Enumerative Research Articles

Assessment of Software Vulnerability Contributing Factors by Model-Agnostic Explainable AI

Software vulnerability detection aims to proactively reduce the risk to software security and reliability. Despite advancements in deep-learning-based detection, a semantic gap still remains between learned features and human-understandable vulnerability semantics. In this paper, we present an XAI-based framework to assess program code in a graph context as feature representations and their effect on code vulnerability classification into multiple Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) types. Our XAI framework is deep-learning-model-agnostic and programming-language-neutral. We rank the feature importance of 40 syntactic constructs for each of the top 20 distributed CWE types from three datasets in Java and C++. By means of four metrics of information retrieval, we measure the similarity of human-understandable CWE types using each CWE type’s feature contribution ranking learned from XAI methods. We observe that the subtle semantic difference between CWE types occurs after the variation in neighboring features’ contribution rankings. Our study shows that the XAI explanation results have approximately 78% Top-1 to 89% Top-5 similarity hit rates and a mean average precision of 0.70 compared with the baseline of CWE similarity identified by the open community experts. Our framework allows for code vulnerability patterns to be learned and contributing factors to be assessed at the same stage.

Have genetic targets for faecal pollution diagnostics and source tracking revolutionised water quality analysis yet?

The impacts on faecal pollution analysis using nucleic acid-based methods, such as PCR and sequencing, in health-related water quality research were assessed by rigorous literature analysis. A wide range of application areas and study designs has been identified since the first application more than 30 years ago (>1,100 publications). Given the consistency of methods and assessment types, we suggest defining this emerging part of science as a new discipline: genetic faecal pollution diagnostics (GFPD) in health-related microbial water quality analysis. Undoubtedly, GFPD has already revolutionised faecal pollution detection and microbial source tracking, the current core applications. GFPD is also expanding to many other research areas, including infection and health risk assessment, evaluation of microbial water treatment, and support of wastewater surveillance. In addition, storage of DNA extracts allows for biobanking, which opens up new perspectives. The tools of GFPD can be combined with cultivation-based standardised faecal indicator enumeration, pathogen detection, and various environmental data types, in an integrated data analysis approach. This comprehensive meta-analysis provides the scientific status quo of this field, including trend analyses and literature statistics, outlining identified application areas, and discussing the benefits and challenges of nucleic acid-based analysis in GFPD.

로봇용 정보 모델 및 정보모델 편집기

In the robot and automation domain, interface-related standards have been studied from the viewpoint of interoperability and the concept of an information model has recently begun to be used instead of the term “interface”. This paper introduces the concepts of the information model used in some application domains such as building and manufacturing, which have been developed based on object-oriented approach. In addition, the international standard related to information models currently under development in the robotics domain is introduced and an editor to easily edit these information models is proposed. The proposed editor for information model first collects data for setting the module ID and then provides the different editor-screen according to the data so that users does not input unnecessary data. It also provides a way for users to add the user-defined class types and the enumeration types that the editor does not provide. The proposed editor is implemented and verified for the information model.

Legal concept of securities in Russian and China

The article deals with the problem of conception of securities in Russian and China. The method of enumeration types of securities in the law is adopted by most countries, however, there is a direction of defining the concept of securities through descriptions of their features, for example, in Russia uses the method of describing features to define the concept of issuance securities. China still keeps the method of enumeration but changes the expression to a provision in order to expand the scope of securities regulated by the Securities Law. The article analyzes the approach of defining the concept of securities in both countries.

Label dependent lambda calculus and gradual typing

Dependently-typed programming languages are gaining importance, because they can guarantee a wide range of properties at compile time. Their use in practice is often hampered because programmers have to provide very precise types. Gradual typing is a means to vary the level of typing precision between program fragments and to transition smoothly towards more precisely typed programs. The combination of gradual typing and dependent types seems promising to promote the widespread use of dependent types. We investigate a gradual version of a minimalist value-dependent lambda calculus. Compile-time calculations and thus dependencies are restricted to labels, drawn from a generic enumeration type. The calculus supports the usual Pi and Sigma types as well as singleton types and subtyping. It is sufficiently powerful to provide flexible encodings of variant and record types with first-class labels. We provide type checking algorithms for the underlying label-dependent lambda calculus and its gradual extension. The gradual type checker drives the translation into a cast calculus, which extends the original language. The cast calculus comes with several innovations: refined typing for casts in the presence of singletons, type reduction in casts, and fully dependent Sigma types. Besides standard metatheoretical results, we establish the gradual guarantee for the gradual language.

Demand Prediction of Railway Emergency Resources Based on Case-Based Reasoning

The demand prediction of emergency resources is helpful for rational allocation and optimization of emergency resources for railway rescue when emergency incident occurs. In this paper, a case base containing China railway traffic accident that has occurred since 1978 is established, and the case-based reasoning (CBR) method is applied in railway emergency resource demand predicting research. The core case attributes of railway emergencies are described. In view of the attribute types of railway emergency cases, five types of attributes, including enumeration, numerical, interval, character and fuzzy type, are considered, and the local similarity calculation models of different attributes are given. In order to avoid the problem of missing attribute in the traditional nearest neighbor algorithm, a global case similarity calculation method based on structural similarity and attribute similarity is designed. The empirical results show that case 3 is the most similar to the target case, and the calculating quantities of the proposed model are closer to the actual usage quantity and more accurate in the demand prediction of railway emergency resources, compared with the traditional empirical method. The relative errors of demand forecasts for the 9 resources have been, respectively, reduced by 15.9884%, 15.1471%, 6.4286%, 17.1429%, 66.6667%, 38.8889%, 27.5%, 0%, and 17.7778%. Therefore, the proposed model is both reasonable and applicable. The research results are of great significance to effectively deal with railway emergencies.

Effect of a web-based teaching program designed on moodle on psychopharmacology for b.sc. nursing students

Introduction: The dynamic use of Internet facilities has shifted the teaching-learning process from traditional classroom teaching to the virtual learning environment. Aim: This quasi-experimental study was done to assess the effectiveness of a web-based teaching program designed on Moodle on “Psychopharmacology” for B. Sc. Nursing students. Settings and Design: Nonequivalent control group pretest posttest experimental design was used. A total of 90 nursing students were selected with total enumerative sampling from Amity College of Nursing, Haryana and Galgotias School of Nursing, Greater Noida. Subjects and Methods: A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of students regarding psychopharmacology. Group I, i.e., the experimental group received a web-based teaching program and Group II, i.e., control group received conventional teaching. Structured opinionnaire was used to assess the students' acceptance toward web-based teaching program. Results: The post mean knowledge score of students in experimental group (24.80 and 23.83 on day 11 and 21) and conventional teaching program (24.4 and 24.1 on day 11 and 21) was higher than their pre intervention knowledge scores in Group I (15.89) and Group II (15.25). Thus, both web-based teaching program and conventional teaching were found equally effective at statistically significant at P

Obraz przestrzeni dowolnej według Gilles’a Deleuze’a

The subject matter of the article is Gilles Deleuze’s considerations on the concept of “any-space whatever” and its application in the cinema and the theater. This space is an outcome of the sensorimotor crisis as the development of Henri Bergson’s conception of duration to determine the potential transformations of modern cinema in the post-war period. It is expressed by a potential singularity that finds its locus in pure optical and sound situations. This conception reveals the correlation between the real and virtual connections defined by a genetic sign which relies upon differentiation. As a space characterized by an affection – image is experienced from its inside to define both disjoint and empty spaces. Such affect often emerges in a range of colors to outline the places marked by emptiness. It is strictly associated with “geometrical” orientation actualizing itself via the qualisign. Thus, this article defines the space in terms of the circuit of virtuality and actuality in time-image which crystallizes both in the cinema and TV dramas of potential exhaustion of three languages in theater performances. Namely, the first one is disruptive and enumerative; the second language consists of voices and combinative flows and the third one reunites the previous ones as the language of images, sounds, and coloring which is a movement between words.

Development and Application of an Industry Foundation Classes-Based Metro Protection Information Model

Metro protection is the task of evaluating, detecting, and controlling the potential threats presented by external projects to metro structures. To solve the problems encountered in metro protection work, including the isolation of models, difficulties in information extraction, and lack of data processing methods, this study introduced a building information model/modeling (BIM) technology and proposed a metro protection information model (the MPIM) based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) international data standard and its expansion mechanism. According to the information exchange requirements for metro protection, the MPIM defines new customized IFC entities, property sets, and enumeration types to express the models in the metro protection domain. Then the conversion methods of the MPIM and other model formats and the information extraction and application technologies are studied. A metro protection system was developed to implement the MPIM-based model integration and provide assist in preliminary evaluation of external projects via information-rich the MPIM. A trial of the system from Guangzhou Metro’s Modiesha Station to Xingangdong Station indicated that the utilization of the MPIM in metro protection workflow could improve working efficiency and save time obviously; management staff claimed that the application of the system saved more than 40% of the time for project evaluation.

SOI at 100: Traditionally enumerative, now more and more analytic

SOI at 100: Traditionally enumerative, now more and more analytic

Enumerative checklist of pteridophytes from Satara district (MH), India

A checklist of pteridophytes from Satara Dt. (Maharashtra, India) presented 85 species of pteridophytes belonging to 39 genera under 26 families are listed. The most specious families found in Satara district are Pteridaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Adiantaceae, Lomariopsidaceae and Woodsiaceae followed by Polypodiaceae, Dryopteridaceae, and Davalliaceae. The most common species are Adiantum philippense, Actiniopteris radiata, Aleuritopteris bicolor, Pteridium revolutum, Pityrogramma calomelanos, Pteris biaurita, P. vittata, and Tectaria coadunata.

Census Enumeration and Group Conflict

Does the enumeration of ethnic, racial, and/or religious categories on national household censuses increase the likelihood of conflict? The authors propose a theory of intergroup relations that emphasizes the conflictual effects of institutionalizing boundaries between social identity groups. The article investigates the relationship between counting and various forms of conflict with an original, global data set that classifies the type of enumeration used in more than one thousand census questionnaires in more than 150 countries spanning more than two centuries. Through a series of cross-national statistical analyses, the authors find a robust association between enumeration of ethnic cleavages on the census and various forms of competition and conflict, including violent ethnic civil war. The plausibility of the theory is further demonstrated through case study analysis of religious conflict in India.

Stochastic enumerative algorithm optimization construction scheme of wastewater treatment station

Stochastic enumerative algorithm optimization construction scheme of wastewater treatment station

Choice Set Generation for Modeling Scenic Route Choice Behavior with Geographic Information Systems

Finding a scenic route between two locations is a common trip-planning task, in particular for tourists and recreational travelers. For the automated computation of a scenic route in a trip-planning system to function, it is necessary to understand which attributes of a route and its surroundings are associated with attractive scenery. One way to find this information is with a route choice model framework, which requires a choice set of realistic paths for traveling a scenic route. This paper proposes a constrained enumeration type algorithm for computing scenic alternatives with a branch-and-bound approach and a labeling algorithm in combination with link elimination to generate a scenic route choice set. These algorithms use volunteered geographic information—shared, geo-tagged photos (photos to which geographical identification metadata have been added) from Panoramio—to generate path alternatives. The results show that the proposed branch-and-bound algorithm replicated observe travel behavior better than the traditional deterministic minimum cost–based algorithms in terms of overlap and consistency. In addition, for the proposed branch-and-bound method, the average number of scenic clusters was almost identical to that found along observed scenic routes; this method outperformed all other evaluated algorithms for this aspect.

Ranganathan's Universe of Knowledge and Categorical Thinking

This paper examines Ranganathan's idea of the universe of knowledge and highlights how his search for a new approach to classification (beyond the enumerative model) was influenced by this idea. It then scrutinizes Ranganathan approach in the light of the cultural background in which it developed. In particular, his PMEST is looked at against the background of the Indian philosophical tradition, comparing it with the Vaisesika categorial systems. Finally, the role of categorial systems as a cognitive means is analyzed. Certain basic categories have surfaced within the Indo-European linguistic and cultural frame in different ages and latitudes. The fact that they are somehow, culturally constructed does not undermine their role of establishing the meaningful domain of discourse of a cultural tradition.

Development of question cards for fossil exhibition and comparison of communication depending on whether to use the cards in a fossil gallery

This study aimed at developing a set of question cards for fostering deep understanding and encouraging reasoning about fossils and analyze the characteristics of visitors' communication depending on whether to use the question cards in a fossil gallery. Through several steps, a card set consisted of nine generic questions about fossil exhibitions and guidance for using question cards were developed. Data related to visitors' communications were collected from 18 peer groups (from 5th to 9th grade) visiting the fossil gallery of Gwacheon National Science Museum. Visiting groups' interactions were videotape recorded and transcribed. 'Holding time,' the types of 'actions,' and the types of 'conversation' were analysed. Visitors' actions were divided into three categories: ‘look’, 'speech', and 'motion.' Furthermore, visitors' conversations categorized as 'speech' were subdivided into four patterns: 'enumerative,' 'consensual,' 'responsive,' and 'argumentative.' Using the question cards contributes to increase holding time and most of the visiting actions. Most of the conversation patterns also increased except the responsive pattern. In conclusion, using question cards in a fossil gallery could facilitate concentrated and meaningful visits by enhancing active verbal and non-verbal communications between exhibit and visitor or among visitors, encouraging visitors' reasoning about exhibits, and guiding visitors what and how to focus on exhibits.

Identification and Quantification of Pathogenic Pythium spp. from Soils in Eastern Washington Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

ABSTRACT Traditional methods of quantifying Pythium spp. rely on the use of selective media and dilution plating. However, high variability is inherent in this type of enumeration and counts may not be representative of the pathogenic population of Pythium spp. Variable regions of the internal transcribed spacer of the rDNA were used to design species-specific primers for detection and quantification of nine Pythium spp. from soils in eastern Washington. Primer pairs were designed for Pythium abappressorium, P. attrantheridium, P. heterothallicum, P. irregulare group I, P. irregulare group IV, P. paroecandrum, P. rostratifingens, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum and used with real-time polymerase chain reaction. Standard curves were generated for each of the species using SYBR Green I fluorescent dye for detection of amplification. Seventy-seven isolates of Pythium were screened to confirm specificity of each primer set. DNA was extracted from soil and standard curves were generated for P. irregulare group I, P. irregulare group IV, and P. ultimum to correlate populations of each species in the soil with quantities of DNA amplified from the same soil. Examination of raw field soils revealed results similar to those observed in previous studies. This new technique for the quantification of Pythium spp. is rapid and accurate, and will be a useful tool in the future study of these pathogenic Pythium spp.

Basic analytic combinatorics of directed lattice paths

This paper develops a unified enumerative and asymptotic theory of directed two-dimensional lattice paths in half-planes and quarter-planes. The lattice paths are specified by a finite set of rules...

Colon Classification Edition 7 (1971): A Preview

The field of library classification is the Universe of Subjects. Its purpose is to arrange subjects in a linear sequence helpful to the majority of readers and to mechanise the arrangement by representing each subject by a unique Ordinal Number. The increase in the extension, depth, and proliferation of the Universe of Subjects is now accelerating at a great rate. Twelve modes of formation of subjects are described. Six species of schemes are defined beginning with a purely enumerative one and ending with a Freely Faceted analytico-synthetic one. Version 3 of Colon Classification given in Ed 7 (1971) is now the only representative of the Freely Faceted scheme.

Quantitative methods for quality improvement.

Measuring clinical and financial outcomes in health care is a science in the early stages of development and implementation. Many tools and techniques are derived from industry models of continuous quality improvement and epidemiology. Epidemiologic (enumerative) and statistical process control (analytic) methods are effective alternatives to traditional quality assurance methods of evaluating patient care that encompass clinical and financial outcomes. Their use has resulted in significant improvement of clinical outcomes and financial performance, and has increased physician involvement in the process. Although cost will be the driving force of health care reform for the next few years, demonstration of high-quality care by providers through outcomes measurement will differentiate long-term from short-term winners in an environment of managed competition. This fact will make the science of outcomes management increasingly more important.