Entire Video Stream Research Articles

Local Optimal-Oriented Pattern and Exponential Weighed-Jaya Optimization-Based Deep Convolutional Networks for Video Summarization

Video summarization is used to generate a short summary video for providing the users a very useful visual and synthetic abstract of the video content. There are various methods are developed for video summarization in existing, still an effective method is required due to some drawbacks, like cost and time. The ultimate goal of the research is to concentrate on an effective video summarization methodology that represents the development of short summary from the entire video stream in an effective manner. At first, the input cricket video consisting of number of frames is given to the keyframe generation phase, which is performed based on Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Euclidean distance for obtaining the keyframes. Then, the residual keyframe generation is carried out based on Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN), which is trained optimally using the proposed Exponential weighed moving average-Jaya (EWMA-Jaya) optimization.

ОБЗОР АЛГОРИТМОВ ОБНАРУЖЕНИЯ ТЕКСТОВЫХ ОБЛАСТЕЙ НА КАДРАХ ВИДЕОПОТОКА

. The widespread development of video technologies in cooperation with social networks such as YouTube and TicToc has led to a sharp increase in the volume of information. The processing and analysis of this data fall on the shoulders of a person. It happens as especially difficult to extract useful text information from the entire video stream. That issue is particularly acute in areas such as the state defense and law enforcement, where the volume of incoming video information is huge. A video stream can contain useful meta information helpful to search, classify, and link the data to specific video content. There are already systems for automatic recognition of the state registration plates, vehicles, railway car numbers, street names, and video titles. However, there may still be a lot of metainformation in the frames of the video stream, such as the marking of various objects and technical products, building numbers, ads, signs, inscriptions, text on documents, and much more. Creating a system for automatic detection of any text in video content will significantly improve the processing and increase the efficiency of information search engines. This article provides an overview of methods for detecting text regions in frames of the video stream. The methods are analyzed in terms of applicability and universality. A comparative analysis and evaluation of popular methods for detecting text areas are given.

MSKVS: Adaptive mean shift-based keyframe extraction for video summarization and a new objective verification approach

Video abstraction is an interesting topic that aims at briefly representing the entire video stream by producing a short summary either statically or dynamically. In this paper, we present an optimal static video summarization method based on keyframe extraction, termed as MSKVS. The proposed MSKVS has three major components: A new feature representation is exploited to describe the visual content of the video, a simple and fast algorithm is proposed to eliminate most similar and redundant frames, and an adaptive mean shift algorithm is used to select the most representative keyframes. We further develop a novel verification technique to measure the amount of information preserved by the produced summary and to make sure that it deserves to present the entire video stream regardless of human opinion impact. We report experimental results on six challenging datasets using different evaluation metrics, showing that MSKVS achieves state-of-the-art performances in a short computation time.

The efficiency improved scheme for secure access control of digital video distribution

The application of digital video distribution is reaching a wider spectrum of customers, in which secure access control of video content during rendering and transmission has become more and more necessary and urgent. Considering the limited computing power and the real-time requirement of set-top boxes, the efficiency of the decryption process is particularly significant. In this paper, we try to search for a scheme to improve the efficiency of the exist schemes for access control of digital video in set-top boxes mainly from three approaches. Firstly, with the specific comparison between AES and RC6, we conclude that RC6 provides sufficient security for set-top boxes, and the decryption process of RC6 is more efficient. Secondly, we improve the efficiency of the codecs process by adopting a latest more efficient video codec VP9, which is an open and royalty free video codec and is proved to be more efficient than H.264. Finally, we could only selective encrypt and decrypt some essential parts of the entire video stream during the codecs process to further improve the efficiency. In a conclusion, we propose a more efficient idea to provide access control of digital video in set-top boxes. This scheme is proved to be more efficient and more practical.

Ensemble of Chaotic and Naive Approaches for Performance Enhancement in Video Encryption.

Owing to the growth of high performance network technologies, multimedia applications over the Internet are increasing exponentially. Applications like video conferencing, video-on-demand, and pay-per-view depend upon encryption algorithms for providing confidentiality. Video communication is characterized by distinct features such as large volume, high redundancy between adjacent frames, video codec compliance, syntax compliance, and application specific requirements. Naive approaches for video encryption encrypt the entire video stream with conventional text based cryptographic algorithms. Although naive approaches are the most secure for video encryption, the computational cost associated with them is very high. This research work aims at enhancing the speed of naive approaches through chaos based S-box design. Chaotic equations are popularly known for randomness, extreme sensitivity to initial conditions, and ergodicity. The proposed methodology employs two-dimensional discrete Henon map for (i) generation of dynamic and key-dependent S-box that could be integrated with symmetric algorithms like Blowfish and Data Encryption Standard (DES) and (ii) generation of one-time keys for simple substitution ciphers. The proposed design is tested for randomness, nonlinearity, avalanche effect, bit independence criterion, and key sensitivity. Experimental results confirm that chaos based S-box design and key generation significantly reduce the computational cost of video encryption with no compromise in security.

Encryption for high efficiency video coding with video adaptation capabilities

Video encryption techniques enable applications like digital rights management and video scrambling. Applying encryption on the entire video stream can be computationally costly and prevents advanced video modifications by an untrusted middlebox in the network, like splicing, quality monitoring, watermarking, and transcoding. Therefore, encryption techniques are proposed which influence a small amount of the video stream while keeping the video compliant with its compression standard, High Efficiency Video Coding. Encryption while guaranteeing standard compliance can cause degraded compression efficiency, so depending on their bitrate impact, a selection of encrypted syntax elements should be made. Each element also impacts the quality for untrusted decoders differently, so this aspect should also be considered. In this paper, multiple techniques for partial video encryption are investigated, most of them having a low impact on rate-distortion performance and having a broad range in scrambling performance.

An experiment of scalable video security solution using H.264/AVC and advanced encryption standard (AES): Selective cryptography

This paper presents an efficient and effective framework for the design and development of enhanced selective video encryption scheme for H.264/AVC based on advanced encryption standard (AES). Due to the importance of maintaining the security of information that is publicly displayed, many approaches have been implemented to provide security for information dissemination over the networks. These include encryption, authentication, and digital signatures. For video, the method has been adopted to protect unwanted interception and viewing of any video while in transmission over the networks. In this paper, we design a new selective video encryption based on H.264/AVC and AES. In this proposed scheme, instead of encrypting the entire video stream bit by bit, only the I-frames bitstreams are encrypted. This method took into consideration the good features of selective encryption algorithms with regard to computational complexity, and data compression performance. The proposed scheme was tested in the simulated environment using different video sequences. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides adequate security to video streams. It has no effect on compression ratio and does not reduce the original video compression efficiency. Moreover, it is a suitable technique for secure H.264 bitstreams that require transmission or storage in un-trusted intermediate devices.

Enhancing Selective Encryption for H.264/AVC Using Advanced Encryption Standard

Video encryption algorithms have becomes an important field of research nowadays. As an increasing rate of applying video is getting high, the security of video data becomes more important. A digital media can be transmitted easily in real time anywhere at any time due to the advanced development of communications, Internet and multimedia technology. Information availability has increased dramatically with the advent of mobile devices. However, with this availability comes a problem of maintaining the security of information that is displayed in public. Many approaches have been used or proposed to provide security for information disseminated over the networks. These include encryption, authentication, and digital signatures. For video, the method has been adopted to protect unwanted interception and viewing of any video while in transmission over the networks. In this thesis, a development of an enhanced selective video encryption scheme for H.264/AVC based on Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was reported. A proposed scheme been used instead of encrypting the entire video stream bit by bit, only the I-Frames bitstreams were encrypted. This scheme took into consideration the good features of former selective encryption algorithms with regard to computational complexity, and data compression performance. The proposed system was tested in the simulated environment using different video sequences. The experimental results show that the proposed method provides adequate security to video streams. It has no effect on compression ratio and does not reduce the original video compression efficiency. Moreover, the proposed scheme provides a good trade-off between encryption robustness, flexibility, and real-time processing. It is an appropriate ii technique for secure H.264 bitstreams that require transmission or storage in un-trusted intermediate devices.

Range Multicast for Video on Demand

We explore a communication paradigm for video on demand, called Range Multicast. This schemeis a shift from the conventional thinking about multicast where every receiver must obtain the same data packet at any time. A range multicast allows new members to join at their specified time and still receive the entire video stream without consuming additional server bandwidth. Clients enjoy better service latency since they can join an existing multicast instead of waiting for the next available server stream. We also present techniques to support video-cassette-recorder-like interactivity in this environment. Unlike existing methods which require clients to cache data in a private buffer, the Range Multicast solution utilizes the shared network storage to make more efficient and cost-effective use of the caching space. Furthermore, since a range multicast can accommodate clients with different play points in the video, a client has a better chance to join an on-going multicast for normal playback after finishing a VCR operation. This strategy avoids the need for a new server stream, and thus further alleviates the server load. Our simulation results confirm the aforementioned benefits.

Computer-generated, Digital, Multimedia Database for Colonoscopy

Background: Endoscopic procedures are performed by people with variable skill sets, and endoscopic results are interpretations of visual observations by people with variable reference sets. Differences in reference sets are difficult to assess, but differences in skill sets can indirectly be measured as, for instance, average total time per procedure, frequency of intubation of the cecum, and frequency and type of complications. A system to automatically capture and document the findings of endoscopic procedures based on standards using reference information does not exist. Therefore, direct endoscopy to endoscopy or patient to patient comparisons cannot be performed. Goal: To develop a system that allows automatic documentation and extraction of findings for each step of an endoscopic procedure, allows comparison of procedures performed by different operators, and provides quality control as well as educational means to improve procedural skills. Results: We created a capture system that combines the entire video stream of colonoscopy with audio annotation (location information and comments) by the endoscopist, and records this in digital MPEG-2 format. Using this system we created a digital multimedia database consisting of over 200 complete, anonymized, audio-annotated, colonoscopies. Next, we developed an automated video segmentation algorithm that extracts location information (e.g., rectum, sigmoid, etc) and comments using speech recognition and natural language processing from the audio segment of the data stream and divides each MPEG-2 file in up to 13 scenes (rectum, sigmoid, descending, transverse, ascending, cecum, TI, cecum, ... rectum). Subsequently, we applied a new automated algorithm to remove non-informative or blurred images. At present we successfully segment nearly 9 out of 10 colonoscopies, and extract blurry frames, on average 37% of frames, with an accuracy of 95%. Conclusions: We have created a digital multimedia database for colonoscopy, a method to segment digitized multimedia colonoscopy files into anatomic scenes, and a novel algorithm that removes blurry images with high accuracy. Our current system will form the basic infrastructure that will allow us to develop software tools for image analysis, content-based video retrieval and creation of a distributed system able to capture procedure-related information from different geographic locations.

Error concealment by data partitioning

This paper presents an error concealment strategy for improving the quality of compressed video data when transmitted over noisy communication channels. Data partitioning is used to enable the recovery of motion information when the compressed bit stream is corrupted by channel errors. At low bit-rates the motion data is a significant part of the entire video stream and its recovery enables the decoder to perform motion compensated error concealment and hence maintain adequate video quality. The technique is shown to provide superior decode video quality over wide variety of channel errors, bit-rates and test sequences. In order to enable effective error concealment the partitioned motion and texture data are separated by a motion marker. The motion marker needs to be unique from any valid combination of the motion VLC data. In this paper, we also present an efficient search algorithm to identify such a motion marker with good error resilience properties. This error concealment technique was proposed to the ISO MPEG4 standard and based on its performance, it has been accepted as part of the evolving standard definition.