Entrepreneurship In Poland Research Articles

DETERMINANTS OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN POLAND

Aim: Female entrepreneurship is a still-untapped economic potential. To trigger it, it is necessary to better recognize barriers to its development. Thus, the aim of the research was to identify the motives that make women start their own businesses, the reasons why they postpone or decline such decisions, the barriers that they encounter when running a business, and their priorities concerning professional careers and family. Methods: Applied methods include an e-mail survey and direct interviews, both using a questionnaire. The gathered data was processed using standard qualitative data analysis tools and descriptive analysis. Results: Women decide on their own business mainly because of negative experiences of being an employee and, to a lesser degree, because of a lack of satisfactory job offers or a lack of job offers at all. However, they often postpone starting their own business because of subjective reasons: the feeling that they lack experience, the lack of self-confidence, the fear of failure, and objective ones: lack of capital. The identified barriers in women running businesses are mainly universal, not gender-related, i.e., high taxes, problems with findingemployees, and frequent changes in legal and administrative regulations. Limited time devoted to family is the only gender-related barrier. However, a considerable share of respondents claims that there are no bottle-necks to female entrepreneurship in Poland. Conclusions: To trigger the potential of female entrepreneurship, we recommend two types of actions: training, mentoring and promoting success stories aimed at decreasing the subjective barriers to women starting businesses and actions aimed at diminishing the universal, not gender-related obstacles in running businesses in Poland.

Support for social entrepreneurship in Poland under the European Social Fund – changes and challenges

he European Commission directs its financial instruments to the broadly understood social economy sector, including the development of social entrepreneurship. In 2011, the European Commission presented the Social Business Initiative (SBI), defining the activities of the European Union to support the development of social enterprises (key stakeholders of the social economy). According to the assumptions of the European Commission, social enterprises are specific organisations that combine social objectives with initiatives promoting entrepreneurial attitudes, focusing on achieving wider social goals or exerting social impact. Financial support is also intended to generate changes in a broader time perspective in the coming years of the EP’s activity. Since Poland’s accession to the European community in 2004, the social economy (including social enterprises) has received financial support in many areas of its activity. The beneficiaries of the funds covered not only social economy entities (PES), but also institutions supporting the development of the social economy, mainly social entrepreneurship, such as Social Economy Support Centers (OWES). It is mainly these key entities of the social economy – social enterprises have become places of new jobs and motivators of civic activity. The aim of the article is to quantify the financial support received from the European Social Fund in the years 2004–2016 for activities aimed at the development of social entrepreneurship (SE).

Perception of patriotic entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine

Perception of patriotic entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine

Enterprising “cunning”? – entrepreneurship in Poland and social perception of entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the period immediately preceding it

In this article, the author conducted an analysis of entrepreneurship in Poland and the social perception of entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic and the period immediately preceding it. In the analytical part, indicators on the most important rankings related to entrepreneurship were used, which take into account the position of Poland compared to other countries. The article also uses selected reports and studies on economic, financial and social issues, including the results of public opinion polls. The inspiration for writing the article was the statement of Jarosław Kaczyński, who being asked about the Polish Order and tax changes, stated that “Those who live … out of cunning, they can actually lose out on it…”.

The state of entrepreneurship in Poland: an empirical analysis

The state of entrepreneurship in Poland: an empirical analysis

Young People’s Self-Meaning Making Through Entrepreneurship in Poland, Slovenia and the UK: Implications for Human Resource Management in SMEs

The objective of the paper is to explore young people’s motives for pursuing entrepreneurial opportunities instead of a professional career in the public sector or a corporation. As young people increasingly consider alternatives to a traditional career, it is useful to understand what lies behind their entrepreneurial career choice in order to advise small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) how to attract a young workforce. A qualitative study consisting of 16 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with young entrepreneurs in Poland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom (UK) identifies a variety of internal and external factors influencing the entrepreneurs’ career decisions that were found to be largely homogenous across different countries and contexts. These influences operate at micro, mezzo and macro levels. The findings are explained through Kegan’s theory of self-meaning making as well as the SME context and particularities, providing an understanding of what attracts and deters young people facing career choices.

Circular start-up development: the case of positive impact entrepreneurship in Poland

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how circular start-ups design and implement innovation into their business models to increase their positive impact.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study is based on an exploratory multiple-case study involving six circular start-ups with positive impact in Poland. Data gathering took place via in-depth interviews with start-up founders.FindingsThe analysis demonstrates that three factors, which are strongly interconnected, can significantly influence the development of a circular start-up. The first is the purpose-led motivation for circularity as a solution, mostly concentrated on the environmental education of different market actors. The second factor is built on the aim to increase the positive impact by addressing the most pressing social and environmental problems. It determines the impact on society as well as on the environment and the extent to which its model can be scaled up. The third factor is driven by the understanding of the purpose of the innovation, concentrated on the business model innovation regarding circularity.Practical implicationsThis paper demonstrates the benefits for diverse stakeholders and the importance of using circular business models in start-up development. Circularity can be perceived as a main part of the new approach to improve sustainability.Originality/valueCircular start-ups represent a new phenomenon in the entrepreneurial market. While the structure and logic of the circular business model in start-ups are significantly unexplored in the management literature, this model is viewed as a crucial step in the direction of increasing the positive impact of start-ups. From a theoretical and practical perspective, it is important to understand the differences and similarities in this area within different markets.

Rozwój przedsiębiorczości w Polsce w ujęciu międzywojewódzkim

The main purpose of the publication is to assess regional (inter-voivodeship) differences in the development of entrepreneurship in Poland in the light of the proposed set of indicators, calculated on the basis of statistical data collected by Statistics Poland.Bearing in mind the availability of empirical data, it was assumed that the level of entrepreneurship development can be demonstrated by the values of indicators characterizing three basic dimensions of entrepreneurship: propensity to start a business, innovative activity and financial results, including export activity. These dimensions were analyzed in terms of time — from Poland’s accession to the European Union to 2018.During the analyzed period, financial indicators showed particularly dynamic characteristics (especially in the scope of export activity and gross financial result). At the same time, great diversity and a large degree of spatial concentration in terms of these characteristics were maintained. The relation of newly-registered entities to de-registered entities in most voivodships was increasing, which may indicate a growing tendency to start their own business and, indirectly, also to increase the survival of companies on the market.On the other hand, the propensity to invest in innovation in almost all voivodships decreased significantly over the years under study, while the large disproportion in terms of the amount of financial expenditure on innovation activities — the budget for innovation in enterprises — persisted among voivodships. On the other hand, the smallest degree of diversity across voivodships was recorded for the percentage of innovative enterprises and the percentage of enterprises that incurred expenditure on innovation.

The effect of changes in the economic structure on entrepreneurial activity in a transition economy: the case of Poland

Research background: While entrepreneurship in transition economies is the subject of a growing body of literature, the debate on factors influencing entrepreneurial activity in such economies is still incomplete. This paper extends this debate by focusing on the effect of changes in the economic structure on entrepreneurship in Poland. The findings might be supportive for policymakers in pursuing policy aimed at boosting entrepreneurship in a transition economy.
 Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to investigate the extent to which changes in the economic structure impact entrepreneurial activity in Poland. The paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical support to the pending research efforts to recognize entrepreneurship dimensions in a transition economy.
 Methods: The hypothesis was tested with fixed effects panel regression with robust standard errors. Data were sourced from the Statistics Poland for all Polish NUTS?2 regions for the period 2003?2017. Panel data are balanced and include 3 600 observations.
 Findings & Value added: This paper extends previous research on factors affecting entrepre-neurial activity in a transition economy by focusing on the importance of changes in the economic structure for new firm creation. The findings provide evidence of the significant value of the service sector in boosting entrepreneurial activity in Poland. The findings might attract attention of policymakers. Fostering structural change towards smart specialization in services should be regarded when constituting programmes supporting entrepreneurship.

Comparative Studies of National Business Cultures in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe: the Basics for Improving International Entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine

Based on the work of Hofstede, Trompenaars, Lewis, and Rapaille, the founders of the theory of national business cultures and comparative economic studies, the characteristics of corresponding scientific areas are identified: cross-cultural management, cross-cultural communications, and cross-cultural marketing, including their methodological and practical aspects. Using the classic measuring parameters of national business cultures (“Individualism,” “Power Distance,” “Masculinity,” “Uncertainty Avoidance,” “Long-Term Orientation,” “Indulgence”), a comparative analysis is carried out on the example of Poland, Ukraine, Germany, France, and Hungary; the results of the authors’ own development of this interdisciplinary problem are presented. On this basis, new approaches are proposed in establishing mutually beneficial international cooperation between Polish and Ukrainian enterprises, not only in Europe but also in other regions of the world.

Drivers toward Social Entrepreneurs Engagement in Poland: An Institutional Approach

The aim of this study is to identify the factors that influence the involvement of individuals in social entrepreneurship in Poland from an institutional economics perspective. The research is based on exploratory data analysis using qualitative data covering 22 interviews with social entrepreneurs and 10 representatives of stakeholders from Poland as well as observations and secondary data. By employing an inductive approach and a case study methodology, it can be stated that involvement of social entrepreneurs is stimulated by a complex set of factors. Moreover, the results show the importance of the institutional environment for social enterprises in Poland, including the impact of formal and informal institutions on their development. The findings contribute to enhancing the knowledge on factors determining the establishment and development of social enterprises in Poland given the institutional economics perspective.

Financing of social economy entities and the development of social entrepreneurship in Poland. Pre-pandemic crisis conclusions and post- pandemic crisis reflections

The development of social entrepreneurship is associated with many barriers of various nature. One of the most serious is the lack of financial resources, which becomes particularly acute and troublesome in times of economic crisis. Considering the above circumstances, the main goal of the considerations and research conducted in this article is to identify the directions of development of social economy entities in Poland and to analyze the sources of financing their activities from a historical and forecasting perspective (in the context of the economic crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic). In order to achieve this goal, the article uses a statistical analysis of data on the sources of financing of social economy entities in Poland. The conducted analyzes show that, historically, social entrepreneurship in Poland was systematically, but slowly, developing. This is evidenced by the growing number of entities operating in the field.

Kooperatywy – przedsiębiorcze formy organizacyjne w gospodarce lokalnej

The cooperative, well known in Poland in the interwar period, returns as an organisational form serving the realisation of its own, often basic, life needs of the people. Thanks to the cooperation of entrepreneurial groups, this form creates opportunities for self-management of urban and rural space. Cooperating groups fulfil the needs of cooperative members, including housing, recreation, as well as food and those needs related to everyday human functioning. Despite the lack of a formal legal definition, the cooperative is treated in Poland as a special entity in public-law relations. The aim of the article is to analyse the spatial aspects of the development of individual and group entrepreneurship in Poland with reference to examples from the same area on European markets. The analysis of three cases of participative construction in Poland and a comparison of cooperatives with other legal and organisational forms were carried out in the context of benefits and facilitations of economic and administrative nature. Entrepreneurship in the development of spatial systems is of great importance, while facilitating activities for people who set up a short-term organisation to fulfil their own needs (e.g. a con- struction cooperative) could significantly affect the development of their own (near) and public (further) area. As a case study, construction of individual houses in several Polish cities and their organisational and legal characteristics were discussed.

Conditions for the development of Vietnamese business and entrepreneurship in Poland

This paper outlines the history of the development of Vietnamese business and Vietnamese businessmen and entrepreneurs community in Poland. This special period of history of development was to be divided into two main phases. In addition, this article has analyzed the factors affecting international entrepreneurship spirit and international entrepreneurship capacity of this Vietnamese business community here in Poland. These factors are well identified in the overview part of international startups and international entrepreneurship study. The study showed that these factors include: foreign market appeal, government policies, compatibility of business practices, and adaptability to foreign markets. In the research part of this article, these factors were taken to be reanalyzed for the Vietnamese business community in Poland and showed why Vietnamese people choose Poland to be a good place for family settlement and for doing long-term business. Moreover, the success factors and success barriers behind their business development compared to the community of Chinese businessmen and entrepreneurs who came to Poland just only several years later have also been clearly identified. The research results show that, to strengthen the position and to raise the business awareness of Vietnamese business community in Poland, to strengthen it into a more developed and unified community for the purpose of future sustainable development, Vietnamese embassy in Poland with all of its networks of partnership, Vietnam's foreign trade promotion and trade representative agencies, and the diverse Vietnamese associations in Poland, both for profit and non-profit, need to play an interactive role to support Vietnamese businessmen and entrepreneurs to understand indigenous business practices, to overcome language and culture barriers in a bid to better integrate with the Polish business and social environment.

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A DETERMINANT FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCE OF POLISH AND UKRAINIAN REGIONS

Urgency of the research. Social entrepreneurship covers a wide range of tasks from area of social policy that should ensure the normal living conditions of the local community. From this point of view, the main task of social entrepreneurship is to improve the well-being of local community and meet its needs by the implementation of social infrastructure services. Target setting. In the paper the hypothesis is formulated that Ukraine has worse conditions for the formation and development of social entrepreneurship than Poland. The study is proved that development of social entrepreneurship in Poland in the light of EU regional policy consists in the support of social enterprises by the state in accordance with the National Program for Social Economy Development, the European Union. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Some aspects of social entrepreneurship and community development are covered by the studies of such scientists as J. Defourny, J. Hausner, Jan-U. Sandal, A. Nicholls, G. Keohane, J. Kerlin, O. Pankiv and others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. It should be admitted that there is a problem of state support for social enterprises at the appropriate level in Ukraine. This only deepens the differences between the social enterprises in Ukraine and Poland. It is worth noting that as a consequence of this, social entrepreneurship of Ukraine is more business-oriented than in Poland. The research objective. The study on the social entrepreneurship and its impact on the local community development undertaken at national and regional levels, i.e. on statistical material concerning 22 regions of Ukraine and 16 voivodships of Poland. The study used a comparative method of developing social entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine. In addition, the study carried out in the paper was enriched with drawings made on the basis of graphic and cartographic data presentation methods. The statement of basic materials. As part of the research, the concept of social entrepreneurship (prosocial business) was defined, the features of the social entrepreneurship in Poland and Ukraine were analysed, and the ways of the social entrepreneurship development in Ukraine were presented. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, recommendations were presented to strengthen and develop social entrepreneurship in Ukraine.

The Evolution of Family Entrepreneurship in Poland: Main Findings Based on Surveys and Interviews from 2009-2018

The Evolution of Family Entrepreneurship in Poland: Main Findings Based on Surveys and Interviews from 2009-2018

The Role of Measuring The Efficiency of Marketing E-Toolbrend Management

Building a brand nowadays is definitely different than 50 years ago. That time the founders positioned the brand and then spent a lot of money on its marketing in order to show it and to present the whole vision of the brand to the potential customers. Clearly – if the founders had enough money – they had no problem with building their own brand. Nowadays, the branding process is completely different. In the era of open and common access to the Internet and a kind of «social media boom», companies are not limited only by a good presentation of their products or services in advertising. They are constantly analyzed and evaluated by their current customers and gets feedback about themselves. Potential buyers are aware of the meaning of the quality of products as well as of the meaning of the general acceptance of the brand. Companies have lost their dominant position – limited to sending a clear advertising message and building recognition, the enterprises passed into a somewhat more passive position – they have become the subject of evaluation. This is very important in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises, in which the recognizable brand is a key success factor that ensures their survival. The aim of this paper is to show the effectiveness of e-marketing tools in building a brand on the market and a general presentation of the problem and its relation to important scientific or practical tasks. These recommendations can be a useful instrument for managing the development process in enterprises in the area of: estimation of the value of a brand perceived as the connection between the customer and the company that respects consumer knowledge as the core of the brand's value; measuring the brand position of the company (a well-positioned company on the Internet as a chance of omnipresence we-tools, brand management, development, success factors.ith its customers). Key words: e-tools, brand management, development, success factors  DOI: 10.15276/mdt.2.4.2018.1 CBOS Research Report,(2015), Warsaw: Internauts. Central Statistical Office (GUS), (2017), Information society in Poland. Chirayu Hantrakul, Jarinya Thaloey, Pradit Songsangyos, (2012), The Review of Knowledge Management in Financial Industry, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 69. Clarke L., (1997), Shift management, Warsaw: PWN. Dziakowicz-Grudzień A.,(2017) Digitization of marketing communication on the market, Internal Trade, 2(367), p. 82-93. Frąckiewicz E., (2006), Internet marketing, PWN, Warsaw: PWN. Grudzewski W.M.,. Hejduk I.K,(2002), Creating knowledge management systems as the basis for achieving competitive advantage of modern enterprises, [in:] W.M. Grudzewski, I.K. Hejduk (ed.), The enterprise of the future - a strategic vision, Warsaw: Difin. Hołodnik A., Perechuda K., (2017), The enterprise of the future - a strategic vision, Warsaw: Difin. Information society in Poland in 2017, CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE Warsaw, (20.10.2017) Nawrocka E., (2015), Innovation of tourism enterprises as a factor in the development of the tourist region, STUDIES OF THE ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY IN WROCLAW, nr 393. OECD, (1996), The knowledge-based economy, Paris. Orlin K., Sawińska A., SidorkiewiczM., The use of e-promotion on the spa market, in: Spas and their curative and tourist function, ed. by A. Szromka, Cracow 2012, p. 94. Szapiro P., Ciemniak R., Internet - a new company strategy, Difin, Warsaw 1999. Tutaj J., (2015), Innovations in the organization on the example of the Lower Silesian spa company, in: Innovativeness in the economy, organization and technology, ed. by A. Balcerek and Z. Malary, Wrocław. Wiktor J., (2005), Promotion. The company's communication system with the market, Warsaw: PWN. Zadura-Lichota P., (2015), Innovative entrepreneurship Revealed and hidden potential for innovation in Poland, Innovative entrepreneurship in Poland. The hidden and hidden potential of Polish innovation, ed. Redakcja Paulina Zadura-Lichota.

Intellectual property management in startups — problematic issues

Abstract This paper describes the most important problems related to the management of intellectual property in startups. Startups have become an inseparable element of the innovative economy. Many of these companies base their development on intellectual capital and innovations. In this context, it is extremely important to legally secure the innovations and protect intellectual property. These activities can often be the decisive factor in the development of startups. This article aims to identify, analyse and evaluate the most important issues related to the management of intellectual property in startups. The first part of this paper presents the performed literature review, which mainly concerns the definition of innovation, the state of entrepreneurship in Poland, and the definition of a startup. The second part of the article deals with the main problems related to the management of intellectual property in startups. It is divided into three issues: underestimating the importance of intellectual property, the lack of intellectual property management strategies in startups and financial challenges of startups. The main results of the research indicate that many startups still have low awareness of what is intellectual property and what can be the consequence of using exclusive rights of others. The protection of intellectual property should become one of the elements of business strategies. However, startups find that the creation of the strategy and its implementation is rather expensive.

Zakres i formy prawne przedsiębiorczości komunalnej w Polsce międzywojennej i obecnie

In this study we have addressed a problem of a development of legal solutions concerning the scope and forms of a self-government entrepreneurship in Poland. The history of the self-government entrepreneurship in Europe dates back to the first half of the 19th century, and in free Poland - the period of the Second Republic of Poland. During the interwar period, issues related to a self-government entrepreneurship gained a lot of controversy in literature. This is also a case in present days. The analysis showed that in the period of the Second Republic of Poland (when discussions about the legitimacy of running public enterprises were under way), local self-government units had a much broader scope of freedom in conducting self-government entrepreneurship than today. This is an outcome of an introduction in current legislation of bans and limitations on entrepreneurship of a self-government authorities, which apply to cases when the economic activity of local government goes beyond the sphere of public interest.

Trajectory of changes in social entrepreneurship in Poland

The article focuses on presenting the trajectory of changes in social entrepreneurship in Poland, emphasizing the temporal and processual nature of the phenomenon. The purpose of the article is to describe the development of social entrepreneurship in the macro perspective and to identify on this basis the factors that may determine its development, thus being the subject of further theoretical reflection. The text is based on a literature inquiry in the field of social entrepreneurship and its analysis. The considerations lead to the conclusion that in the analysis of the phenomenon, historical heritage and legal and institutional factors have an important place. Thus, the role of the institutional environment as an important variable determining the development of the social entrepreneurship was indicated.