Environmental Dimensions Of Sustainable Development Research Articles

Analysis of landcover changes and carrying capacity of coastal cities North Java of Central Java Province, Indonesia

North Coastal Central Java has been a strategic zone from the colonial era to the present because it supports the national socio-economic sector. Urbanization has threatened the development of districts/cities on the northern coast of Central Java. The physiographical conditions of coastal districts/cities along Pantura are formed from alluvial plains, making the environment's carrying capacity more vulnerable to changes in global conditions and pressures from the socio-economic activities of the population. This study aims to identify changes in land cover, its relationship to road infrastructure development, and its implications for environmental carrying capacity. The method used in this study uses GIS to determine changes in land cover and settlement growth patterns and calculates biocapacity and ecological footprint to obtain environmental carrying capacity conditions. The results show that land cover changes mainly occur in agricultural land, plantations, and settlements. In addition, the environment's carrying capacity experienced a deficit/overshoot in 2010, which continued until 2020. The result indicates the problem in the environmental dimension of sustainable development of coastal cities and requires serious intervention to increase environmental quality.

Regional innovations influence on the ecological footprint of the Russian Federation territories: case of the Siberia and Volga regions

Relevance. Ensuring the development of the country regions on the principles of environmental and economic balance, taking into account the national development goals of Russia until 2030.This article models the relationship between economic development and environmental progress. The relationship between investment in innovation and uncontrolled emissions in certain regions of Russia in the period from 2010 to 2022 is explored. Aim. To study the intensity of innovation influence on the ecological footprint, as well as the efficiency of functioning of environmental-innovative activities, in regions of different types using the example of the Siberian Federal District and the Volga Federal District. Methods. Panel regression with fixed effects, correlation analysis, DEA method, cluster analysis, analysis of variance. Results and conclusions. Using the example of 24 Russian regions, it is shown that the intensity increase of the research and development of regional companies does not always lead to an increase in the environmental footprint and an increase in emissions intensity. The obtained results indicate that the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainable development contradict each other and suggest that regional governments should consider the negative environmental externalities of economic development when designing policies to promote regional growth. It is noted that the growth of investments in the research and development of more developed regions reduce the emissions intensity level. Large industrial centers of Siberia and the Volga regions are investing in innovation to increase the intensity of emissions. The hypothesis about the high degree of the economic space heterogeneity in terms of the influence of the research and development intensity of regional companies on the degree of environmental pollution in the regions of the Russian Federation is confirmed. The necessity is emphasized to take into account the regional specifics of the industrial structure of the economy. A highly significant heterogeneity was revealed in the efficiency of environmental-innovative activities functioning in the regions of the Siberian Federal District and Volga Federal District. Moreover, the effectiveness of environmental-innovative activities of the regions is insignificantly correlated with the identified imbalance of this activity.

Assessing the provisions for sustainability in economics degree programmes

Purpose Higher education institutions (HEIs) offer courses and programmes focusing on sustainability in economics, as courses on sustainable development (SD), which examine the economic, social and environmental dimensions of SD. This paper aims to examine sustainability integration in economics degree programmes. Design/methodology/approach Through an extensive literature review in Web of Science (WoS) and information search in Google, conducting to 28 relevant case studies, this paper elucidates the emphasis given to sustainability as part of economics degree programmes in HEIs. Findings The results suggest that, whereas the inclusion of sustainability components in this field is a growing trend, much still needs to be done to ensure that matters related to SD are part of the routine of university students studying economics. Research limitations/implications It is worth noting that the literature review conducted in WoS was primarily aimed at assisting in the selection of university case studies. The 28 university case studies scrutinised in this study may lack sufficient representation from numerous developing countries. Practical implications This study highlights challenges in integrating the SD into economics degree programmes, suggesting the need for curriculum adjustments as underscoring operational issues, acting as barriers. The inclusion of sustainability in economics programmes must navigate operational issues stemming from packed timetables and busy schedules, requiring innovative solutions. Social implications As far as the authors are aware, this study holds substantial importance in its emphasis on implementing sustainability within HEIs’ economics programmes, assisting in pursuing SD. Originality/value The novelty of this study lies in addressing sustainability with the specific economics focus programmes within the HEIs context.

Science textbooks as an education resources for sustainability: A content analysis

This paper presents findings from an analysis of 4<sup>th</sup> grade science textbooks used in the United Arab Emirates schools, using an analytical descriptive approach to examine their content in light of the sustainable development goals. The results reveal that the environmental dimension of sustainable development (SD) was the most frequently reflected upon in the textbooks, with an occurrence of 18.5%, followed by the economic dimension (11.7%) and the social dimension (4.9%). While the distribution of sustainability themes varied across the textbooks, all four textbooks included references to SD. However, the researchers find that the distribution of these themes was not even, with some themes being absent in some textbooks while being extensively presented in others. These findings suggest that while sustainability is present in 4<sup>th</sup> grade science textbooks, there is room for improvement in ensuring that all three dimensions of SD are adequately covered in these materials.

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN RATIONALIZING DECISIONS TO GRANT GREEN FINANCE IN SAUDI BANKS

Green financing represents a great untapped opportunity, especially in Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf Cooperation Council countries, which are characterized by their developed capital markets, attracting investors from all over the world to pump their capital into projects that have an environmental and social impact, in addition to activating strong governance processes.The study aimed to examine the impact of the dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social, and economic on green finance in Saudi national banks and fill the gap in sustainability and green finance research in Arabian countries, specifically in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study population covered the national banks in Riyadh city. The data was collected through a questionnaire and the sample size was 125 participants. The study applied linear regression models and the result revealed that the environmental dimension of sustainable development, the social dimension of sustainable development, and the economic dimension have a positive impact on green finance in Saudi banks.

A Web-Based Decision Support System for Project Evaluation with Sustainable Development Considerations Based on Two Developed Pythagorean Fuzzy Decision Methods

Decision support systems are being developed as attractive tools to help organizations make better decisions. These systems assist decision-makers in making the best decisions. The widespread application of the internet has transformed the development of decision support systems into a web-based challenge. On the other hand, project selection has always been a significant issue for organizations. The limitation of resources and the existence of different criteria while selecting projects cause organizations to face the challenges of multiple-criteria decision making. In this research, a new approach is introduced for the selection of criteria. It also presents a new web-based decision support system for selecting projects considering uncertainty and various criteria, including organizational strategies, the seventh edition of project management standard, and sustainable development. Therefore, the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development were included as project evaluation indicators. The proposed approach was developed using Pythagorean fuzzy sets, MEREC, and MARCOS methods to examine uncertainty and solution methods. In this approach, a new version of the MARCOS method was developed, with Pythagorean fuzzy sets for rankings. Also, a new development was presented using the Pythagorean fuzzy (PF)-MEREC method, which was used for weighting. The effectiveness of the proposed method is discussed through a real case study conducted on one of the mineral holdings in Iran. Among the mining projects introduced to the company, finally, the second project was selected. In the comparison made using PF-Entropy-TOPSIS and PF-Entropy-VIKOR methods, the superior project provided similar results. By changing the weights of the criteria for four different types of states, sensitivity analysis was used to determine the reliability of the final rankings. In these states, the weights of the criteria were moved together or assigned equal weights, and, in all four states, the ranking results were the same.

Urban nature visitation, accessibility, and impact of travel distance for sustainable cities

Accessible urban nature is a key component of creating sustainable urban communities and promoting human health and well-being. To balance the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, the United Nations adopted several sustainable developmental goals (SDGs), such as SDG 11 for sustainable cities and communities, which aims to improve urban planning and management, including equitable access to urban nature. However, more information is still needed regarding how planners and managers can promote urban nature visitation and equitable access during health and environmental crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine trends in urban nature visitation during the pandemic and then to determine if the effect of the pandemic on the frequency of urban nature site visitation varied by distance to home, using an innovative approach of analyzing both publicly available large-scale mobility data and a web-based survey of urban residents of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. The mobility data results showed that there was a negative mean % difference in park visits compared to baseline during the first and third lockdowns, but an increase compared to baseline between lockdowns and even during the second lockdown. This suggests that urban residents had greater need to reconnect with urban nature during and after periods of intense stress. In addition, the survey results showed an increasing negative effect of distance on urban nature site visitation during the pandemic, specifically for urban nature sites located more than 1 km from home. Altogether, the mobility data and survey results suggest that people who lived within 1 km of their preferred urban nature site had disproportionate access to the benefits of urban nature during and after lockdowns than others. To effectively make social and ecological transitions toward urban sustainability, it is vital that cities promote urban nature accessibility during current and future environmental and health crises. Cities should collaborate with diverse stakeholders to create/maintain accessible urban nature sites nearby all sociodemographic groups, provide sustainability education and training to convey the benefits of urban nature, and pursue participatory solutions for understanding urban nature needs and preferences. In this manner, it will be possible to address the growing influence of proximity/travel distance and additional factors that affect urban nature visitation and ultimately, human health and urban sustainability.

Exploring the Nexus of Eco-Innovation and Sustainable Development: A Bibliometric Review and Analysis

Eco-innovation promotes sustainable economic growth while mitigating environmental impacts. It has evolved into an essential tool for firms seeking to align with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. A total of 723 articles from Web of Science and Scopus databases were analyzed in the timespan of 2001–2022 to unveil the contributions and interconnections among eco-innovation, sustainable development, and the SDGs. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive performance analysis and science mapping using Bibliometrix R-package and VosViewer, respectively. The analysis highlights the influential authors, journals, countries, and thematic trends of research articles. The trend analysis shows that carbon emission limitation, targeting SDGs in isolation, and environmental economics are gradually becoming mainstream. Eco-innovation’s transformative potential spans economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, though its studies have primarily focused on its environmental implications. This can offer new research directions to researchers and will be beneficial for framework development.

LEVERAGING ON PARTNERSHIP TO EXPOSE YOUTH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS: A CASE STUDY

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2015. They are a worldwide call to end poverty, protect the planet, and promote peace and prosperity for everyone by 2030. The 17 SDGs are interconnected and seek to strengthen the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. Malaysia is one of the countries committed to these global goals. In every situation, achieving the SDGs requires collaboration and resources from all parts of society, and youths are the part of the population that is most important in implementing the SDGs. To get young people involved in the planning and building of the country's sustainable development, it is important for different groups to work together. This article examines how partnerships can effectively help an organisation reach its goals and what the most important principles are when forming a partnership.  In this paper, the Malaysian Youth SDG Summit will be used as a case study.  The summit started with the support of 30 youth-based organisations and was backed up by the Malaysian Civil Society Organisation—SDG Alliance and the All-Party Parliamentary Group Malaysia—SDG. The Malaysian Youth SDG Summit, which began as a one-day event, has evolved into a year-long effort to develop the capacity of young people to become SDG competent through the Youth SDG Agent initiative. The study provides information on how to leverage partnerships to expose youth to sustainable developments, drawing on the case from the youth SDG Summit and youth SDG agents. The strength of the partnership has made a big difference in the brand's credibility, its exposure in the media, its network, its support for hardware, and its human resources. 

The integration of nature conservation in land-use management practices in rural municipalities: A case study of four rural municipalities in Norway

This paper investigates how land-use management practices incorporate nature conservation concerns in four Norwegian rural municipalities. It focuses on nature conservation, which is vital both to maintain nature’s ability to store carbon and to preserve ecosystems, as key aspects of the environmental dimension of sustainable development. The paper analyses the perceptions of local, regional and state stakeholders relating to four rural municipalities following diverging land-use trajectories. We find land policy in all four cases to be highly entangled with strategies to achieve growth in terms of income, job creation and population. When nature conservation was not in line with wider economic or social considerations, it was less integrated into land-policy practices. In three of the municipalities, the construction of residential units, holiday-homes or renewable energy parks was prioritized over the preservation of nature areas or cultural landscapes. One case presented a contrasting trajectory, as it involved a clear alignment between nature conservation and economic growth. Here, conservation was considered a key strategy to both sustain the traditional fishery industry and to accommodate the growing tourism. However, while this municipality’s restrictive land use was based on a nature conservation understanding, it was also connected to the greenhouse-gas emissions, resource exhaustion and waste generation traditionally associated with international tourism. The study concludes by highlighting the importance of rural municipalities being equipped with sufficient resources if they are to prioritize environmental concerns over the economic and social dimensions of sustainability in their land-use management practices.

Новітні інструменти фінансування сталого розвитку

Introduction. Conducting business activities aimed at obtaining profit without taking into account the negative impact on the social and environmental environment has led to the accumulation of problems in the specified areas. Awareness of the current situation led to the development of the concept of sustainable development and the formulation of 17 Sustainable Development Goals, the implementation of which will contribute to ensuring both economic, social and ecological dimensions of human progress. Problem Statement. Among the newest instruments aimed at financing with a positive impact on the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, special purpose bonds (green, social, sustainable bonds, etc.) should be singled out. The purpose of the article is to determine the composition of the newest instruments of sustainable development financing, to improve their classification, and to generalize trends in their use in the world. Methods. The principles and guidelines of the International Capital Market Association for the issuance of special purpose bonds are analyzed, the methods of generalization and analysis of dynamic series are used based on the data of the International organization “Climate Bonds Initiative” about special purpose bonds. Results. The classification of special-purpose bonds was improved, in particular, the widespread features of their classification were supplemented with features based on the level of achievement of the set goals and the readiness of legislation of the issuance of special purpose bonds. The global trends as for the development of special purpose bonds were clarified, namely: the largest volume of issuance and growth rate for 2014-2021 is precisely for green bonds, which is explained by the beginning of the practice of issuing bonds with a positive impact by supranational organizations in the world precisely from the issue of green bonds; the largest volume of issuance of special purpose bonds is inherent for developed markets and, in recent years, for emerging markets; the leader of issuing of all types of these bonds during 2016-2021 is Europe; the largest specific weight of the issued special purpose bonds in the world is inherent for hard currencies: the euro and the U.S. dollar; key issuers of these bonds are financial and non-financial corporations, as well as institutions supported by the government. Conclusions The classification of special-purpose bonds has been improved, in particular, the common features of their classification have been supplemented with features based on the level of achievement of the set goals and regularity of the issue. Accordingly, it is advisable to continue to support the initiative of financial corporations regarding the issue of special purpose bonds as powerful institutional investors. This will make it possible to maintain the growing trend and strengthen financing and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. It is expedient to carry out the further research in this field in the direction of developing mechanisms for activating the use of the newest instruments of sustainable development financing.

Environmental administrative control and its role in achieving the environmental dimension of sustainable development - a comparative study

Sustainable development is one of the topics, or issues related to human rights and freedoms, that countries aim to achieve, because of the importance of employing natural resources that benefit current generations in order to benefit future generations, and sustainable development is not limited to a specific field, but rather It has multiple dimensions, such as the social, economic and environmental dimension, and therefore it is not surprising that we see the factors of correlation and correlation between the environment and sustainable development, as the protection and preservation of the environment is one of the dimensions that sustainable development aims to achieve, and in a way that it is not possible to separate the environment and sustainable development, and that The issue of protecting the environment, and achieving the environmental dimension of sustainable development, is one of the core duties of administrative control agencies in general, and environmental administrative control in particular, as well as its connection to the public order that these bodies or agencies seek to preserve, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws. By protecting the environment and sustainable development, with its means or tools, and the measures it takes, whether related to the preventive aspect or the remedial aspect, as it can manage The ability to achieve the environmental dimension of sustainable development, through the preventive measures that it undertakes, such as prohibiting and licensing to do something, or by notification, that is, notifying the administrative control authorities to carry out a specific activity, in addition to remedial issues, including the imposition of administrative penalties, such as fines and confiscation, Or stopping the activity, in addition to raising civil and criminal liability against violators, which contributes to achieving the dimensions of sustainable development, including the environmental dimension

Environmental administrative control and its role in achieving the environmental dimension of sustainable development - a comparative study

Sustainable development is one of the topics, or issues related to human rights and freedoms, that countries aim to achieve, because of the importance of employing natural resources that benefit current generations in order to benefit future generations, and sustainable development is not limited to a specific field, but rather It has multiple dimensions, such as the social, economic and environmental dimension, and therefore it is not surprising that we see the factors of correlation and correlation between the environment and sustainable development, as the protection and preservation of the environment is one of the dimensions that sustainable development aims to achieve, and in a way that it is not possible to separate the environment and sustainable development, and that The issue of protecting the environment, and achieving the environmental dimension of sustainable development, is one of the core duties of administrative control agencies in general, and environmental administrative control in particular, as well as its connection to the public order that these bodies or agencies seek to preserve, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws. By protecting the environment and sustainable development, with its means or tools, and the measures it takes, whether related to the preventive aspect or the remedial aspect, as it can manage The ability to achieve the environmental dimension of sustainable development, through the preventive measures that it undertakes, such as prohibiting and licensing to do something, or by notification, that is, notifying the administrative control authorities to carry out a specific activity, in addition to remedial issues, including the imposition of administrative penalties, such as fines and confiscation, Or stopping the activity, in addition to raising civil and criminal liability against violators, which contributes to achieving the dimensions of sustainable development, including the environmental dimension.

Relationship between financial policy performance and sustainable development of the company

The objects of the study were large organizations of two different branches of the economy: the water transport industry in the form of joint-stock companies open to stock markets and joint-stock companies of the radio-electronic industry of the Russian Federation. A statistical sample of companies from the total population of companies in each branch was made. Homogeneous groups of companies were created. The subject of study is the sustainable development of companies. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the choice of methods for assessing the level of sustainable development, taking into account the integrated methodology and assessment methods. Tasks: identification of sectoral specificity of activity; review and systematization of methods of analysis of economic, personnel (social) and operational efficiency of researched companies at the moment and retrospective dynamics; disclosure of the main positive and problematic factors of influence on sustainable development; formation of a set of indicators of assessment of sustainable development of companies within the industry; quantitative and qualitative assessment of sustainable development of companies by the proposed set of indicators: the advantages and disadvantages of individual methods. The rating approach, a number of methods of analysis of economic activity were used as a methodology. All companies studied are in the maturity phase in management terminology. The text of the article demonstrates the interim results of the studyA more detailed consideration of the institutional approach to sustainable development analysis and assessment is envisaged. At this stage, the environmental dimension of sustainable development is not being explored for a number of reasons.

Sport and education for sustainable development - ‘A perfect team’? An exploratory qualitative study of leisure time athletes' perspectives on promoting sustainable development in sport and exercise settings

Sport is seen as an important enabler of sustainable development (SD) and a facilitator of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Yet, first-hand evidence on the perception of links between SD, ESD and learning, and different types of leisure sports is lacking. Thus, the present study set out to qualitatively investigate these links in adult leisure time athletes, from their perspectives. Problem-centred in-depth interviews with eight leisure time athletes were conducted. Findings show that interviewees did perceive links between the social and environmental dimensions of SD and their sport, and that these links varied depending on the characteristics of different sport types. Furthermore, the results indicated that sport engagement could be used to promote ESD, stimulating both the engagement in more sustainable behaviours as well as the acquisition of competences for SD. However, interviewees were not very familiar with the concepts of SD and ESD, and SD received very little attention in the sport participants engaged in. There were no indications that sport organisations systematically tapped the learning potential often ascribed to sport activities. Based on the findings, a framework for understanding ESD in sport is proposed, providing future research directions and first practical recommendations.

The Importance of Implementing SDGs by Small and Medium Size Enterprises: Evidence from Germany and Poland

This study addresses the problems attributed to the implementation process of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in relation to the SME sector in Germany and Poland. The initial part of this study discusses the theoretical aspects of sustainable development, with particular emphasis on the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including 17 SDGs. The importance of the contribution made by small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to the development of today’s economies, based on the example of OECD countries, was also highlighted. Regarding methodology, to answer the research questions, empirical data were obtained using a simplified online questionnaire based on a pre-established questionnaire. The target group consisted of experts on SMEs, not the SMEs themselves, in order to obtain an external view of the SME sector. As part of the general conclusions, it can be stated that the current contribution of SMEs to the implementation of the SDGs presents, on average, an upward tendency. Certainly, a greater involvement of entrepreneurs and a better understanding of the specificity of sustainable development processes would be advisable. In addition, it is noticeable that the national context is significant in the implementation of the SDGs. For example, German enterprises pay more attention to the environmental dimension of sustainable development, whereas Polish enterprises pay more attention to supply chain management. Overall, most of the respondents stated that the absence of financial resources remains the primary obstacle to the implementation of sustainable development goals in enterprises, while motivation results from cost reduction and increase in turnover.

Analysis of the impact of success on three dimensions of sustainability in 173 countries

The United Nations have announced 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets, which are indivisible and integrated, and which balance the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. This indicates that the performance of successful nations is generally good across many sustainability indicators. Our results, based on multi-criteria and statistical analysis across 173 countries, suggest an interconnection between a country’s sustainability 12 indicators and success. This article focuses on the Country Success and Sustainability (CSS) Maps and Models of the World, which show that improvements in environmental, social, and economic sustainability indicators lead to improvements in the country's success, and vice versa. The CSS Models explain 98.2% of national success and 80.8% of the three dimensions of average sustainability dispersions. When a nation’s success increases by 1%, the 12 indicators of the three dimensions of sustainability improve by 0.85% on average. The human development index and GDP per capita were the success variables with the most substantial impact on 12 sustainability indicators in 173 countries. Calculations made using equal and different weights of 17 criteria show a deviation of 5.34% for the priorities of these 173 countries.

The impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on a network of 276 international organizations

Global sustainability governance is marked by a highly fragmented system of distinct clusters of international organizations, along with states and other actors. Enhancing inter-organizational coordination and cooperation is thus often recognized as an important reform challenge in global sustainability governance. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals, agreed by the United Nations in 2015, thus explicitly aim at advancing policy coherence and institutional integration among the myriad international institutions. Yet, have these goals been effective in this regard? We assess here the impact of the Sustainable Development Goals on the network structure of 276 international organizations in the period 2012–2019, that is, four years before and four years after the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals. The network structure was approximated by analyzing data from the websites of these 276 international organizations that were joined by more than 1.5 million hyperlinks, which we collected using a custom-made web crawler. Our findings are contrary to what is widely expected from the Sustainable Development Goals: we find that fragmentation has in fact increased after the Sustainable Development Goals came into effect. In addition, silos are increasing around the 17 SDGs as well as around the social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development.

On the nonlinear relationships between shadow economy and the three pillars of sustainable development: new evidence from panel threshold analysis

Abstract Most previous studies that examined the relationship between the size of shadow economy and the pillars of sustainable development maintained that this relationship is linear. This paper provides an empirical contribution to the literature by arguing that this relationship is likely to be nonlinear, and it might be subject to threshold effects. For this purpose, in addition to the static threshold panel model of Hansen (1999. “Threshold Effects in Non-dynamic Panels: Estimation, Testing, and Inference.” Journal of Econometrics 93 (2): 345–68), the dynamic panel threshold model suggested by Seo and Shin (2016. “Dynamic Panels with Threshold Effect and Endogeneity.” Journal of Econometrics 195 (2): 169–86) has been applied to a larger panel-data set covering 83 developed and developing countries over the 1996–2017 period. Empirical results from both models yield evidence advocating the existence of threshold effects of the shadow economy on the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development for the global sample as well as the sub-samples of developed and developing countries. Moreover, for the global sample and developing countries, our findings show that shadow economy would spoil the three sustainable development pillars only when its size exceeds a certain threshold critical size. While, the impact for developed countries was found negative even for low levels of underground activities. These finding are shown to be robust to alternative proxies for the size of the shadow economy and have important policy implications, especially for developing countries. In these countries, a moderate size of the shadow economy might have positive spillovers on long-term growth and sustainable development. Our research also suggests that, for developing and developed countries to achieve sustainable goal 8.3, the extent of the shadow activities should be taken into account.

Sustainable Development of Agriculture in Member States of the European Union

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the sustainable development of agriculture in the member states of the European Union (EU). Sustainable development is the main objective of Polish agriculture. Sustainable development encompasses three pillars: economic, social and environmental. In recent years, Polish agriculture has undergone a considerable change to integrate and adapt the agricultural sector to the EU standards. The achievement of the sustainable development goals in European agriculture was evaluated based on the Eurostat data as well as the analysis of the literature. The discussion on sustainable development of agriculture is rich. However, little attention is paid to the measurement of sustainable development. Our intention was to fill in the gap in the literature and provide a method to evaluate sustainable development. The paper contributes to the measurement of sustainable development based on Hellwig’s method. The changes in sustainable agricultural development were assessed with an index that was normalized with the zero unitarization method. In the first step, descriptive statistics for the variables applied in the process of calculating the sustainable development index were analyzed. The taxonomic measure of development (TMD) was then calculated for the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. In the following stage, 27 EU member states were divided into sustainable development classes based on the mean values of the TMD for each of the three pillars of sustainability. The conducted research revealed changes between the European Union countries in terms of sustainable development. In 2018, the highest values of the sustainable development index were noted in the Netherlands, Germany, France and the United Kingdom.