Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire Research Articles

Entrepreneurial Passion and Creativity as Predictors of Business Education Students’ Social Entrepreneurial Intention in Edo State

With the increasing social problems and graduates’ unemployment which have brought untold hardship in the country; seeking alternative employment openings by way of venturing into business creation that can address the societal problems becomes a sine qua non. The present study was on entrepreneurial passion and creativity as correlates of business education students’ social entrepreneurial intention in Edo State. Four research questions were raised to guide the study. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted a correlational survey research design. The population of the study comprised all business education students numbering 382 in University of Benin and Ambrose Alli Univeristy, Ekpoma. The instrument used was a questionnaire titled: Entrepreneurial Passion, Creativity and Social Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EPCSEIQ).’ The instrument was validated by two experts. The cronbach alpha was used in ascertaining the reliability of the instrument and it yielded a reliability coefficient of .85 after administering the instrument to 15 business education students in Delta State University, Abraka. The data collected from the respondents were analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, simple linear regression and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that entrepreneurial passion is a significant predictor of business education students’ social entrepreneurial intention in Edo State (R2 = .124, F (1, 242) = 34.261, P <. 05). The finding further revealed that entrepreneurial creativity is a significant predictor of business education students’ social entrepreneurial intention in Edo State (R2 = .172, F (1, 242) = 50.412, P <. 05). And it also revealed that entrepreneurial passion and creativity jointly predicted business education students’ social entrepreneurial intention in Edo State. Based on the findings, it was recommended that business education students should be encouraged to be more creative in order to be able to address societal problems.

Contextual Factors, Individualism Value, and Theory of Planned Behavior That Affect Student Entrepreneurial Intention in Indonesia

This study integrates predictions from the theory of human values and combines contextual support with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a form of research renewal. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanism by which internal factors in humans (individualism values) and contextual factors (contextual support) with entrepreneurial intentions use a sample of 200 students or who have graduated in Indonesia. This study uses the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) to measure the theory of planned behavior, Portraits Value Questionnaire (PVQ) to measure individualism values, and the entrepreneurial support model (ESM) to measure contextual support. The data analysis method uses Partial Least Square (PLS) - Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results showed that individualism values (self-enhancement, and openness to change) had a positive and significant effect on students' entrepreneurial intentions. Contextual support (perceived educational support, perceived relational support, and perceived structural support) has a positive but not significant effect and the theory of planned behavior has a positive and significant role on student entrepreneurship intentions. Self-enhancement and openness to change cannot be mediated by Subjective Norms on student entrepreneurship intentions.

Psychometric properties of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in Dominican Republic adolescents

Introduction: This work represents the first attempt to obtain evidence of the validity of an entrepreneurial intention questionnaire in the adolescent population of a Latin American or Caribbean country. The objectives are to study the factor structure, the reliability, the external validity and to test the gender invariance of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire, in its adaptation for adolescents. Method: The sample consisted of 708 adolescents from the Dominican Republic with a mean age of 15.49, 65.2% of whom were women and 35.8% were men. Analyses included confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha and Omega scores for reliability, correlations, and a gender invariance routine. Finally, latent means of females and males are compared. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit to the data and the reliability results were adequate. In addition, the correlations with the Entrepreneurial Attitudes Scale for Students were positive and statistically significant. Also, strict gender invariance was successfully verified. Although males presented a higher subjective norm, females showed higher entrepreneurial intentions. Conclusions: The Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire shows adequate psychometric properties and proves useful in conducting research on the promotion of entrepreneurship in early stages.

The practical challenges faced by young entrepreneurs: an empirical analysis

PurposeThis study proposes a new comprehensive model of entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) that enhances the understanding of the crucial entrepreneurial personality traits. This study also examines how entrepreneurial family history, gender and discipline moderate the relationship between the key entrepreneurial personality traits and EIs of university students.Design/methodology/approachThe study introduces a new combination of important entrepreneurial personality traits, theoretically following the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The data are collected using an entrepreneurial intention questionnaire and analysed with structural equation modelling (SEM) over a sample of 297 university students from Pakistan.FindingsThe findings highlight that one of the notable contributions to assessing EI is the negative impact of foreseeable challenges (FCs), resulting in negative EIs among university students of our sample. The authors also found significant moderating roles of gender, discipline and entrepreneurial family history in strengthening the relationship between entrepreneurial traits and EIs.Originality/valueThe study contributes both to the existing empirical and theoretical literature by examining a key set of entrepreneurial personality traits leading to enhance EIs. The results may also assist academicians to discover new ways for developing entrepreneurial traits among university students.

Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Perceived Behavioural Control as Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions Among Engineering Students

Entrepreneurship, a significant factor affecting the economy and well-being, is being nurtured by a range of opportunities and programs by the government across several sectors. While these initiatives focus on making physical resources accessible to the aspirants, psychological resources required for successful entrepreneurship have not been focused upon rigorously, especially in India. Entrepreneurial intention has been identified as a significant predictor of entrepreneurial behavior, and understanding its dynamics to promote it is the need of the hour. Entrepreneurship is considered an intentionally planned activity; therefore, the entrepreneurial intention could be explained by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) factors consisting of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. This study aimed to examine the relationship between TPB components and entrepreneurial intention. The cross-sectional study design was employed to collect the data from 170 students (M = 18.42, SD = 1.02) studying in various engineering colleges in Punjab. The Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) developed by Liñán and Chen (2009) was used to measure the responses. The data were subjected to mainly correlation and regression analysis. The results indicated a strong association of attitude and perceived behavioural control with entrepreneurial intentions ; whereas, subjective norms reflected a weak association with entrepreneurial intentions. Moreover, perceived behavioural control and attitude towards entrepreneurship were strong predictors of entrepreneurial intentions for this Indian sample. The findings provide educators, administrators, and policymakers valuable insights about the factors to be targeted to strengthen entrepreneurship among budding entrepreneurs.

Drivers of Student Entrepreneurial Intention and the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurship Education: Evidence from an Indian University

This study is an effort for measuring the entrepreneurial orientation of the students and its linkage with their entrepreneurial intention. The study is based on entrepreneurial dimensions such as innovativeness, need for achievements, opportunity recognition, risk-taking propensities, and entrepreneurship education. The study also used entrepreneurship education and gender as moderating variables. A 5-point Likert-type scale was designed by adapting the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation measurement scale and Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). The authors postulated 7 hypotheses. Data analysis confirmed that underlying entrepreneurial dimensions have a positive correlation with students’ entrepreneurial intention. This paper concludes that entrepreneurial dimensions and proper delivery of entrepreneurship education will help the students in transforming their entrepreneurial intention into actual entrepreneurial action.

EFFECT OF FINANCIAL STRESS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AMONG UNDERGRADUATES: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is an essential component of the entrepreneurship ecosystem that reflects the actual establishment of physical business. Entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates has gathered considerable research attention in recent years. Perhaps, numerous variables have been implicated in EI variation among the undergraduates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate financial stress (FS) as a previously unexplored variable that could determine the variance in EI. Two hundred and eleven undergraduates were randomly drawn from different institutions of higher learning in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data for the study was gathered using the Financial Stress Scale- College Version (FSS-CV) and the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ). The findings revealed that financial stress predicted entrepreneurial intention. The practical implication and recommendations are discussed.

Measuring Entrepreneurship Intention in Secondary Education: Validation of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire

This article is the first attempt to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in secondary education students. It is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and includes its constructs: attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norm, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. The promotion of entrepreneurship in early education requires valid and reliable measures to assess the desired outcomes and evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. The EIQ presents good psychometric qualities in a Spanish sample of high school students ( N = 226): (a) The four-factor structure fits the data with factor loadings ranging between .378 and .862; (b) Each dimension presents satisfactory reliability results (above .7); and (c) The dimensions reproduce expected relationships with entrepreneurial attitudes. Additionally, competing models of the TPB have been tested to provide evidence to support a modified version of the original TPB model. Consequently, the EIQ is adequate for secondary education in Spain, being especially useful for longitudinal studies.

The Association Between Family Social Capital and Female Entrepreneurship

Following the new line of research on Family Social Capital, this work focused on the adaptation and application of the Family Social Capital questionnaire to studying the association between Family Social Capital (FSC) and the intention of Russian females to start a business. This study investigated the relationship between three dimensions of Family Social Capital (Structural, Cognitive, and Bonding) and components of Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) operationalized via Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior among females in Russia. Online survey participants (N=222) were assessed with 1) an adapted version of the FSC questionnaire (Álvarez et al., 2019); and 2) the EI questionnaire previously verified on a large Russian sample within Social Capital research (Tatarko & Schmidt, 2015). The study confirmed the positive relationship of EI with two dimensions of FSC: Structural FSC (namely, the frequency of time spent with significant family members) and Bonding FSC (namely, family resources that can be activated in various life situations). Both positive relationships are mediated by Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) - one's feeling of being capable to act upon one's intentions. The third dimension of FSC - Cognitive FSC (namely, family cohesion and intra-family trust) - showed no association with the intention to start a business among Russian females. Russian women with higher levels of EI demonstrated higher investment in family time with significant family members (Structural FSC) and reported exposure to larger intra-family resources (Bonding FSC). These two factors, even though not strengthened with a supportive and trustworthy family atmosphere (Cognitive FSC), provided the sense of confidence and control, which empowered the women with the courage to take preliminary actions with the intention of starting their own businesses.

Application of Entrepreneurial Intention Model in Comparative International Entrepreneurship Research: A Cross-Cultural Study of India and Saudi Arabia

The development of entrepreneurial activities helps in realization of multiple goals of sustainable development. This study aims to inspect the applicability of the entrepreneurial intention model (EIM) to explain entrepreneurial intention in different cultural contexts. A survey was conducted using the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire. Based on 535 valid responses received from business students in India (N = 285) and Saudi Arabia (N = 250), the model was analyzed using the partial least square regression method. The results show that the EIM is validated for the combined sample (R2combined = 0.522) as well as for the individual samples (R2India = 0.644; R2Saudi = 0.412). Demographic variables and human capital variables were found to impact the entrepreneurial intention differently in the combined sample and the individual samples of the two countries. Multigroup analysis was performed to test if the country variable influences the hypothesized paths in the model. The results of the multigroup analysis show that many of the hypothesized relationships (gender-personal attitude; gender-subjective norm; gender-perceived behavioral control, role model-subjective norm, role model-perceived behavioral control, subjective norm-personal attitude, and subjective norm-entrepreneurial intention) are significantly different in the two countries. This study addresses the gap in comparative international entrepreneurship (CIE) research by testing the applicability of EIM in two different cultures. The findings are also significant for policymakers at both national and international levels for facilitating entrepreneurship.

Pengambilan Resiko dan Intensi Berwirausaha Pada Mahasiswa

This study aims to identify whether there is a significant relationship between risk-taking and student entrepreneurship intentions. In this study using quantitative methods with a psychological measurement scale. The technique in this research uses incidental sample technique with 260 respondents. Measuring instruments used in this study are the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) and DOSPERT (Domain-Specific Risk-Taking). The statistical analysis used in this study is Kendall's tau-b test. The results showed Sig. (2-tailed) <0.05 which means that there is a significant relationship between risk-taking and entrepreneurial intentions in students. The relationship in this study is positive in that the higher the risk-taking of students, the entrepreneurial intentions are also high.

Entrepreneurial Intention: A Gender Study in Business and Economics Students from Chile

The study of entrepreneurial intention sheds new light on the complex dynamics of entrepreneurial behavior. This research contributes to the academic debate by examining the gap in studies on entrepreneurial intention in Latin America, considering the importance of gender differences and their effects on entrepreneurial intention. Thus, this study is a contribution to research on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to social equity, in the areas of quality education (SDG 4), gender equality (SDG 5), and inequalities reduction (SDG 10). To study gender entrepreneurial intention phenomena differences, researchers have taken refuge in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and focused their analysis on a group of economics and business students from a coastal campus of a Chilean University. In a two-step methodological process, the authors verified the applicability of the entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (CIE) with the selected sample and then calculated entrepreneurial intention using the CIE instrument. Contrary to general literature results, the study shows that there are no significant gender differences in entrepreneurial intention levels. Furthermore, there is neither evidence for gender differences in any of the three entrepreneurial intention factors, i.e., (a) attitudes, (b) subjective norms, and (c) control of perceived behavior.

Validating the Entrepreneurial Intention Model on the University Students in Saudi Arabia

The main objective of this paper is to examine the applicability of Linan and Chen's entrepreneurial intention model (EIM) in predicting the entrepreneurial intention. EIM is an adaptation of the Theory of Planned Behavior that focuses on entrepreneurial intention and hypothesizing slightly different patterns of relationship with regards to subjective norms. The model also includes human capital and demographic factors. Snowball sampling method was used to collect data using the entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (EIQ) through several social media platforms. The survey indicates that the overall entrepreneurial intention of Saudi students is high (mean = 5.41). Eight out of the seventeen hypothesized relationships were found to be significant. Among the demographic variables, gender-personal attitude was significant whereas self employment experience and years of business education were found to be significantly related with perceived behavioral control. The statistical analysis using partial least square structural equation modelling validated the model. All the three antecedents of entrepreneurial intention were significantly related with entrepreneurial intention. The results of this study will help policy makers to get deep understanding into the phenomenon of entrepreneurship among Saudi university students and thereby develop a conducive environment. This study also validates the entrepreneurial intention model in a different cultural context.

Digitalization of the economy and entrepreneurship intention

Our paper contributes to the nascent field of technological entrepreneurial intent by proposing a model linking students’ entrepreneurial intent to digitalization of the economy, and providing evidence based on a small transition economy: Kosovo. Our sample is composed of 310 students from two universities in Kosovo (University of Pristina and University of Applied Sciences in Ferizaj). These two universities account for around 60% of student enrolment in Kosovo. We use a modified version of the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) scale developed by Liñán and Chen (2009) which considers the extent of digitalization of the economy. The findings reveal that personal attitude and behavioral content are the main determinants of entrepreneurial intention; our structural model shows that they explain 72.7% of the total variance.

What can education bring to entrepreneurship? Formal versus non-formal education

ABSTRACT Building on a dynamic view of human capital for the entrepreneurship field, our article covers research performed in this field by examining: the effect of formal versus non-formal Entrepreneurial Education (EE) investments and the development of entrepreneurial human capital assets on the entrepreneurial intention; learning approaches (behavioral, cognitive, or constructive) that are prevalent in formal and non-formal education systems in terms of teaching methods and acquired competences and their effects on entrepreneurial intention, considering different settings at individual and country context level. More than 650 respondents from three countries (Macedonia, Slovenia, and Lithuania) are included in the sample. The research applies structural equation modeling, using two standardized and relevant measurement tools: Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) and Assessment Tools and Indicators for Entrepreneurship Education (ASTEE). Non-formal entrepreneurial education has proven to be a stronger effect on human capital assets. On the other hand, entrepreneurial mindset and constructive entrepreneurial skills have a greater impact on personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control. This could mean that decision-makers should complement formal with non-formal entrepreneurial education, that they should design the entrepreneurial study programs with non-cognitive (that is, constructive) teaching methods and learning outcomes.

Entrepreneurship Orientation Program and Its Effect on the Entrepreneurial Intention of Future Nurses

Background: Nurses practitioners are so multidimensional, flexible, creative, and organized that developing and operating a business is a natural fit for many. Combine all this with a creative idea to solve a problem or fit a particular niche, and can got some valuable components to starting a small business. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of entrepreneurship orientation program on entrepreneurial intention among future nurses. Subjects and Methods: Quasi-experimental research design was adopted to conduct this study. The study was conducted at Suez Canal University Hospitals. The study participants were (76) nursing interns and (37) newly graduate baccalaureates nurses during the academic year 2018-2019. Tools: Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire was used for data collection. Results: Based on the participant`s responses, the results revealed that there was a significance (P=0.000*) improvement from the pretest to the post to the follow-up. Conclusion: The highest percentage of participants had the intention to start their own private practice. This meant that the entrepreneurship orientation program affects the entrepreneurship intention positively. Recommendations: The findings provided valuable insight for higher education institutes to design their curricular in such a way that further the self- efficacy of entrepreneurial actions and positive attitude on entrepreneurship.

Understanding entrepreneurial intention among Indian youth aspiring for self-employment

The main aim of this study is to confirm whether entrepreneurial intention models (EIM) explain the entrepreneurial phenomenon when applied to India. We have tested the Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour (TPB) framework for testing entrepreneurial intention (EI) in Indian setting. The data has been collected by administering entrepreneurial intention questionnaire (EIQ) among the students of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India who are aspiring to take up self-employment as their career option. The paper employs a linear regression model to examine the determinants of entrepreneurial intention (EI) based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Results obtained partially support the theory of planned behaviour. The construct social norms (SN) found to be insignificant in predicting entrepreneurial intention (EI). Moreover, perceived behavioural control (PBC) or self-efficacy explains highest variance than other variables which indicates that entrepreneurial behaviour is not under volitional control; hence, India has a less munificent environment for entrepreneurs than other nations. This is one of the few studies to provide evidence for entrepreneurial intention models (EIM) in India based on the TPB framework. In addition, it checks the robustness of the TPB in explaining EI in India and confirm the some of the previous findings.

Digital Entrepreneurship Intentions of Qatar University Students Motivational Factors Identification

This exploratory study examines the relationship between personality characteristics and contextual factors with their association to the attitudes, the perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, which determine digital entrepreneurial intentions (DEI) of students at Qatar University. It also seeks to test the association between entrepreneurial knowledge and DEI for the studied group of students. The integrated research model was created by combining the three introduced TPB motivational drivers and the level of digital entrepreneurial knowledge as an additional motivational factor related to DEI for students at Qatar University. A total of 203 students completed the digital entrepreneurial intention questionnaire. The results show that students' attitudes towards digital entrepreneurship are not associated with their propensity towards risk-taking and locus of control. It also found that social and cultural views not related to the students' DEI. However, perceived support and perceived barriers were found to have a strong relationship with Qatar University students' perceived behavioral control. Therefore, this study contributes to identifying the critical motivational factors associated with digital entrepreneurship among university students and it provides information that could be useful for policy- and decision-makers.

Does decision-making style predict managers\u2019 entrepreneurial intentions?

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the way managers make decisions (their decision-making style—DMS) predicts their entrepreneurial intentions (EI), a research subject that has been largely ignored in the literature. Developing an understanding of entrepreneurial intention factors that attract managers to entrepreneurship is indispensable for organizations. A sample of 230 managers of companies based in Kosovo was asked to take the entrepreneurial intention questionnaire and the General Decision-Making Style (GDMS) questionnaire. Bridging two strands of literature on decision-making and entrepreneurial intention and using the Structural Equation Model (SEM), it is concluded that spontaneous and intuitive styles predict managers’ entrepreneurial intentions. Considering the limitations of this single-country study, the implications for theory and policy are discussed.

Effect of Cognitive-Behavioural Group Guidance on Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Sandwich Education Students

OBJECTIVE: The study objective was to determine the effects of cognitive-behavioural group guidance on entrepreneurial intention among university sandwich education students.
 
 MATERIALS & METHOD: The design of the study was a group randomized trial involving pretest and posttest, while the area of the study was a federal university in South-East Nigeria. Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) was used for data collection while the data collected were analysed through analysis of covariance with repeated measures.  
 
 RESULTS: The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the participants’ entrepreneurial intention in the treatment and no-treatment control groups at the initial measure; and that after cognitive-behavioural group guidance intervention, there was a significant increase in entrepreneurial intention among the participants in the treatment group comparing to their counterparts in the no-treatment control group. 
 
 CONCLUSION: Cognitive-behavioural group guidance was effective in increasing entrepreneurial intention among university sandwich education students. It was therefore concluded that counsellors should adopt the techniques used in the study to help individuals increase their entrepreneurial intention, and that cognitive-behaviour group guidance should be adopted as counselling approach for helping university students develop intentions to venture into entrepreneurial business.