Japan's Entry Research Articles

"Восстание против Запада" и постколониальный дискурс в Английской школе международных отношений

The article is devoted to the problem of understanding the role of colonial policy in the English School of International Relations. The evolution of the concept of international society in the 1980s makes it possible to identify the line between colonial and postcolonial discourse in the texts of representatives of this scientific community. The paper analyzes both the positions of individual scientists on colonial subjects and the collective practice of the English school, presented in the monograph “The Expansion of International Society” (1984). In the course of the study can be distinguished two different positions of scientists in relation to colonialism. The original participants of the English School formulated the first. It proceeded from the need to take colonial history beyond the concept of international society. The origins of the formation of such an attitude can be explained both by the peculiarities of the personal destinies of scientists (C. Manning) and by the specifics of their scientific views (M. Wight, M. Howard, A. Watson). The second position presented by a new generation of supporters of the English school. It assumed a rethinking of the role of colonialism in history in the context of the formation of the modern global world. R.J. Vincent in his work of on Japan's entry into the international system had beginning of such a rethinking. Using this example, the scientist showed the need to study the reverse impact of colonies on the norms and institutions of European international society. H. Bull supported his student, despite the fact that R.J. Vincent's position contradicted the general theory of the development of international society. As a result, the school started talking about the works of the late H. Bull. Thus, he softened the criticism of the new participants. The further development of the concept led to the position that modern supporters of the English School consider colonialism to be an institution in the history of the formation of international society. Moreover, the participation of former colonies is recognize as a fundamental moment of the modern structure of international society. H. Bull, one of his late publications, tried to combine these approaches and identified new prospects for the development of the concept of the English School of International Relations.

Pergerakan Islam Indonesia Masa Jepang (1942-1945)

The Japanese occupation period in Indonesia began in 1942 and ended on August 17, 1945. The entry of Japan into Indonesia brought broader changes for the Indonesian people, especially in education, which during the Dutch colonial period was discriminatory. Japan realizes that the majority of Indonesian people adheres Islam, at first this was not a problem, as evidenced by Japan's cooperation with Muslims in the early days of entering Indonesia. Japan established PETA (Defender of the Motherland) an institution consisting of Indonesians. In this organization Indonesians were educated and trained to hold arms, the Office of Religious Affairs (Shumubu), the Majlis Syuro Muslimin Indonesia, and Hezbollah were established. Although furthermore Japan must consider which of the Muslims could fulfill its colonial interests in Indonesia.

Communities of practice, impression management, and great power status: Military observers in the Russo-Japanese War

AbstractMilitary attachés and wartime observers have received surprisingly little attention in international relations. Why do states exchange attachés, permitting uniformed foreigners to gather intelligence on their territory and during their wars? To explain, we adopt a broadly practice-theoretic approach, focusing on the individuals who developed the role by living it, showing how they both innovated a distinct military practice and established institutional legitimacy for attachés. We address an early historical case in which the practice proliferated: the Russo-Japanese War, throughout which observers represented multiple European states, on both sides of the conflict. Sometimes termed the first modern war, the conflict saw Japan's entry into the Eurocentric great power system. In this context, embedded attachés had a dual effect. On the one hand, a professional attaché community established itself: we show how local innovation by embedded officers, in the context of this structurally destabilising event, permitted the creation of a new institutional role that might otherwise have been impossible. On the other, the Japanese made use of the attachés as witnesses for Western governments, observing their performance of great power-hood, as they defeated Russia. The argument has implications for understanding both the military attaché system and communities of practice as such.

Japan's Return to Great Power Politics: Abe's Restoration

Japan's Return to Great Power Politics:Abe's Restoration Kenneth B. Pyle (bio) keywords japan, shinzo abe, foreign policy, U.S.-Japan alliance [End Page 69] executive summary This essay explains how Prime Minister Shinzo Abe is engineering a seismic shift in Japan's foreign policy from a postwar position of dependence and subordination in the U.S.-led order to a proactive and independent role, which in the uncertain regional environment is likely to gain increasing popular support. main argument After more than 70 years of subordination in the U.S.-led world order, Japan is pulling free from its self-binding constraints and restoring an activist foreign policy not seen since 1945. Coming to power with a surge of conservative nationalist support in the Liberal Democratic Party, Abe has engineered Japan's return to great-power politics. He has achieved a historic reinterpretation of the constitution to permit collective self-defense, ended the ban on arms exports and other self-binding policies, and pressed for new offensive military capacity, all of which have made possible a much more cohesive and integrated U.S.-Japan alliance. Although Abe and the policy elite have had to override public opposition in returning Japan to this activist role, in such circumstances of transition in the international order, Japan has historically experienced rapid swings in geopolitical position. With the growing uncertainty of regional conditions, we should not be surprised if the pacifist identity that postwar generations have long embraced gives way and we see changes in the prolonged resistance of the Japanese public to revision of the constitution and to an activist and assertive foreign policy. policy implications • Japan will closely weigh the reliability of U.S. assurances and the future direction of U.S. policy in Asia, especially as they relate to the management of the nuclear threat from North Korea and to Japanese interests vis-à-vis China. • Japan's immediate priority will be to strengthen its alignment with the U.S., but in the longer term it will increasingly move toward a more independent foreign policy that offers greater autonomy and room to adjust to its perception of the shifting regional balance of power. • Although Abe appears likely to remain in office until 2021, even should his term be shortened, his policies now have a momentum that will be very difficult to reverse. These policies are supported by all likely LDP candidates to succeed him, and the political opposition is weaker than at any time in the postwar period. [End Page 70] In 2018, Japan is celebrating the 150th anniversary of its modern revolution, the Meiji Restoration of 1868. The nature of a country's modern revolution illuminates a great deal about the national character, the strategic principles, and the logic of a people. Just as 1776 tells Americans so much about ourselves—the ideals and purposes that we hold central—so the Meiji Restoration reveals much about the nature and purpose of modern Japan. The restoration was not a class upheaval proclaiming new values. Rather, it was a conservative nationalist revolution, carried out "from above" by a party within the old samurai elite and driven by the dangers posed by the Western imperial powers. Its purpose was to strengthen Japan, adapt to the changes in the external environment, restore the independence that was infringed by the West, and bring Japan into the company of the great powers. Over the next two decades, borrowing broadly from the Western powers, the Meiji Restoration achieved one of the most remarkable institutional innovations in world history: Japan became Asia's first rising power. This formative experience of Japan's entry into the modern world established a strategic style of realism and pragmatism in response to shifts in the international system. In the prime ministership of Shinzo Abe, we are witnessing a similar accommodation to changes in the international system. Like the Meiji Restoration—albeit on a more limited historical scale—Abe is engineering a foreign policy revolution carried out from above by a conservative elite. When his cabinet in 2014 approved a radical reinterpretation of the constitution to allow collective self-defense, Abe reportedly told leaders of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP...

Soviet Repatriation Policy, U.S. Occupation Authorities, and Japan's Entry into the Cold War

This article examines how the defeated and demoralized Japanese, faced with Soviet detention and repatriation policies, were embroiled in Cold War antagonism that originated with the division of Europe. The article addresses three main questions. First, how did the Japanese government seek to facilitate the return of Japanese from the Soviet-occupied zone? Second, how did negotiations over Japanese repatriation intersect with U.S.-Soviet relations? Third, how did Soviet repatriation policy effect Japanese foreign policy in the initial stage of the Cold War? This episode brings out important aspects of U.S.-Soviet-Japanese interactions during the early Cold War.

DIE GEALLIEERDE BESTETTING VAN MADAGASKAR MET SPESIFIEKE VERWYSING NA DIE ROL VAN DIE UNIEVERDEDIGINGSMAG IN DIE OPERASIES (DEEL1)

Japan's entry to the Second World War in December 1941.and tha startling success of her forces in South East Asia and the Indian Ocean suddenly increased the strategic importance of the Vichy-held French colony of Madagascar. The island's position in relation to the vital British shipping routes around the Cape had already led to half-hearted diplomatic efforts to secure the neutralisation of Madagascar in 1941. British planners now considered that action was imperative, for they felt that Japan's occupation of the island was merely a question of time. Accordingly in December 1941, Major General Sturges was appointed to command an expeditionary force to seile the island's important harbour at Diego Suarez. The decision to attack Diego Suarez was taken in March 1942 and plans were finalised in great haste. In the initial stages of the Madagascar campaign South Africa provided vital aerial reconnaissance and support and also the intermediate base for the mounting of Britain's first amphibious operation in the Second World War. Important co-ordinating work was done by the Command Staff lit Durban. On 25 April the British expeditionary force began to leave Durban. On 5 May the landings at Diego Suarez began, accompanied by aerial and naval bombardment and by decou attacks elsewhere' along the coast. The beachheads were secured with little trouble but severe opposition was encountered in the Antsirana isthmus where the French resisted fiercely from well-prepared positions. Nevertheless on 8 May the capitulation of the French forces in the Diego Suarez area had been negotiated and the first phase of the Madagascar' operations had been successfully concluded at the cost of relatively few casualties.

The German-Japanese War in Tsingtao, China--Japan's Entry into World War I

The German-Japanese War in Tsingtao, China--Japan's Entry into World War I

Tamura Naoomi’s The Japanese Bride: Christianity, Nationalism, and Family in Meiji Japan

In 1893, Christian minister Tamura Naoomi provoked a heated debate among his contemporaries when he published an English-language book on Japanese family practices titled The Japanese Bride. While the book made no controversial or radical theological arguments, and mentioned Christianity only as a framework that could assist in reforming Japanese family practices and the position of women within the home, Tamura was censured for behavior considered unbecoming a Japanese Christian minister. Published immediately following the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution and the Imperial Rescript on Education, and on the eve of Japan's entry into war with China, the book contradicted and countered many Japanese leaders' claims that Japan was a modernized and civilized empire. This curious and often overlooked controversy provides an interesting window into the complex ways in which ideas such as the proper family, and the link between the family and the state, were considered and defined in this period. KEYWORDS: Tamura Naoomi - The Japanese Bride - Japanese women - family - nationalism - Nihon Kirisuto Kyokai (ProQuest-CSA LLC: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.) In 1893, Christian minister Tamura Naoomi ... published a slim volume in English titled The Japanese Bride. The seemingly innocuous book was published by Harper & Brothers and received favorable reviews in the United States.1 In Japan, however, it was met with condemnation. First the secular press, then the Japanese Christian press, denounced Tamura for daring to expose the Japanese people and nation to ridicule by describing traditional Japanese family and marriage practices to an American audience. Later that year, the Tokyo Presbytery (Tokyo daiichi chukai ...) of the Nihon Kirisuto Kyokai ... (Church of Christ in Japan) took the drastic step of initiating disciplinary proceedings against Tamura. The following year, when Tamura refused to issue a public apology, the General Conference (taikai ..) revoked his ordination for defaming the Japanese people, behavior deemed unbecoming to a Christian minister. At first glance, the conference's reaction seems extreme and inappropriate, since Tamura's book made no controversial or radical theological arguments, and mentioned Christianity only as a framework that could assist in reforming Japanese family practices and the position of women within the home. Furthermore, since it was published in English, it was largely inaccessible to the Japanese public, as well as to many of the Japanese Christian leaders who criticized him. Also, much of the content was not new, since it was based on a book Tamura published in 1889 titled Beikoku no fujin ... [American women], in which he had also advocated reforming Japanese family practices according to an American Christian model, but for which he had not been criticized (TAMURA 1924, 208).2 But Tamura published The Japanese Bride at a critical time. In the four years between the publication of his earlier book and The Japanese Bride, a number of historic political events occurred: the establishment of the Meiji Constitution (Meiji kenpo ...) in 1889, the promulgation of the Imperial Rescript on Education (kyoiku chokugo ...) in 1890, and Christian leader and educa tor Uchimura Kanzo's ... forced resignation from his teaching position for failing to show the Rescript proper respect in 1891.3 Additionally, by 1893 it was apparent that Japan was about to enter into war with China over Korea,4 and this impending conflict increased the stakes for defining and regulating the nature and form of what constituted the proper imperial subject, the foundation of the nation-defined as a family-state (kokka ..),5 under the emperor-and Japan's reputation among Western imperialist powers. In this atmosphere, while Christians were not the only ones scrutinized and considered suspect by nationalist ideologues such as Inoue Tetsujiro ..., they were particularly vulnerable because their religion was considered foreign and Western, and they maintained close, if somewhat difficult, relationships with foreign missionaries. …

ALMA's view of maser emission

AbstractALMA, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, provides a large collecting area at a location on a high dry site, endowing it with unparalleled potential for sensitive spectral line observations. Its wide frequency coverage, superb receivers and flexible backend will ensure that that potential is met. Although in the Southern Hemisphere, its tropical latitude ensures good coverage of the northern sky. Since the last meeting on astrophysical masers, the ALMA team has substantially enhanced its capability for line observations. Japan's entry into ALMA has provided increased sensitivity with the addition of the 16 antennas of the Atacama Compact Array, equivalent to eight additional 12m telescopes. The first four cartridges for the baseline ALMA receiver packages (to be augmented by three other bands owing to Japanese participation) have been accepted, with performance above the already-challenging specifications. At first light, ALMA will offer nearly complete frequency coverage of the millimeter and submillimeter spectral windows, ensuring coverage of a variety of masering transitions. ALMA's flexibility as a spectrometer has increased with the enhancement of the baseline correlator with tunable filter banks, and with the addition of a separate correlator for the ACA. As an example of the increased flexibility, ALMA is now capable of multi-spectral-region and multi-resolution modes. With the former, one might observe e.g. four separate transitions anywhere within one of four 2 GHz bands with a high resolution bandwidth. With the latter, one might simultaneously observe with low spectral resolution over a wide bandwidth and with high spectral resolution over a narrow bandwidth. Thus, one could simultaneously cover an extremely broad velocity range while providing high spectral resolution of groups of lines within that range. Several science examples will be presented illustrating ALMA's potential for transforming the millimeter and submillimeter study of masers.

Shanghai Shadows (review)

Reviewed by: Shanghai Shadows Elizabeth Bush Ruby, Lois Shanghai Shadows. Holiday House, 2006284p ISBN 0-8234-1960-6$16.95 R Gr. 5-8 The Shpanns are among the lucky ones, at least if avoiding probable annihilation is an adequate definition of good luck; the Jewish family has the means and the will to leave their comfortable life in Vienna in 1939 and make their way to Shanghai, where a multinational community of emigrants, refugees, and expatriates of all stripes has been established under a reasonably tolerant Chinese regime. [End Page 307] Quarters are cramped, work is hard to come by, especially for gifted violinist Mr. Shpann, and news trickling in from Europe is disquieting, to say the least, but Ilse and her parents and brother Erich are simply relieved to be far from the coming war. With Japan's entry into hostilities, however, the war manages to find them, as the Shanghai Jews face an increasing number of restrictions that finally culminate in enclosure in a ghetto, near total loss of job opportunity, and the now real possibilities of disease and starvation. The Shpanns are also plagued with a peculiar complication—Mrs. Shpann is disclosed by the authorities to be an "enemy" alien, technically still married to an American whom she never officially divorced after leaving him decades earlier, and she is sent to an internment camp. Narrator Ilse relates how the family fares from their arrival in 1939 until their post-war departure for America, making do under increasingly repressive conditions, dealing with the fallout from the bombshell about her mother's past, and feeling both guilty and grateful to have escaped the fate of their compatriots back home. Ilse is a believable character, healthy and resilient enough to weather physical hardship, naïve enough to flirt with resistance activities as a boredom-busting lark, savvy enough to work the system when her mother and brother are desperate for aid, and teenager enough to eke friendships and even a bit of romance out of her situation. Here is an underexplored corner of World War II that historical-fiction buffs will definitely want to examine. Copyright © 2007 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Sites of attractiveness: Japanese women and westernized representations of feminine beauty

Ever since Japan's entry into global geopolitics, scholars have identified Japanese popular cultural texts as a terrain on which this country's complex relationship to the West is negotiated. Few studies, however, have adequately addressed how such texts—and Western influence in general—might be experienced differently by different groups and/or strata of Japanese society. Inspired by the work of postcolonial feminist scholars who argue that gender, race, class, and cultural identity must be examined in relationship to each other, this study focuses on a group of 29 women with whom the author conducted interviews and extensive participant observation during eight months of fieldwork in a small Japanese community. It examines, in particular, how these women negotiated Westernized representations of feminine beauty omnipresent in the Japanese media. This article argues that even though informants assertively critiqued and actively negotiated media representations, their own conceptions of attractiveness—and their daily relationships to their physical selves—matched those of the Westernized media‐defined ideals. In view of these findings, it concludes with a call for a more systematic and critical assessment of gender in transcultural relations.

Finding a Place in the Capitalist World Order: Japanese Women and the Losses (or Gains) of Western Capitalism

Employing an ethnographic methodology, this paper examines how women living in a small Japanese village negotiated the tension between capitalist modernity and cultural constructions of Japanese “tradition,” identified by scholars as a central component of Japanese cultural identity. It argues that women are a particularly interesting group to focus on for such an investigation because of their frequent positioning as keepers of tradition and because of the perception of western influence as potentially liberating. It maintains that Japanese women are particularly aware of the losses and gains occasioned by Japan's spectacular entry into global geopolitics over the course of the second half of the 20th Century. The often contradictory and ambiguous feelings informants expressed in the course of this study demonstrate the complex process of negotiation currently taking place in Japan, as individuals come to term with the fast evolving nature of their cultural environment.

The Japanese community in Brazil, 1908-1940: between samurai and carnival

Acknowledgements Introduction Leaving: Japan's Entry into a World of Migration 1885-1905 Arriving: The Early Japanese in Brazil 1908-19 Settling: Migration as National Policy 1920s Expanding: The Japanese Community 1930-36 In Transit A World of New Orders 1937-40 Conclusion Bibliography Index

Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-U.S. Relations during World War I

Preface Introduction Japan's Entry into the War and the Twenty-One Demands American Response to the Twenty-One Demands Who Should Lead China into the War? The Lansing-Ishii Agreement Siberian Intervention Wilsonian Idealism and Japanese Claims at the Paris Peace Conference Selected Bibliography Index

Backdoor Japan: The Search for a Way out via Regionalism and Decentralization

Sapporo, Niigata, and Kanazawa devised strategies in the 1990s to lead Japan's entry into the emerging Northeast Asian region and to spur decen- tralization, but their plans proved to be unrealistic. Idealistic notions of decen- tralization have faded. The coalition behind the Committee for the Promotion of Decentralization established as part of Prime Minister Hashimoto Ryutar6's big bang has split. Rising aspirations for regionalism around the Sea of rim also have been frustrated, especially as relations with the Russian Far East proved difficult. must coordinate a new model of regionalism and decen- tralization to emerge as a leader. As the transition from the postwar era got underway, hopes stirred along the Sea of coastline that this forgotten sea would no longer be left far behind by Japan's robust Pacific coast. Local administrations, think tanks, and newspapers speculated that, through some combination of decentraliza- tion, reentry into Asia, and regionalism in a newly dynamic Northeast Asia, the geographical balance of might at last shift. Reminding people of the pejorative backdoor Japan (ura Nippon) used to dismiss their back- wardness, the prefectures and cities of the Sea of rim pressed for strategies of cooperation and models of transformation suitable to their vi- sions of a new age. Evidence from the past six years indicates, however, that such hopes have been frustrated. By analyzing the experiences of Kanazawa (Ishikawa Prefecture), Niigata (Niigata Prefecture), and Sapporo (Hok- kaido), we can gain insight into the mistakes of this period and assess the

Blood, Tears, and Folly: An Objective Look at World War II.

This history of World War II reveals some truths about the successes and failures of this greatest of all wars. Divided into six sections, the book covers the Battle of the Atlantic, Hitler's conquest of Europe, the War in the Mediterranean, the War in the Air, the invasion of the USSR and the Battle for Moscow, and Pearl Harbour and the entry of Japan into the war. Len Deighton is the author of Funeral in Berlin, The Ipcress File, Spy Hook, Spy Line and Spy Sinker.

Mavo's Conscious Constructivism

It has often been noted that one of the defining factors of Japan's entry into the modern era was an emergent ideology of individualism (kojinshugi) inspired by Western philosophical and political thought.1 Widely ranging interpretations of individualism, however, were spawned in relation to changing social and political conditions as Japan went from being a newly established nation-state to a thriving imperialist power during the period from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the beginning of the war in China in the early 1930s. In its various manifestations, the continually evolving discourse on the individual had profound consequences for art and literature. It broached serious questions concerning the locus of Japanese identity in the wake of the government's aggressive policy of westernization, opened a discussion on the nature of the autonomous self, and prompted an unprecedented exploration of psychological interiority and subjectivity in the arts.2 By extension it also addressed the issue of the social role of this newly autonomous individual.

The Refrain of History: The Histor(iograph)y of the Australian Conscription Debate, November 1941

In November 1941, just before the storm of the Pacific War broke over Australia, there was a short, sharp public debate about conscription (that is, conscription for overseas military service). It played itself back and forth through the media and parliament until, just when it was starting to become prominent, Japan's entry into the war abruptly ended the debate.1 When conscription again became the subject for heated discussion from mid-1942 onwards, the threat from Japan had radically altered the way in which compulsory service could be discussed. Indeed we might judge that the 1941 debate was relatively insignificant in comparison to the other times when conscription was a hot political issue such as in 1916 and 1917 when the two referenda about compulsory service occupied most of the nation's attention for much of the time. However, as I will explain below, the 1941 debate is worthy of our attention, for it can reveal much about the processes by which the past intervenes in the contempo rary. Moreover, as I am not seeking to write a conventional history of the debate, 1941s potential insignificance actually facilitates the different approach which my analysis takes. We should firstly realise that its insignificance is a product of contrasting 1941 to other conscription debates such as those of the Great War. Indeed, as Ken Inglis noted, 1941 was marked by an almost reflex reference to what had occurred in 1916 and 1917;2and other comparisons, such as I have just made, between 1941 and 1942 also hint at the particularly historical constitution of the idea of conscription in 20th century Australia. My paper concentrates on this historical dimension of the conscrip tion discourse and some of the ways in which past and present come together. Inglis' analysis of the 1941 debate comprised less than a page in his excellent summary, 'Conscription in Peace and War, 1911-1945'. Yet it is one of the few works to even consider it. Main's documentary summary, Conscription: The Australian

Yasunari Kawabata (1899-1972): Tradition versus Modernity

literature. prize, once monopolized by Western writers, was given to a Japanese for the first time in 1968. x Japan had arrived as a modern nation in the economic and political sense, and it had staged the Tokyo Olympics in 1964 superbly. Perhaps the time had come to recognize a great Japanese writer, a hundred years after Japan's entry into the modern world with the Meiji Restoration of 1868. paradox is that Kawabata, who seems to have been recognized for Japans modernity, focused on traditional culture and gave little attention to things modern and Western, even though he wrote in a Japan undergoing modernization and all his novels had a contemporary setting. It is a truism that novels provide some of the best primary sources for writing social history, as the popularity of such works tells us what people think is important about themselves. One would expect that Japan's one writer to achieve worldwide celebrity as a Nobel laureate would provide a deep well of materials on class and family, on work and leisure. Such is not the case. historian would do better to look to Kawabata's contemporaries such as Jun'ichiro Tanizaki, who wrote the classic novel of the Japanese family Makioka Sisters (1944-48), or even Yukio Mishima, who re-created both the world of the Taisho elites (in Spring Snow, 1968) and that of the right-wing patriots of the early Showa era (in Runaway Horses, 1969). Instead, it is a private world of beauty and culture that engages Kawabata, who belonged to the so-called lyric school of Japanese writing. He consciously rejected the proletarian school, which was in vogue during his university days in the 1920s; and he eschewed commentary on social and political problems, at least in his literary works, throughout his career. Still, the historian must put Kawabata in the context of his times and reconstruct those times as best he can from the fragments about the world around the writers and artists, the dilettantes and lovely traditional Japanese women who inhabit his stories. This most eminent writer lived and worked through turbulent times: the Taisho democracy, Showa militarism, the Pacific War, the American Occupation, and at the end the Economic Miracle or at least its beginnings. As with most Japanese writers, Kawabata's work tends to be autobiographical. Edward Seidens ticker has asserted that Kawabata was much like the men he wrote about, in contrast to Tanizaki, who created protagonists very different from himself. young student depicted in The Izu Dancer (1926) who goes down the Izu peninsula on vacation and carries on a tentative romance with the little dancer from the traveling troupe is undoubtedly the adolescent Kawabata. Tokyo dilettante Shimamura who is the protagonist of Snow Country (1935-48), with his halfbaked learning about the European ballet, is ostensibly the kind of person Kawabata disdained, yet he has the same tastes in women and an identical love of traditional crafts such as the making of chijimi cloth by peasants working in the snows of the North. old men who have memory lapses or face death or are romantically linked with much younger women in the later works are undoubtedly alter egos of the author.2 Kawabata was a man of his times, one who emphasized certain themes at the expense of others and was more concerned about the decline of an old culture than about the emergence of a new society or econ-

Growth And Technical Change in Japan's Nonprimary Economy, 1930-1967

The Japanese economy experienced extreme vicissitudes in a short span of four decades, from the nineteen thirties to the sixties. More than half a century of steady economic growth was terminated by Japan's entry into a full-scale war with China in 1937, which escalated into World War II four years later. Its culmination was sheer economic disaster. However, Japan's recovery from war dislocations and devastations was spectacular, and she sustained high rates of economic growth in the 1950s (8% per annum from 1951 to 1958), which even accelerated in the 1960s (10.5% per annum from 1958-1967). Thus, per capita GNP increased fivefold from 1946 to 1967.