List Of Entities Research Articles

Impact of U.S. Trade and Economic Policies on Sino-American Bilateral Relations

Since the Trump administration initiated the U.S.-China trade war in 2018, it has pushed the U.S. to adopt stronger economic and trade policy instruments against China through tariff policies, exacerbating the trend of economic decoupling between China and the U.S. and seriously affecting the normal operation of the global supply chain; the Biden administration continued some of the tariff measures against China, and was affected by the political contributions to 5G communication high-tech enterprises, semiconductors and other industries during the Biden period, and joined forces with European The Biden administration has continued some of the tariff measures against China, influenced by political contributions to 5G communications, semiconductors, and other industries during the Biden years, and has joined with European allies to push for the blockade of China's high-tech fields, and has imposed a technological embargo on China, mainly in the semiconductor and new energy fields. Within the framework of realism, the article focuses on the number of U.S. lists of Chinese entities and the sanctions and tariff increases imposed on Chinese companies, which have further led to the deterioration of bilateral relations between the U.S. and China.

Problems of legal regulation of requisitioned property of business entities

Problems of legal regulation of requisitioned property of business entities. The article focuses on the problematic aspects of the practical side of property requisition from business entities. The authors define the legal grounds for the procedure of alienation of selected objects. According to the current legislation, the author outlines the rights of the owner and possible alternatives for obtaining compensation in monetary equivalent, property in exchange for similar functional purposes or return of the alienated property. The list of entities of state authorities and local self-government bodies which are authorized to make decisions on the alienation of property for defense needs is specified. The authors analyse the moment when requisitioned property becomes the property of the State and consider the expediency of real estate appraisal of alienated property in terms of mandatory, timely and objective assessment in proportion to the real market value. Based on the research conducted, in particular, the analysis of court practice, authors provide the grounds for owners of requisitioned property to apply to courts to protect their violated rights and legal interests. Among them: making a decision on requisitioning by an entity that did not have legal grounds for it, in particular, this applies to local military administrations. It is noted that at the stage of applying to court, the problem of determining the jurisdiction of the dispute arises, since there is both an element of a public law dispute (appeal against actions or inaction of public authorities) and a private law aspect (the dispute concerns property owned by a business entity). Authors focus on the fact that in the context of the introduction of the legal status of martial law, it is imperatively determined that only the military command is authorized to make decisions on the requisition of certain property. Specific features of making relevant decisions (orders, instructions), which certainly depends on the territory where such property is located are considered. The research analyzes the legal positions of the Supreme Court regarding the jurisdiction of these disputes and proposes to define the relevant rules at the legislative level, inter alia, by the legal status of the owner of the requisitioned property.

Administrative and legal status of subjects of information support for the administration of justice

Introduction. Information support is an integral part of the effective functioning of the justice system in a democratic state governed by the rule of law. The proper work of responsible entities directly affects compliance with the principles of the rule of law, transparency, equality before the law, etc. Timely transfer of data, protection of confidential information, ensuring access to materials for participants in the process - all this is the responsibility of special subjects of information support of justice. However, in the context of the development of information technology and cyber threats, there is a need to thoroughly study their administrative and legal status, functions, tasks and responsibilities. The purpose of the paper is to study the legal nature of the administrative and legal status of subjects of information support for the administration of justice. Results. The paper examines the legal nature of their status and its constituent elements. The author identifies the main groups of such subjects: subjects of administration of registers and databases, subjects of administration of judicial communications, and subjects of information protection. The paper analyses the administrative and legal status of the High Council of Justice, State Judicial Administration, National Information Systems, Information Court Systems, Centre for Court Services, and the information protection units within the framework of their functions, duties and responsibilities. The author substantiates the need for a comprehensive review of the principles of functioning of the subjects of information support of justice in order to improve the efficiency of the judicial system in the context of digitalisation and combating cyber threats. Conclusion. Information support is critical for the effective operation of the justice system in the context of digitalisation. The proper operation of responsible entities directly affects compliance with the principles of justice. Their administrative and legal status is determined by their functions, rights, duties and responsibilities under the law. Given cyber threats and technological development, a comprehensive review of the legal framework for the functioning of these entities is needed to optimise their work and increase the efficiency of the judicial system. The list of such entities is not exhaustive and requires further research.

U.S.–China trade conflicts and R&D investment: evidence from the BIS entity lists

The economic outcomes of U.S.–China trade conflicts on Chinese enterprises remain ambiguous. Using the staggered export control lists released by the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS) of the U.S. Department of Commerce in conjunction with data from Chinese publicly listed manufacturing firms, we identify Chinese entities subjected to these export controls. Our Difference-in-Differences (DID) estimates show that export restrictions induced by the entity lists enhance the R&D investment intensity among Chinese firms by 16.58% in the next year. The mechanism is that controls increase firms’ R&D investment through government subsidies, firms’ inventory adjustment and firms’ risk-taking. Heterogeneity tests show that the policy effect is more significant for State-owned enterprises (SOEs), firms with executives with foreign experience. In addition, the R&D promotion of firms supported by China’s industrial policy is more pronounced. Although controls significantly increase R&D inputs, they have little or negative effect on firms’ innovation outputs. Our study provides micro-level causal evidence on the economic impacts of the U.S.–China trade war.

Biotextgraph: graphical summarization of functional similarities from textual information.

Functional interpretation of biological entities such as differentially expressed genes is one of the fundamental analyses in bioinformatics. The task can be addressed by using biological pathway databases with enrichment analysis (EA). However, textual description of biological entities in public databases is less explored and integrated in existing tools and it has a potential to reveal new mechanisms. Here, we present a new R package biotextgraph for graphical summarization of omics' textual description data which enables assessment of functional similarities of the lists of biological entities. We illustrate application examples of annotating gene identifiers in addition to EA. The results suggest that the visualization based on words and inspection of biological entities with text can reveal a set of biologically meaningful terms that could not be obtained by using biological pathway databases alone. The results suggest the usefulness of the package in the routine analysis of omics-related data. The package also offers a web-based application for convenient querying. The package, documentation, and web server are available at: https://github.com/noriakis/biotextgraph.

AUTOMATIC SOLVING OF PHYSICS WORD PROBLEMS

We present a system that solves simple physics word problems (PWPs) stated in the English language. The main feature of the system is that it is deterministic and yields a correct solution based on real physics formulas. The program generates the solution in a tabular form, showing givens, unknowns, and solution steps. We performed a thorough analysis on the previous work in this field. Most of the research was accumulated in math word problem (MWP) solvers. We have found that these programs are not capable of solving problems from Ukrainian physics textbooks. We identified several types of physics problems: theoretical, value conversion, value comparison, unknowns finding, value change. We developed separate problem-solving strategies for each type. The program uses named entity recognition (NER), a technique in natural language processing (NLP), to identify key elements in the problem text. We created a set of rules for marking these entities. Then, problem type recognition is performed. Depending on the type, the list of entities is converted into the internal problem representation. Value conversion and comparison problems are easy to handle. We developed a recursive algorithm for solving unknowns-finding problems which turned out to be a simplified version of Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) algorithm. However, developing a universal algorithm for solving value-change problems presents a significant challenge. We believe this problem type belongs to the NP-hard class, indicating inherent difficulty in finding optimal solutions. The interface of the program is a web-application. The user can type the problem text and see the solution on a web page. Additionally, the result of NER is presented. Constructing a general problem solver is challenging. While our program can solve basic physics problems, complex problems involving forces, energy, etc., remain unsolved. However, our solver has great potential for future development. We have thoroughly analyzed its capabilities and limitations and proposed ideas for future research.

Sludges against Ponzi schemes

Pyramid schemes are adapting to the digitalisation era and mimicking various organisations. The organisers of these schemes quite often appeal to such human qualities as greed and the desire to get rich quickly. Thus, it is becoming increasingly relevant to develop new methods for countering pyramid schemes taking into account modern realities and behavioural characteristics of an individual decisionmaker. The focus of the research is on selecting sludge tools to fight against digital pyramid schemes. Methodologically, the study relies on the concepts of behavioural economics, in particular, of the nudge theory (nudges vs sludges). The methods include brainstorming, focus groups. The evidence comes from primary qualitative research, in-depth interviews with both non-professional investors and experts in the field of financial market held in 2022. The analysis allowed defining the concept of sludge and present the types of sludge tools. The paper provides an original list of sludge tools as well as a set of practical tools to counter pyramid schemes, which, in particular, consists of legal restrictions, monitoring of Ponzi schemes’ activities, financial enlightenment, a legal information system, self-coordination of investors, and an individual approach. The paper concludes that sludge tools differ in terms of the length of impact and the speed of obtaining a result. Short-term sludges generate a fast effect and prevent from investing in pyramid schemes without preliminary preparation of participants; they, for instance, include placing a poster with a warning against Ponzi schemes, ensuring a careful reading of the contract, mandatory familiarisation with the List of entities with detected signs of illegal activities in the financial market created by the Bank of Russia, taking a risk test for assessing the probability of a decreased price or lost asset, ensuring advice of a financial counsellor as an obligatory stage of investment. The findings contribute to the understanding of the need for proactive (preventive) measures’ development aimed at countering fraudulent schemes.

Фінансова звітність суб’єктів приватного сектору за національними та міжнародними стандартами: порівняльний аспект

The article is devoted to comparing the composition and structure of financial statement forms of private sector entities according to national and international standards. It examines the list of economic entities obliged to submit reports according to IFRS, along with the information that must be disclosed in providing financial statements. The set of financial statements under national and international standards are revised, comparing the provisions of national and international standards regarding the statement of financial position and the statement of comprehensive income.

Субъекты публичной администрации, уполномоченные в области обеспечения национальной безопасности России

The article is devoted to the composition of the subjects of public administration empowered to ensure national security. The author analyzes the administrative legal doctrine, current legislation and judicial practice, on the basis of which the concept of public administration is defined and a list of entities authorized in the field of ensuring the national security of Russia is presented.

Interpretation of “Investments” and “Investors” in the Russia-Belgium/Luxembourg BIT: Seeking Ways to Resolve the Case of NSD

The paper addresses jurisdictional issues on the case of NSD initiating investment arbitration against Belgium/Luxembourg. Under the Russia-Belgium/Luxembourg BIT, the states undertake to prevent expropriation of investments and, if it does happen, to pay timely and fair compensation. Such “expropriation” may also occur due to sanctions. Being a Russian intermediate custodian for a number of foreign securities, the NSD has accounts with the centralized European securities Euroclear/Clearstream depositories. Since the inclusion of the NSD in the list of entities provided for in Annex I of EU Regulation no. 269/2014 in June 2022, transactions with the securities were suspended, NSD’s account with Euroclear/Clearstream was blocked. Because the NSD accounts with foreign securities depositories were blocked, it became impossible to transfer non-Russian securities from a securities account opened with the NSD to another Russian or foreign securities depository. One of the ways to challenge the consequences of Euroclear/Clearstream actions is to file a claim with the investment tribunal against Belgium/Luxembourg. The case has two potential solutions: mass claim from the end-investors or one single claim by the NSD as a “nominee holder” of the end-investors’ securities. The first option might seem time- and resource-costly, which is why a claim by the NSD might seem more attractive. Hence, using the interpretation instruments of public international law, the paper aims at assessing the perspectives of initiating investment arbitration proceedings by the NSD, thereby focusing on interpretation of the two central terms in the Russia-Belgium/Luxembourg BIT — “investor” and “investment”. The paper concludes that prima facie the investment tribunal would have jurisdiction over the case rationae personae nonetheless the “nominee holder” status of the NSD, as well as jurisdiction ratione materiae, where the blocked securities could constitute an “investment” in the sense of the BIT. Consequently, the paper defines the legal capacity of nominee holders to initiate arbitration. Since the issue has never been raised before, the paper draws an analogy with the case law on shell companies.

Wolontariat na obszarze globalnego Południa. Organizacje i obszar ich działalności

The work of organizations engaged in social activities is an example of a solidarity-based response to some of the vital problems of the modern world. Polish entities involved in such activities include non-governmental organizations (mainly foundations and associations) and church organizations. The area of work for some of them is the so-called global South. The article aims to indicate which entities offer participation in volunteering in the global South and to identify those that engage in volunteering dedicated to educational activities. The achievement of this goal will e.g. enable more detailed research on the activities of various entities in the global South. This article presents theoretical considerations related to attempts to divide the world into the global North and global South, as well as the types of Polish entities undertaking broadly defined social activities. It also presents a list of entities that offer Poles to participate in volunteering in the global South with an indication of the thematic areas of volunteer activities.

Research on China's Chip Industry Policies in the Context of the China-US Trade War

China and the US have always been important trading partners, but the huge unilateral trade deficit of the US has led the Trump administration to launch a "trade war" against China in an attempt to reverse the trade deficit through tariffs. In the Sino-US trade war, the US has launched a "301" investigation against Chinese companies, targeting China's high-tech sector. The United States has added Huawei, SMIC and other leading domestic chip companies to its list of entities, which has seriously hindered the development of China's chip industry. Before the Sino-US trade war broke out, China could import high-end chips from the US, but after the trade war, the US cut off the supply of high-end chips to China. Chip is the foundation of semiconductor technology enterprises and the strategic basis of national development. But China is not deeply involved in this strategic industry and faces a bottleneck in key technologies.

SPARQL-QA-v2 system for Knowledge Base Question Answering

Accessing the large volumes of information available in public knowledge bases might be complicated for those users unfamiliar with formal languages, such as the SPARQL query language and the ontology definition languages. This issue can be overcome by providing systems able to answer questions posed in natural language on a knowledge base, a task that is called Knowledge Base Question Answering (KBQA) in the literature. More in detail, many KBQA systems aim at translating automatically questions into the corresponding SPARQL queries to be executed over the knowledge base to get the answers. Effective state-of-the-art KBQA systems are based on neural-machine translation but easily fail to recognize words that are Out Of the Vocabulary (OOV) of the training set. This is a serious issue while querying large ontologies where the list of entities is huge and easily evolves over time. In this paper, we present the SPARQL-QA-v2 system that combines in an innovative way Named Entity Linking, Named Entity Recognition, and Neural Machine Translation for addressing the problem of generating SPARQL queries from questions posed in natural language. We demonstrate empirically that SPARQL-QA-v2 is effective and resilient to OOV words and delivers state-of-the-art performance in well-known datasets for question answering over DBpedia and Wikidata knowledge bases.

Clinical Validation of FusionPlex RNA Sequencing and Its Utility in the Diagnosis and Classification of Hematologic Neoplasms

Recurrent gene rearrangements result in gene fusions that encode chimeric proteins, driving the pathogenesis of many hematologic neoplasms. The fifth edition World Health Organization classification and International Consensus Classification 2022 include an expanding list of entities defined by such gene rearrangements. Therefore, sensitive and rapid methods are needed to identify a broad range of gene fusions for precise diagnosis and prognostication. In this study, we validated the FusionPlex Pan-Heme panel analysis using anchored multiplex PCR/targeted RNA next-generation sequencing for routine clinical testing. Furthermore, we assessed its utility in detecting gene fusions in myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms. The validation cohort of 61 cases demonstrated good concordance between the FusionPlex Pan-Heme panel and other methods, including chromosome analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, and Sanger sequencing, with an analytic sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 100%, respectively. In an independent cohort of 28 patients indicated for FusionPlex testing, gene fusions were detected in 21 patients. The FusionPlex Pan-Heme panel analysis reliably detected fusion partners and patient-specific fusion sequences, allowing accurate classification of hematologic neoplasms and the discovery of new fusion partners, contributing to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the diseases.

Collaboration with local tax authorities providing tax information

Currently, there is an increasing cooperation in the exchange of tax information, and this information is also obtained from local tax authorities by other public administration bodies. The issue of providing tax information by local tax authorities is a part of a broader topic concerning the cooperation between administrative bodies. Collaboration between authorities in this regard brings about numerous challenges related to limiting the scope of information provision and the procedure in which it occurs. It is crucial to have legal mechanisms that ensure an efficient process of providing information while protecting the taxpayer’s rights. There is no doubt about the need to limit, for example, tax secrecy when disclosing information about taxpayers to other public authorities as part of their duties. Any intrusion into the right to privacy should be balanced with both the public interest and the taxpayer’s interest. The existing regulations regarding the subject matter of information provision by local tax authorities and the list of entities entitled to request this information are considered clear and not raising any doubts in their application. However, regarding the procedure for providing information and the form in which disclosure or refusal should take place, legislative changes are necessary, including the introduction of an obligation to inform the taxpayer about the disclosure of their information.

Assessment of the Quality of Transformation of Financial Reporting of Entities According to IFRS

Background: Mandatory application of IFRS for a specified list of entities brings about additional costs in terms of material, financial and labour resources. Consequently, this encourages the search for ways to minimise costs related to the transition to IFRS adoption, that is, its formalisation. Under such conditions, the need to improve the methodological toolkit for evaluating the process of transformation of financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the IFRS is actualised. This article aims to develop a methodological toolkit for assessing the quality of the financial reporting transformation process per IFRS requirements, using Ukrainian dairy industry enterprises as a case study. Methods: The assessment of the impact of the transition to IFRS reporting on changes in the financial status of entities was carried out using statistical methods of comparison, generalisation, grouping, and coefficients. Conclusions were drawn based on the research findings employing the method of logical generalisation. Results and Conclusions: The method of assessing the impact of the application of IFRS on the financial condition of enterprises in the dairy industry of Ukraine has been improved, particularly in terms of accounting for changes in financial statements as a result of transformational adjustments before and after the date of transition to IFRS. This refinement involves employing financial coefficients as a means of assessment, facilitating the determination of the quality assessment of the process of drawing up the first financial statements of enterprises in accordance with IFRS. New methodological aspects and recommendations for assessing the quality of the transformation process in the context of the application of IFRS will ensure effective management of enterprises in the dairy industry of Ukraine, leading to an increase in the attraction of foreign investments amidst the conditions of European integration processes and the post-war period.

Entity generation algorithm based on reference expansion

The extraction and understanding of text knowledge become increasingly crucial in the age of big data. One of the current research areas in the field of natural language processing (NLP) is how to accurately understand the text and collect accurate linguistic information because Chinese vocabulary is diverse and ambiguous. This paper mainly studies the candidate entity generation module of the entity link system. The candidate entity generation module constructs an entity reference expansion algorithm to improve the recall rate of candidate entities. In order to improve the efficiency of the connection algorithm of the entire system while ensuring the recall rate of candidate entities, we design a graph model filtering algorithm that fuses shallow semantic information to filter the list of candidate entities, and verify and analyze the efficiency of the algorithm through experiments. By analyzing the related technology of the entity linking algorithm, we study the related technology of candidate entity generation and entity disambiguation, improve the traditional entity linking algorithm, and give an innovative and practical entity linking model. The recall rate exceeds 82%, and the link accuracy rate exceeds 73%. Efficient and accurate entity linking can help machines to better understand text semantics, further promoting the development of NLP and improving the users’ knowledge acquisition experience on the text.

Problems of legal regulation of prohibition of political parties in Ukraine

The article is devoted to certain legal aspects of the regulation of the ban on the activity of political parties in Ukraine, and considers the theoretical and practical problems of its application. The Constitution of Ukraine provides 11 separate grounds for banning political parties, the list of which is exhaustive.The Law of Ukraine “On Political Parties in Ukraine” provides additional grounds for banning political parties that are not established by the Constitution. In 2022, the list of reasons for the termination of the activities of political parties was expanded, the specified changes were introduced by the Law of Ukraine “On the prohibition of propaganda of the Russian Nazi totalitarian regime, armed aggression of the Russian Federation as a terrorist state against Ukraine, symbols of the military invasion of the Russian Nazi totalitarian regime in Ukraine” No. 2265-IX dated 05/22/2022 [3] and the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Regarding the Prohibition of Political Parties” No. 2243-IX dated 05/03/2022 The practice of banning political parties is not widespread in European countries and has its own characteristics.On the basis of the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine, including taking into account the changes introduced during the martial law, the legislation of certain foreign countries, taking into account the relevant European standards regarding the prohibition of political parties, the shortcomings of the current legislation were determined and relevant conclusions were drawn regarding possible ways of its improvement, in particular , the following issues should find normative regulation: each individual case of banning the activity of a political party must correspond not only to official legal grounds, but must also encompass historical prerequisites, political traditions, and constitutional doctrine; improvement of the mechanism of state control over the activities of political parties, which will include the rules of representativeness of political parties and criteria for the legality of identification of a member of a political party with the corresponding political party in connection with the illegal actions of some of its members; the possibility of extrajudicial forced suspension of the activities of political parties during the war; consolidating the institution of suspending the activities of parties in martial law conditions, placing on the competent body of state power the obligation to raise the issue of the banning of a political party before the court in the future. At the same time, consideration of the military and political situation and compliance with the guarantees of a fair trial should be noted as a necessary condition for consideration of the specified cases; expansion of the list of entities that will have the right to initiate the procedure of banning the activity of a political party.

Typology and Modeling Profiles of Moving-Class Process-Entity Interactions. Framework for Multimodal Route Network

Configuration of routes is a rather comprehensive, necessary and at the same time self-sufficient component of an integrated process that models the displacement of objects. This article is focused on the development of the multimodal route network model that leverages on only the pertinent suite of source abstract object types, which preliminary differentiate according to the open architecture of categorized types. The main emphasis is on the detection of relevant associations, which take place into the transportation domain being modeled, and constraints on its populations. One of these restrictions is the base segment constraint, which guarantees correct instances of the specialization segment relationship. The model contains formal expressions for verifying data reliability in terms of segments specialization, coherence and sequence order of the latter in routes. Another group of constraints encompasses the terminal pool restrictions that comprise constraints of the sequence order, non-redundancy, and unique combinations of source and destination route points. All terminal constraints have been formalized by means of the relational algebra operators. Such decision is capable of supporting integrity constraints by using triggers or stored procedures of database management systems. We have also exploited the universal structural primitive for the multilevel representation of entity lists, as well as have demonstrated the role and function of dedicated datasets under the forming of links between entities.

CORRUPCION IN THE ELECTION PROCESS

The purpose and tasks of the research are explained in the introductory part of the article. The comparative qualitative study of monographs and scientific articles published on this topic is selected as the research methodology. Electoral corruption is a socio-negative phenomenon that distorts real political competition and involves the use of status and official position during the election process, the preparation and holding of the referendum, and the illegal receipt of benefits for personal or group interests. Also, the promise of providing such benefits and benefits. In the introductory part of the article, it is emphasized that a generally accepted conceptual apparatus has not yet been established, which would characterize any corrupt relationship within the framework of the elections and election campaign. Researchers do not have a unified opinion about the corruption in the field of electoral relations, on the definition of its content, as well as on its signs, subjects, and forms of existence. Corruption is partly facilitated by a bureaucratic system of governance. It is also associated with the type of cultural orientation (collectivism and individualism). In the main part of the article, a certain combination of signs of corruption in the electoral process is revealed, which distinguishes it from other similar ones. These signs are the sphere of existence; a certain list of entities; the use of their status, and the official position by the subjects of the election process; a goal characteristic of this type of corrupt relationship. The article describes the goals of this type of corrupt entity. In the final part of the article, it is emphasized that corruption in the election process prevents the establishment of Georgia as a democratic, legal state with a developed civil society.