Cyberspace Environment Research Articles

A trust management solution for 5G-based future generation Internet of Vehicles

In recent years, 5G Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV) related standards have drawn attention in both academia and industry for supporting an efficient and reliable communication among vehicles in the network. However, notice that 5G-IoV related issues are defined as critical in both real and cyber space environments, as malfunctioning in such systems could cause traffic paralysis, serious accidents, and privacy leaks. Therefore, in order to overcome these challenges, a trusted and ideal framework is proposed using Dempster–Shafer Theory (DST), which is combined with a recommender mechanism in order to identify several DDoS threats. The major trust elements in order to identify the legitimacy of a node include frequency statistics, trust factor, residual energy, and trust policy. The proposed trusted mechanism is designed to provide an improved and efficient security solution by avoiding intruders which attempt to disrupt a 5G-IoV network. The proposed mechanism is further analyzed against several security measures, and validated using traditional security schemes in IoV environments.

Legal Issues and Solutions for AI Face-swapping Technology in the Context of the rule of the Law

In the context of the rule of law in the new era of network, the protection of personal information rights and interests is an important content of great concern. Through empirical research on the use of AI face-swapping technology, the legal issues in AI face-swapping can be categorized from civil infringement and criminal offense respectively. On this basis, the five aspects of regulating network technology, regulating network platforms, clarifying the main responsibility, improving Blockchain technology, and enhancing citizens' network rule of law literacy can be taken as the "entry point" to regulate the use of AI face-swapping technology, so as to safeguard network security and create a clear cyberspace environment.

Reinforcement Learning as a Path to Autonomous Intelligent Cyber-Defense Agents in Vehicle Platforms

Technological advancement of vehicle platforms exposes opportunities for new attack paths and vulnerabilities. Static cyber defenses can help mitigate certain attacks, but those attacks must generally be known ahead of time, and the cyber defenses must be hand-crafted by experts. This research explores reinforcement learning (RL) as a path to achieve autonomous, intelligent cyber defense of vehicle control networks—namely, the controller area network (CAN) bus. We train an RL agent for the CAN bus using Toyota’s Portable Automotive Security Testbed with Adaptability (PASTA). We then apply the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory’s methodology for quantitative measurement of cyber resilience to assess the agent’s effect on the vehicle testbed in a contested cyberspace environment. Despite all defenses having similar traditional performance measures, our RL agent averaged a 90% cyber resilience measurement during drive cycles executed on hardware versus 41% for a naïve static timing defense and 98% for the bespoke timing-based defense. Our results also show that an RL-based agent can detect and block injection attacks on a vehicle CAN bus in a laboratory environment with greater cyber resilience than prior learning approaches (1% for convolutional networks and 0% for recurrent networks). With further research, we believe there is potential for using RL in the autonomous intelligent cyber defense agent concept.

Improved technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution method for identifying key terrain in cyberspace asset layer.

Reinforcing weak cyberspace assets is an urgent requirement to defend national cybersecurity. Cyberspace key terrain (CKT) is a theory recently proposed for sensing cyberspace posture. Identifying CKT in the asset layer is essential for supporting cyberspace defense decisions. Existing methods ignore the influence of the multi-attribute correlation of cyberspace nodes and cyber attack mission (CAM) diversity, which restricts the recognition accuracy of CKT. To improve the accuracy of CKT identification and explore the relationship between CKT and CAM, we propose an improved cosine similarity technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (CosS-TOPSIS) method to model CKT and construct a CAM based on the MITRE adversarial tactics, techniques, and common knowledge (ATT&CK) framework to examine the influence of different weighted CAM on modeling CKT. Based on the vulnerability value calculation method of the cyber system in the common vulnerability scoring system version 3.1 (CVSS 3.1), we evaluated the effectiveness of CosS-TOPSIS in identifying CKT using three metrics: correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and mean absolute error. Our experiments showed that, in comparison with the TOPSIS method, the accuracy of the proposed method for identifying CKT improved by 8.9%, and the root mean square error reduced by 16%; simultaneously, CAM was proven to be an essential factor in identifying CKT. The feasibility and reliability of CosS-TOPSIS in identifying CKT and the close relationship between CAM and CKT identification were demonstrated experimentally. In our work, we utilized cosine similarity and FAHP to improve the baseline method. We also introduced three indicators to evaluate the method's reliability. Drawing from ATT&CK, we recommend CAM as a tool for sensing changes in the cyberspace environment and explore its relationship with CKT. Our work has great application potential for identifying cyberspace vulnerabilities, supporting cyberspace defense, and securing national cyberspace facilities.

Defamation Through Social Media as a Cyber Crime

This writing finds a strict interpretation of the criminal act of defamation through social media, where many cases criminalize a person who does not deserve to be called the perpetrator or suspect of defamation. The questions of this writing are how defamation through social media is categorized as a cyber crime and how law enforcement officials should interpret elements of defamation through social media. The results of the study show that, first, defamation through social media is part of a cyber crime. because it is in an electronic and cyberspace environment and secondly, the interpretation of the crime of defamation should be based on the guidelines of the Joint Decree regarding guidelines for the implementation of certain articles in the ITE Law between the Attorney General’s Office of the Republic of Indonesia, the Police of the Republic of Indonesia and the Minister of Communication and Information, Number 229 of 2021 dated June 23, 2021 which is more careful by paying attention to aspects of perpetrators and victims. Suggestions in this writing is outreach to law enforcement officials to comply with this interpretation.
 Keywords: social media, defamation, cyber crime

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ЦИФРОВОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МОЛОДШОГО ШКОЛЯРА У КОНТЕКСТІ ЙОГО КІБЕРСОЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ

The paper substantiates and meaningfully develops information and digital competence of primary school pupils in the context of their cyber socialization. The most significant features of cyber socialization are highlighted: opportunities to communicate in the Internet environment in real time; restructuring of the leisure and information sphere, changes in characteristics of the educational process in the process of cyber socialization. Human activity in the virtual socializing environment of cyberspace is not limited to the position of a viewer, reader or listener, the pupils can organize and be engaged in action, they can influence what is happening; using modern information and communication technologies which leads to the development and transformation of human activities at almost any age due to the emergence of new skills, operations, procedures and methods of performing actions, new target and motivational-semantic structures in a virtual socializing environment. It is determined that social pedagogy, the subject of which is socialization and social education, fits into the concept of cyberpedagogics, digital pedagogy, since it is also aimed at developing the skills of interaction and communication, education and training in cyberspace, the development of socio-pedagogical technologies of cyber socialization, the implementation of optimal, depending on the age of the child, socio-pedagogical support and socio-pedagogical support for this process, timely adequate assistance to the child in the process of their cyber socialization. It is shown that the success of the process of a child’s cyber socialization is largely determined by the necessary level of information and digital competence formation, adequate for the age, on the one hand, and the digital information technologies, on the other. Based on the analysis, it is established that the younger pupils manifest themselves differently in each of these spheres of life. At the same time, the content of their digital competence is influenced by their age, social environment, educational environment, family, material and technical capabilities, and conditions. It should be especially taken into account that the process of active introduction of information and computer technologies in all spheres of life is accompanied by uneven access to digital technologies due to the differentiation of territories and uneven development in different social and age groups. The theoretical analysis of scientific concepts that are caused by the process of pupils cyber socialization, allowed to formulate the initial concept of research, where the information and digital competence of a primary school pupil is understood as the ability acquired by the student at the basic level to constructive and responsible social interaction and communication with adults and peers, to personal development based on the acquisition and updating of knowledge, skills and abilities of information and digital technologies, to high behavioural motivation and network ethics in the school digital environment.

A Hidden Attack Sequences Detection Method Based on Dynamic Reward Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient

Attacker identification from network traffic is a common practice of cyberspace security management. However, network administrators cannot cover all security equipment due to the cyberspace management cost constraints, giving attackers the chance to escape from the surveillance of network security administrators by legitimate actions and to perform the attack in both physical domain and digital domain. Therefore, we proposed a hidden attack sequence detection method based on reinforcement learning to deal with the challenge through modeling the network administrators as an intelligent agent that learns their action policy from the interaction with the cyberspace environment. Following Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), the intelligent agent can not only discover the hidden attackers hiding in the legitimate action sequences but also reduce the cyberspace management cost. Furthermore, a dynamic reward DDPG method was proposed to improve defense performance, which set dynamic reward depending on the hidden attack sequences steps and agent’s check steps, compared to the fixed reward in common methods. Meanwhile, the method was verified in a simulated experimental cyberspace environment. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that there are hidden attack sequences in cyberspace, and the proposed method can discover the hidden attack sequences. The dynamic reward DDPG shows superior performance in detecting hidden attackers, with a detection rate of 97.46%, which can improve the ability to discover hidden attackers and reduce the 6% cyberspace management cost compared to DDPG.

Establishment of the model on the expression and guidance of contemporary college students’ demands in the cyberspace environment

Faced with the most recent changes of the times, expectations of the nation and mission of universities, college students have been playing a major role in their respective university and become increasingly engaged in the development of universities and colleges. They are critical thinkers who are willing to undertake their responsibilities, and they have a strong sense of equality, legal awareness and consciousness for protecting their rights. In addition, in terms of the campus environment where they live, the needs of these college students vary from each other, and their demands for interest deserve much attention from both universities and the entire society. This paper intends to explore the status-quo of how contemporary college students’ demands are expressed, guided and handled in the cyberspace environment, and based on our analysis, we aim to put forward targeted suggestions of optimization. We have adopted the method of questionnaire survey to investigate the mechanism on the expression and guidance of contemporary college students’ demands in the cyberspace environment. By using such softwares as Excel, SPSS and Amos in our statistical analysis, we have established the model on the expression and guidance of contemporary college students’ demands in the cyberspace environment, which provides theoretical support for the endeavor of colleges and universities in this respect.

Prey: Cyberbullying’s Consequences Toward Victim’s Mental Health and His Social Life

This screenplay project focuses on cyberbullying's impacts on its victims, both mentally and physically. The goal is to shed light into this action of crime that is often overlooked, to make a better cyberspace environment, and to raise awareness to the public, especially cyberbullying perpetrators, to stop what they are doing. To do so, this creative thesis uses the cyberbullying concept that points out how cyberspace bullying can trigger paranoia and depression among many other mental disorders. The work is based on theories on paranoia, depression and cyberbullying itself. From the screenplay, it is shown how the main characters got cyberbullied, and later went from a healthy, hardworking, resilient man to a mentally broken human being as a consequence. By understanding the impact the act of cyberbullying can have on a person’s life, cyberspace users can be more responsible and refrain themselves from the act of cyberbullying.Keywords: Cyberbully, Screenplay, Depression, Paranoia, Psychological Thriller.

Comparison of Cyberbullying before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in Korea.

Because of the implementation of social distancing measures following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, face-to-face interaction has plummeted, which has resulted in the prolific use of social networking services (SNS) and increased activity in the cyberspace environment. This is especially true for teenagers and young adults with the shift to online classes in the education sector, which has increased the chances of being exposed to cyberbullying. This study attempts to determine a strategy for counteracting cyberbullying in the post-COVID-19 era by identifying the factors that have contributed toward greater aggression by adolescents in South Korea in 2020 when the spread of COVID-19 was at its height. To achieve this, we employed the Cyberbullying Circumstance Analysis dataset from the Korea Communications Commission for the time frame of between 2019 and 2020, with 4779 and 4958 participants, respectively. The causes and effects that led to cyberbullying were investigated using binary logistic regression analysis. By reviewing the research data targeted towards Korean adolescents, our analysis found that the average age of those who engage in cyberbullying decreased in 2020 compared to 2019. In addition, cyberbullying awareness at school and the school’s capability of controlling it influenced the number of cyberbullies from a statistical grounding, which could be found only in the 2020 dataset. An approach to establishing policies in schools to contain preemptive measures and increase cyberbullying awareness has been proposed to prevent such mishaps in the post-COVID-19 era.

Tren Baru Islam melalui Gerakan Hijrah: Studi Kasus Shift Pemuda Hijrah

This article aims to discuss the strategy of the hijrah movement in utilizing the hijrah trend in urban areas. This study takes a case study on the religious youth movement, the Youth Hijrah Movement (Shift) in Bandung City, in actualizing Islamic values that are packaged in a contemporary way according to the millennial generation. The research method used is qualitative by exploring understanding and responses through interviews with administrators, members, and congregations regarding Shift's contribution in spreading Islam conventionally and through social media platforms. The results of this study state that Shift takes advantage of the trend of migration due to the phenomenon of urban youth spirituality drought through interesting and useful religious programs for the wider community. The Shift is a manifestation of the existence of a Cyber Islamic Environment or an Islamic cyber environment in cyberspace that is used to convey Islamic messages. The activities of the Shift movement that are packaged on social media platforms and their interactions with the congregation are the new face of Islam in cyberspace. In addition, to accommodate traditional religious traditions such as Islamic boarding schools, the Shift also makes symbolic efforts to use its learning methods like an Islamic boarding school.

Perspektif Komunikaksi Islam Terhadap Perilaku Kekerasan Verbal Dalam Permainan Daring (Studi Kasus Game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang)

In everyday life in the present, it is common for young people or teenagers to play online games. In playing online games there is communication in it which is not uncommon verbal violence. This study examines the Islamic perspective in seeing verbal violence that often occurs in online game play, which in this case is represented by the MOBA Mobile Legends Bang-Bang game. The research method uses content analysis techniques with a descriptive discussion. The communication process is seen based on the recordings of game players uploaded via YouTube and other social media. There are several factors that cause verbal violence in playing online games from several points of view, namely moral knowledge, the need to be recognized, the character of cyberspace environments, equality and a sense of belonging, and parenting. Verbal violence that often occurs in online gaming is accusing and blaming, undermining, discounting, and name calling. In Islamic teachings there are six directives as principles for communicating well, namely Qawlan Sadîdan (words that are polite and kind), Qawlan Balîghan (words that make an impression on the soul, and are right on target), Qawlan Maisûrâ (light words), Qawlan Layyina (gentle words), Qawlan Karîma (noble words), Qawlan Ma'rûf (good word or appropriate expression).

Contemporary Conditions of Information Security

Abstract In the age of the information society, determined by the evolution of digital technology, information has become an essential element of the functioning of every human being. Its acquisition, processing and distribution serves to satisfy the key areas of society’s life and constitutes a necessary component of every decision-making process. These days became dominated by the increasing demand for information. The problem of its protection against unwanted obtaining (disclosure) has become a challenge for many scientific communities. This state of affairs has forced us to take a number of steps to ensure the security of useful information, characterized by accuracy, unambiguity, completeness and authenticity. The problem of information security is inseparably linked to the threats present in the cyberspace environment. They are commonly identified with the so-called computer crime, resulting in factors like: infiltration, obtaining passwords and other data used for logging in, identity theft, damage (blocking) of systems and their software. Information manipulation is a completely different and underestimated threat to rational decision-making process. Wherefore, useful information that is characterized by the expected properties, is exposed not only to destruction or unauthorized acquisition, but also to distortion. Rising anxiety about the credibility of the information received in the virtual space and the sources of its transmission forced the need to distinguish the real form from the one that was modified. The presented conditions prompted the author to propose solutions with regard to information security, determined by the difficulty of obtaining it and manipulating it.

Hybrid and cyber warfare - international problems and joint solutions

Hybrid warfare is a significant threat to National Security and Countries in last 10 years. Hybrid activities are not new, but environment of cyberspace is completely different than before. We are witnessing a great expansion of the aforementioned fifth combat space, which knows no borders, fences, social or cultural barriers. Hybrid war as a form of endangering the security of sovereign states is primarily based on subversive activities in order to paralyze the state apparatus with the ultimate goal of changing the political leadership. This change of political leadership in the earlier period of history was far simpler and most often began and ended with armed aggression, the use of armed rebellion, or a coup. As modern societies increasingly turn to reliable alliances, mechanisms of collective security, conventional methods have become for quite some time less effective and outdated. The use of disinformation as an integral method of Hybrid Warfare has its roots in the concept of "ideological subversion". Ideological subversion is a term firstly defined by KGB in 1970th. KGB invented “Ideological subversion” as a tool of special warfare against civilians and administrative employees. To make it easier to follow the case study, the authors of the Hybrid War operation divide it into four phases: Demoralization, Destabilization, Crisis, and Stabilization. For Russia, the Balkans hold significant historic, cultural, and religious connections—shared ties that are actively propagated, and at times exaggerated, by Russian public diplomacy efforts and media narratives.

Achieving security scalability and flexibility using Fog-Based Context-Aware Access Control

In the cyberspace environment, access control is one of the foremost fundamental safeguards used to prevent unauthorized access and to minimize the impact from security breaches. Fog computing preserves many benefits for the integration of both internet of things (IoT) and cloud computing platforms. Security in Fog computing environment remains a significant concern among practitioners from academia and industry. The current existing access control models, like the traditional Context-Aware Access Control (CAAC), are limited to access data from centralized sources, and not robust due to lack of semantics and cloud-based service. This major concern has not been addressed in the literature, also literature still lacks a practical solution to control fog data view from multiple sources.This paper critically reviews and investigates the limitations of current fog-based access control. It considers the trade-off between latency and processing overheads which has not been thoroughly studied before. In this paper, a new generation of Fog-Based Context-Aware Access Control (FB-CAAC) framework is proposed to enable flexible access control data from multiple sources. To fill the gap in the literature this paper introduces (i) a general data model and its associated mapping model to collate data from multiple sources. (ii) a data view model to provide an integrated result to the users, dealing with the privacy requirements of the associated stakeholders, (iii) a unified set of CAAC policies with an access controller to reduce both administrative and processing overheads, and (iv) a data ontology to represent the common classes in the relevant data sets. The applicability of FB-CAAC proposal is demonstrated via a walkthrough of the entire mechanism along with several case studies and a prototype testing. The results show the efficiency, flexibility, effectiveness, and practicality of FB-CAAC for data access control in fog computing environment.

Environment interaction model-driven smart products through-life design framework

ABSTRACTWith the advent of Industry 4.0, design of a smart product to work in a smart factory, or at home or city over its lifecycle has to consider its intelligent interaction with its external environment (physical, human and cyberspace environments). Thus, environment interaction-driven design of smart products becomes an important design research field, facing a huge challenge of integrating a smart product and its environment interaction design crossing all its life phases. In this paper, a high-profile design framework is proposed for guiding environment interaction model-driven smart products through-life design. It has three core elements: (1) a generic environment interaction model of a smart product through-life phases, which can help map out the interaction requirements between the smart product and other interaction elements through-life phases, (2) a smart product design process model for guiding product and its interaction design at each phase and (3) a design strategy of smart products through-life design. Its implementation feasibility is demonstrated with an industrial case study, showing that it is helpful to implement design solutions to a smart product for satisfying intelligent interactions with its external environments through-life phases.

Lifestyles and routine activities: Do they enable different types of cyber abuse?

BackgroundThe emergence of new technology-facilitated types of crime following the advent of the Internet necessitated the re-examination of the utility of traditional theories such as lifestyle-routine activity theory to explain crimes that occur in the new and unique environment of cyberspace. Reason for studyThe objective of this study was to investigate whether victims’ lifestyles and routine activities can help explain the risk of victimization from direct, indirect and mixed types of cyber abuse. Research designTo achieve this objective, the data from a large nationwide (US) crowd-sourced sample (N = 1463) of adult members of an online labour portal Mechanical Turk was collected using an online survey platform Qualtrics and then analyzed using Bayesian Profile Regression to identify clusters of lifestyles and routine activities of victims associated with victimization from different types of cyber abuse. FindingsOur analyses were able to distinguish between victims and non-victims as well as between victims of different sub-classifications of cyber abuse. Specifically, we have identified five population subgroups based on their lifestyles and routine activities in terms of the associated risk of personal victimization from different types of cyber abuse. This paper discusses the differences in lifestyles and routine activities between the identified groups. ConclusionsOur findings generally support the empirical utility of lifestyle-routine activity theory to explain cyber abuse victimization; as with other traditional types of crime (e.g. robbery or assault), victims’ lifestyles and routine activities play a significant role in their risk of various types of cyber abuse victimization.

Система соціально-психологічних чинників конфліктної поведінки сучасної молоді в медіа-просторі

In the article, on the basis of the general law of cultural development, a dynamic model of the Internet as a social and psychological object is formulated, a conceptual apparatus of research is formalized and definitions of social and psychological factors of youth aggressive behavior on the Internet and socio-psychological predisposing factors of aggressive behavior are introduced. The purpose of the article is theoretical analysis and substantiation of social and psychological factors of youth aggressive behavior on the Internet. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following main research objectives: to analyze and develop a dynamic model of the development of the Internet as an object of social and psychological research; formalize ideas about social and psychological factors of youth aggressive behavior on the Internet; to identify and substantiate the socio-psychological factors of youth aggressive behavior on the Internet and to classify them. The methodology of the work is based on the general genetic law of cultural development and the systematic general representation of cyberspace by the youth. The classification and main socio-psychological factors of youth aggressive behavior on the Internet were developed: predisposing factors (personal and cyberspace environments) and situational factors (factors reflecting the objective and subjective components of the social virtual situation). It is shown that the field of application of the results is training programs for reducing the aggressive behavior of young people in cyberspace. The problem of researching the system of social and psychological factors that determine the aggressive behavior of young people on the Internet has highlighted the urgent task - substantiation of social and psychological factors of aggressive behavior of young people on the Internet.

Religious socialization in the virtual space

The article narratives about the necessity of religious education of a person with the help of the socializing environment of cyberspace, about religious education in the context of cybersocialization as a multidimensional process of development of spirituality that regulates human behavior in cyberspace in accordance with the moral-ethical bases of life that it has internalized, and the religious principles of a certain denomination. The role of religious resources of the World Wide Web in religious activities is substantiated. It is necessary to accept the cyberspace of Internet environment as a relatively independent virtual reality that dynamically develops in modern reality, in which it organizes its own cyber-life and cyber-socialization.
 Modern electronic technologies greatly transform the process of religious socialization, resulting in traditional agents leaving into the background, because Internet has now become a full-fledged institution of religious socialization of man. Now many tasks of religious development of man are carried out not only in traditional methods, but also in the context of the virtual space by attracting people to innovative technologies. Cyberspace contributes to the transformation of forms of expression of human religiosity. Today many tasks of religious development of a person are carried out not only by traditional methods, but also in the context of virtual space by bringing people into innovative technologies. The development of technology also affects world and new religions: in the XXI century WWW became a new means of spreading of the religious culture for them among its users. One of the trends of modern mass culture is the orientation of society into digital entertainment and communication in various social networks - this fact allows contemporary researchers to view the Global Web as a new social institution.
 It can be argued that the development of an innovative branch of psycho-pedagogical thought - cyber-pedagogy, which scientifically substantiates the purposeful and systematic activity of cyber-education of a modern person in the process of its cyber-socialization by means of computer and information-communication technologies that allows modern homo sapiens, who became homo cyberus, to learn to use socializing and educational opportunities of computer and Internet resources. The questions of necessity, multitasking and opportunities of religious education of a person in the context of cybersocialization are revealed. Religious education in the context of cybersocialization has a cyber-onthological character and is closely linked with the assimilated and positioned ideas by the personality in cyberspace about the value of human life, honor and dignity, spiritual wisdom, and the search for meaning in life.
 As rather serious, researchers evaluate the risks of network bullying - regular, prolonged and group harassment of the victim - for example, when against a pupil create a site or group in a social network, arrange offensive voting, steal information from his personal page and lay it in an obscene manner, ridicule publicly. The biggest problem in the fight against cybersquatting is the lack of legal skills for cyberbullying and the lack of clarity of legal consequences for an aggressor. It is advisable to develop an international mechanism for combating cybersquatting, including Interpol intervention, for creating a rehabilitation system for victims of cybersquatting based on advisory centers in the different regions of the country, and for developing legislative mechanisms that would clearly categorize and quickly remove aggressive content.

Establishment of Cyber Security Strategy according to the change of cyberspace environment

Establishment of Cyber Security Strategy according to the change of cyberspace environment