before the pandemic, which has not yet been recognized and studied in the conducted review of the recent literature on the subject. At the same time, the pandemic period slowed down the remaining investment and management of environmental activities, and generally did not improve waste management in municipalities.

Appraisal of solid waste generation in secondary schools towards sensitisation on environmental quality and education

PurposeThis study evaluates the quantity and composition of solid waste produce in secondary schools and assesses level of environmental consciousness and management activities. This is aimed for the present and future planning of high schools' environment as well as integrating the system into urban waste management.Design/methodology/approachThis research used primary and secondary data to realize its purpose. Primary data was obtained through measurement of actual waste generation and questionnaire administration. Secondary data was the official information obtained on the schools selected. The primary data collected was analysed with descriptive statistical method such as percentage, mean cross measures of central tendency, frequency distribution and cross tabulation.FindingsThe study established that a total of 375.6 kg of solid waste is generated in the selected schools and daily per capita waste generation is 0.56 kg. Paper material is the waste component with the highest quantity and 88.5% of waste produced is recyclable. Thus, solid waste generated in secondary schools if carefully managed with suitable management options has potential for promoting circular economy and sustainable development. The paper recommends environmental education for stakeholders in secondary schools and waste segregation culture should be enforced in every secondary school.Originality/valueThe paper builds on the reasons for poor environmental quality in secondary schools in developing countries and revealed unscientific means by which resources are wasted and the environment is mismanaged through low understanding of solid waste.

The Public Perception of the Existence of Coal Mines in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Background and Objectives: The coal mining business is a source of foreign exchange for the country, but it is also thought to have a negative impact on the environment, therefore its continued existence can lead to a variety of public perceptions, both positive and negative. The purpose of this study is to ascertain public perceptions of the coal mining industry's existence and operational implications.
 Methods: The survey approach was used in this study to obtain information from respondents. Questions were posed using interviews, questionnaires, and secondary data.
 Results: The community leadership structure in the study area is that 35 respondents (48%) follow non-formal leadership, while 38 respondents (52%) follow formal leadership. Most community conflicts are usually triggered by land boundary disputes (38%), and complaints are not responded to (38%), and are resolved by consensus deliberation. Community responses to the impact of coal transportation are health problems (52%), the impact of the presence of coal mines is an increase in the economy (54%), disruption to public roads (66%), noise (66%), and air quality (72%). Coal hauling activities also have an impact on improving business prospects, namely 10% of respondents stated significant (high), 66% moderate, and 24% none. while for the criteria for increasing income, 16% of respondents stated an increase of 62%, a small increase, and 22% did not report. The environmental disturbance parameter stated that 60% of respondents felt disturbed and 40% did not. Environmental management activities on the impact of coal mining operations are 20% of respondents stating good, 34% abstaining and 22% not good.
 Conclusion: Community development and empowerment programs around the mine site must be implemented properly, and mine exploration permit holders must strictly adhere to the environmental impact analysis document and environmental management monitoring plan approved by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.