Environmental Countermeasures Research Articles

Stable N and O isotopic indicators coupled with social data analysis revealed long-term shift in the cause of groundwater nitrate pollution: Insights into future water resource management

The stable nitrogen and oxygen isotopic tracers play an important role in determining the causes of groundwater nitrate contamination, natural attenuation capacity, and their extension on a regional scale. However, it is not well known how these pollution characteristics change in response to long-term changes in land use patterns and environmental countermeasures continuously applied, considering that groundwater flows with long residence time. This may be due to the fact that the acquisition of isotope datasets so far has been generally transient, and there has been a lack of datasets to examine the temporal changes on a long-term scale. To test a potential utility of these isotopic indicators in detecting long-term shift in the pollution cause, we collected 243 groundwater samples from regional aquifers in the Kumamoto region to assess isotopic changes in 10 years and analyzed the data with long-term social databases such as estimated nitrogen load and water quality for the past 60 years (1960–2020), for a period comparable to the groundwater residence time. Our analytical results showed that in the recent 10 years (2009–2019) the percentage of groundwater samples mainly affected by chemical fertilizers and livestock waste decreased from 25.0% to 16.2% and increased from 16.1% to 41.3%, respectively, based on our proposed nitrogen isotopic thresholds. This result indicates that the major cause of pollution tends to shift from the application of chemical fertilizers to the leakage of animal waste. The agricultural census data showing gradual long-term shift in the major nitrogen load from application of chemical fertilizers to livestock farming corresponds to the results from isotopic analysis. Furthermore, the long-term nitrate concentration trend analysis revealed that the impact of chemical fertilizer influence decreased for several reasons, whereas that of leakage of animal waste became dominant and has caused the current environmental problems mainly in the north-central part of the study region. The distribution of denitrification has not changed during the past decade. The results of this study suggest that the main factors of nitrate contamination in groundwater can change gradually over time. This study demonstrates that monitoring of nitrogen and oxygen isotopic indicators at regular intervals with long-term continuous social datasets is effective for determining up-to-date conditions and changing processes of groundwater quality, which provide important base information to build critical guidelines for local environmental measure discipline.

Classification of Regional Healthy Environment and Public Health in China.

Environmental pollution has become a hot topic of concern for the government, academia and the public. The evaluation of environmental health should not only relate to environmental quality and exposure channels but also the level of economic development, social environmental protection responsibility and public awareness. We put forward the concept of the "healthy environment" and introduced 27 environmental indicators to evaluate and classify the healthy environment of 31 provinces and cities in China. Seven common factors were extracted and divided into economic, medical, ecological and humanistic environment factors. Based on the four environmental factors, we classify the healthy environment into five categories-economic leading healthy environment, robust healthy environment, developmental healthy environment, economic and medical disadvantageous healthy environment and completely disadvantageous healthy environment. The population health differences among the five healthy environment categories show that economic environment plays a major role in population health. Public health in regions with sound economic environment is significantly better than that in other areas. Our classification result of healthy environment can provide scientific support for optimizing environmental countermeasures and realizing environmental protection.

Analysis of Environmental Protection Engineering Sewage Treatment Ideas and Countermeasures

Analysis of Environmental Protection Engineering Sewage Treatment Ideas and Countermeasures

Population-Based Distribution of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in Japan

This study aimed to clarify the population-based distributions of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare in Japan. We conducted a combined analysis of the national insurance claim and microbiological databases. The incidence rates of M. avium by province were similar throughout the country, with some exceptions, such as in Okinawa, probably because the bathing customs are different from those in mainland Japan. In contrast, M. intracellulare showed a gradual increase from the central part of the country to the southwestern region, with precise gradation, which may indicate infection sources in the natural environment. This study found that assessment of the infection route of M. intracellulare in the natural environment, which is similar to the distribution of M. intracellular patients, is warranted. In conclusion, improvement of the household environment could decrease the incidence of M. avium, while environmental countermeasures will be required to decrease the incidence of M. intracellulare.

Based on the Analysis of Environmental Types and Countermeasures of Animal Husbandry

Based on the Analysis of Environmental Types and Countermeasures of Animal Husbandry

Research on Environmental Detection and Countermeasures

Research on Environmental Detection and Countermeasures

Study on Environmental Detection and Countermeasures of Air Pollution

Study on Environmental Detection and Countermeasures of Air Pollution

Relationship between ambient PM2.5 exposure and blood cadmium level in children under 14 years in Beijing, China

Ambient PM2.5 pollution is a global environmental problem. PM2.5 can act as a carrier of heavy metals. However, the relationship between PM2.5 exposure and blood cadmium (Cd) level in children was less understood. Based on the data of hourly collected PM2.5 and blood Cd level of 13,626 children aged 0–14 years from Apr. 2008 to Feb. 2013 in Beijing of China, we investigated the short-term effects of PM2.5 exposure on blood Cd level. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were utilized to explore the potential association between PM2.5 exposure and blood Cd level of children. The results showed that the mean blood Cd level was 0.64 μg/L. There was a significant association between PM2.5 exposure and blood Cd level (P < 0.05). Age was negatively associated with blood Cd level (P < 0.05), and the younger children were more sensitive to Cd from PM2.5 exposure. There wasn’t a significant difference in PM2.5 concentration between heating and non-heating seasons in winter (P > 0.05); there was also no gender difference of children on blood Cd level (P > 0.05). The present study demonstrates the importance of controlling the PM2.5 bound Cd exposure, and environmental countermeasures should be implemented stringently to reduce their impact on children’s health.

低等级公路施工期的环境管理问题及对策

低等级公路施工期的环境管理问题及对策

Environmental Problems and Countermeasures of Drinking Water Sources in Northwest China

Through sorting out the current situation of environmental protection of urban centralized drinking water sources in Northwest China, and systematically analyzing the main problems and deficiencies in the process of standardization of centralized drinking water sources. Corresponding countermeasures are proposed from the aspects of system establishment and water source construction, source protection area division, water quality improvement, environmental supervision, etc., which provide references for the next step of water source management, environmental remediation and risk prevention and control.

From theory to practice: horizontal attacks on protected implementations of modular exponentiations

Nowadays, horizontal or single-shot side-channel attacks against protected implementations of RSA and similar algorithms constitute a theoretic threat against secure devices. Nevertheless, in practice their application remains very difficult not only because of their complexity, but also because of environmental countermeasures integrated by designers that render their application even more difficult. Horizontal side-channel attacks take place in multiple steps. Among them, the most important are the acquisition of a complete trace with a sufficiently high sampling rate, its cutting into regular patterns, the realignment of the obtained patterns, the reduction as far as possible of noise in the acquired trace, the identification of the points of interest and the application of an effective distinguisher. Each of these steps is crucial and leads, if performed without enough attention, to an unsuccessful attack. In this context, this paper introduces effective solutions to efficiently perform all these steps, i.e., practicable means for implementing efficient horizontal attacks.

Environmental Counter-Measures for the Printing Industry

Environmental Counter-Measures for the Printing Industry

Review of IS Security Policy Compliance

An understanding of insider threats in information systems (IS) is important to help address one of the dangers lurking within organizations. This article provides a review of the literature on insider compliance (and failure of compliance) with information systems' policies in order to understand the status of IS research regarding negligent and malicious insiders. We begin by defining the terms, developing a new taxonomy of insiders, and then providing a comprehensive review of articles on IS policy compliance for the past 26 years. Grounding the analysis in the literature, we inductively identify four themes to foster Information Security policy compliance among employees. The themes are: 1) IS management philosophy, 2) procedural countermeasures, 3) technical countermeasures, and 4) environmental countermeasures. We propose that future research can draw upon these themes and use them as the building blocks of an indigenous IS security theory.

Threshold Research on Highway Length under Typical Landscape Patterns Based on Drivers’ Physiological Performance

The appropriately landscaped highway scenes may not only help improve road safety and comfort but also help protect ecological environment. Yet there is very little research data on highway length threshold with consideration of distinctive landscape patterns. Against this backdrop, the paper aims to quantitatively analyze highway landscape’s effect on driving behavior based on drivers’ physiological performance and quantify highway length thresholds under three typical landscape patterns, namely, “open,” “semiopen,” and “vertical” ones. The statistical analysis was based on data collected in a driving simulator and electrocardiograph. Specifically, vehicle-related data, ECG data, and supplemental subjective stress perception were collected. The study extracted two characteristic indices, lane deviation and LF/HF, and extrapolated the drivers’ U-shaped physiological response to landscape patterns. Models on highway length were built based on LF/HF’s variation trend with highway length. The results revealed that the theoretical highway length threshold tended to increase when the landscape pattern was switched to open, semiopen, and vertical ones. And the reliability and accuracy of the results were validated by questionnaires and field operational tests. Findings from this research will assist practitioners in taking active environmental countermeasures pertaining to different roadside landscape patterns.

The Main Problems of China's Environmental Policy and Countermeasures

The paper firstly pointed out the main problems existing in the implementation of China's current environmental policy, for example, China's environmental policy system is not perfect, environmental regulation enforcement is not in place, environmental standards are lower than the international standard, the collection way of sewage charges is improper and capital investment of China's environmental protection industry is insufficient. Finally, from the concept of sustainable development, the paper put forward relevant policy suggestions according to the main problems of environmental policy in China.

Some Opinions on Environmental Geotechnology

According to recent development of environmental geotechnical engineering, Some characteristics and related disciplines of geotechnical engineering are summarized and elaborated. Environmental geotechnology views and appropriate countermeasures are proposed, and urban construction of environmental geotechnical problems are briefly analysed. By emphasizing potential environmental geotechnology , further development and improvement for theories and pratices can be obtained.

The Environmental Protection Consciousness and Countermeasures

There are various signs indicating that the Earth's natural environment is changing toward unfavorable direction for species, which is highly suspected to be connected with human activities. In the last century, people all over the world have realized the severity of environmental issues. In the long history, Chinese ancient had already development good rules and methods to reach balance between economic development and environment sustainability. This paper will discuss how environmental concepts forms and which methods could be applied in the future.

Predicting sediment and cesium-137 discharge from catchments in eastern Fukushima

Abstract This paper reports simulations of soil erosion, sediment movement, and the resulting migration of cesium-137 (137Cs) in eastern Fukushima Prefecture after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident in Japan. We quantified these processes with a simple, novel, and fast simulation model developed previously with the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and a Geographical Information System, using coarse region-scale data as input. We focused on the land-use factor in the USLE because land use has a potential large effect on soil erosion, thereby offering insight into effective environmental countermeasures. Results indicate that, while a large portion of the study area is forest, only a small fraction of the total soil loss and 137Cs movement is transported out of the forest boundary. Analysis of 14 river basins showed that approximately 1013 Bq of 137Cs is exported to the ocean annually in early after the accident. This value corresponds with estimates of direct leakage from the FDNPP of 1.7 × 1013 Bq between June 2011 and September 2012, and of 2.4 × 1013 Bq from a leakage on 21 August 2013. Detailed estimates for the Ukedo River Basin, most contaminated after the FDNPP accident, further indicated that 104 t of sediment and 1012 Bq of 137Cs migrated into the Ogaki Dam reservoir, which provides a buffering effect downstream. Field-based estimates are within the same order of magnitude as model predictions. This study suggests the important roles of land use and dam reservoirs on the movement of soil, sediment, and cesium; these factors should be considered for developing remediation options for Fukushima and other lands contaminated with radiocesium.

순천만자연생태공원탐방환경평가와개선방안1a - 유니버설 디자인 원칙을 중심으로 -

순천만자연생태공원탐방환경평가와개선방안1a - 유니버설 디자인 원칙을 중심으로 -

Environmental Pollution Analysis and Countermeasures of the Golf Course in Yangzonghai Area

The golf course industry has become increasingly aware of potential problems related to pesticide and fertilizer movement from soil into surface water and groundwater . The objective of this study was to monitor and analysis the pollution level and scope, varying pattern, diffusion characteristics and the impact on the lake which are influenced by the Spring City Golf Course located in the catchment area of Yangzonghai Lake. It produced data on the quality of the surface water bodies, groundwater and soil environment including nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides and heavy metal , and proposed some control measures in the last part.