Entire Record Research Articles

Pressure to publish introduces large‐language model risks

Abstract Large‐language models (LLMs) have the potential to accelerate research in ecology and evolution, cultivating new insights and innovation. However, whilst revelling in the plethora of opportunities, researchers need to consider that LLM use could also introduce risks. An important piece of context underpinning this perspective is the pressure to publish, where research careers are defined, at least partly, by publication metrics like number of papers, impact factor, citations etc. Coupled with academic employment insecurity, especially during early career, researchers may reason that LLMs are a low‐risk and high‐reward tool for publication. However, this pressure to publish can introduce risks if LLMs are used as a shortcut to game publication metrics instead of a tool to support true innovation. These risks may ultimately reduce research quality, stifle researcher development and incur reputational damage for researchers and the entire scientific record. We conclude with a series of recommendations to mitigate the magnitude of these risks and encourage researchers to apply caution whilst maximising LLM potential.

Machine Learning Approaches for Automated Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Review of Electrocardiogram Data Applications.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been identified as the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a fundamental diagnostic tool used for the diagnosis and detection of these diseases. The new technological tools can help enhance the effectiveness of ECGs. Machine learning (ML) is widely acknowledged as a highly effective approach in the realm of computer-aided diagnostics. This article presents a review of the effectiveness of ML algorithms and deep-learning algorithms in diagnosing, identifying, and classifying CVDs using ECG data. The review identified relevant studies published in the 5 major databases: PubMed, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, Springer, and IEEE Xplore; between 2021 and 2023, a total of 30 were chosen for the comprehensive quantitative and qualitative. The study demonstrated that different datasets are available online with data related to CVDs. The various ML techniques are employed for the purpose of classification. Based on our investigation, it has been observed that deep learning-based neural network algorithms, such as convolutional neural networks and deep neural networks, have demonstrated superior performance in the detection of entire record data. Furthermore, deep learning showcases its efficacy even when confronted with a scarcity of data. ML approaches utilizing ECG data exhibit a notable proficiency in the realm of diagnosis, hence holding the potential to mitigate the occurrence of disease-related consequences at advanced stages.

Facilitators and barriers to implementing successful exclusion among children with shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: a qualitative analysis of public health case management records

BackgroundShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections are a significant public health concern as they can cause serious illness and outbreaks. In England, STEC incidence is highest among children and guidance recommends that children under six diagnosed with STEC are excluded from childcare until two consecutive stool cultures are negative. We aimed to describe the barriers and facilitators to implementing exclusion and the impact of exclusion policies on young children and their families.MethodsIndividual level data was obtained from a wider study focusing on shedding duration among STEC cases aged < 6 years between March 2018 – March 2022. Data was extracted from England’s public health case management system. The case management system includes notes on telephone conversations, email correspondence and meeting minutes relating to the case. Collected data consisted of free text in three forms: (1) quotes from parents, either direct or indirect, (2) direct quotes from the case record by health protection practitioners or environmental health officers, and (3) summaries by the data collector after reviewing the entire case record. We analysed free text comments linked to 136 cases using thematic analysis with a framework approach.ResultsThe median age of included cases was 3 years (IQR 1.5-5), with males accounting for 49%. Nine key themes were identified. Five themes focused on barriers to managing exclusion, including (i) financial losses, (ii) challenges with communication, engagement and collaboration, (iii) issues with sampling, processing, and results, (iv) adverse impact on children and their families and (v) conflicting exclusion advice. Four themes related to facilitators to exclusion, including (i) good communication with parents and childcare settings, (ii) support with childcare, (iii) improvements to sampling, testing, and reporting of results, and (iv) provision of supervised control measures.ConclusionsQualitative analysis of public health case records can provide evidence-based insights around complex health protection issues to inform public health guidelines. Our analysis highlights the importance of considering wider social and economic consequences of exclusion when developing policies and practices for the management of STEC in children.

Stable hydrogen isotope evidence of late-Holocene precipitation variability on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central, Costa Rica

In Central America and the Caribbean, periods of increased aridity that correspond to the Terminal Classic Drought (TCD; 1200–850 cal yr BP) and the Little Ice Age (LIA; 500–100 cal yr BP) have been documented in many paleoclimate records. Compound-specific hydrogen (δDalkane) and carbon (δ13Calkane) isotopic compositions of n-alkanes in lake sediment can be used to interpret changes in paleoprecipitation and terrestrial paleovegetation, respectively. To assess the climate forcing mechanisms that drove the TCD and LIA, we established a multidecadal to centennial-scale late-Holocene reconstruction of precipitation variability and vegetation change at mid-elevation on the Caribbean slope of Costa Rica, developed from new δDalkane, δ13Calkane, and geochemical analyses and previous pollen and microscopic charcoal analyses from a sediment core from Laguna María Aguilar. Laguna María Aguilar is a freshwater lake located at 770 m elevation on the Caribbean slope of the Cordillera Central. During the TCD, δDalkane data for María Aguilar indicate relatively wet conditions compared to the mean δDalkane value for the entire record. Other proxy records for the TCD indicate that the Pacific slope of Costa Rica and sites above 3400 m near the continental divide experienced generally drier conditions than mid- and low-elevations on the Caribbean slope. We conclude that the TCD may have been driven by both Pacific and Atlantic climate-forcing mechanisms. During the LIA, the Laguna María Aguilar δDalkane record indicates an increase in hydroclimate variability, with some of the highest recorded δDalkane values (driest conditions) during the earliest portions of the LIA, but conditions were not persistently dry for the entirety of the LIA. Based on regional paleoclimate records overall, the LIA drought appears to be more clearly expressed on the Caribbean slope than on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica, indicating that the LIA was perhaps driven primarily by Atlantic Ocean conditions and climate dynamics.

Ocean acidification in the tropical Indian Ocean over the past 37 years: Insights from [formula omitted]11B and B/Ca records in a Maldives coral

Boron isotopes (δ11B) in coral skeletons of Porites have been widely applied to reconstruct past seawater pH (pHSW) on decadal to centennial timescales. However, due to biological regulation within corals, an additional transfer function is required to estimate ambient seawater chemistry during the skeleton growth under the calcification site fluid pH. Temperature may also interfere with coral calcification fluid pH (pHCF) due to changes in kinetics of coral aragonite precipitation, or buffering capacity in coral calcification fluid. To decipher how coral Porites adjusts pHCF in response to pHSW from complex environmental controls, long-term records from sites with least fluctuations in environmental conditions other than pHSW are essential. Here we present a 37-year record of coral δ11B and B/Ca ratios derived from a coral core collected from southern Maldives, the tropical Indian Ocean. Our results show no clear seasonality in the coral δ11B and B/Ca ratios between monsoons, but a long-term decline in coral pHCF is evident across the entire record. When applying different existing transfer functions, we also observe discrepancies among the calculated pHCF values, model results and short-term instrumental data. Calculated calcification fluid dissolved inorganic carbon concentration ([DIC]CF) values are relatively low compared to literature, suggesting that coral calcification fluid carbonate chemistry may be under different levels of control, even within the same coral taxa. Thus, coral records from a wider geographic range are required to better quantify coral response to ocean acidification, and our results can serve as a baseline for future comparisons.

Drought Assessment in a Changing Climate: A Review of Climate Normals for Drought Indices

ABSTRACT: Should drought be considered an extreme dry period based on the entire record of available data? Or, should drought be considered a low in precipitation variability within the context of a present, contemporary climate? The two most common reference periods are the full period of record (all observed data or as much as possible) and a 30-year reference climatology. However, climate non-stationarity may render the "all-data" ap-proach an inaccurate or obsolete comparison unless a trend is factored in. The aim of this review is to explore the literature for approaches to addressing these issues. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has recommended a 30-year reference period for most climatological applications since 1935, but for drought assessments and drought indices the modus operandi has been to use as much data as possible. However, in the literature, the “all data” approach has been challenged by evident impacts from climate change-induced non-stationarity. Over the past several years, as potential errors in drought assessments became more apparent due to a stationarity assumption when applying drought indices, several studies have adopted shorter reference periods, with 30-years being the most common. Furthermore, several recent papers have recommended using short reference periods with more frequent data updates for drought assessments to be representative of a contemporary climate. Additionally, at least 18 non-stationary drought indices have been proposed in efforts to retain long datasets and account for non-stationarity in the climate system.

Performance of Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) and Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering (FSC) on Medical Data Imputation

Missing values or incomplete data are frequently encountered in medical records. These issues will be a serious problem if the data must be provided completely for analysis. The research aimed to prove the performance of the Fuzzy Subtractive Clustering (FSC) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) methods for solving imputation problems. Both methods were implemented using medical data. It had been conducted using K-Means as a crisp clustering approach for imputation. In the research, fuzzy clustering—a distinct methodology—was applied. The primary research contribution was the suggested fuzzy logic imputation method, which took uncertainty under consideration. The data sample consisted of patients who were at least 40 years old and had a history of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, or chronic kidney disease. The test was carried out by taking random portions of data from the entire medical record. The randomization technique used a probability of 10%–50%. The results of the ANOVA test show that the p-value is greater than ∝(=0.05). It means that the imputed value does not differ from the original value, whether implemented in the FSC or FCM method. The algorithm’s performance is evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. According to the t-test results, the FCM method has a higher correlation coefficient than the FSC method. It implies that FCM is superior to FSC.

Moving Trend Analysis Methodology for Hydro-meteorology Time Series Dynamic Assessment

In the last 30 years, there are many publications in the literature due to global warming and climate change impacts exhibiting non-stationary behaviors in hydro-meteorology time series records especially in the forms of increasing or decreasing trends. The conventional trend analyzes cover the entire recording time with a single straight-line trend and slope. These methods do not provide information about up and down partial moving trends evolution at shorter durations along the entire record length. This paper proposes a dynamic methodology for identifying such evolutionary finite duration moving trend method (MTM) identifications and interpretations. The purpose of choosing MTM was to investigate the dynamic partial trend evolution over the recording period so that dry (decreasing trend) and wet (increasing trend) segments could be objectively identified and these trends could assist in water resources management in the study area. The moving trend analysis is like the classical moving average methodology with one important digression that instead of arithmetic averages and their horizontal line representations, a series of finite duration successive increasing and decreasing trends are identified over a given hydro-meteorology time series record. In general, partial moving trends of 10-year, 20-year, 30-year and 40-year occur above or below the overall trend and thus provide practical insight into the dynamic trend pattern with important implications. The moving trend methodology is applied to annual records of Danube River discharges, New Jersey state wise temperatures and precipitation time series from the City of Istanbul.

Implementasi Algoritma Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) Untuk Keamanan Data Rekam Medik Penyakit Pasien Rumah Sakit

Medical records are records of the who, what, where, and how of patient care while in hospital. One aspect of the use of medical records is the documentation aspect, namely medical records contain important information that is useful for various parties. Medical records contain data regarding past and present health and contain health professional notes regarding the patient's current condition in the form of physical findings, results of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and patient responses. Medical record documents belong to doctors, dentists and health service facilities, while the contents of medical records belong to the patient. What can be given, recorded or duplicated by the patient is a summary of the medical record. Patients have the right to know the contents of medical records, however, the entire medical record file can only be held by authorized health/medical records officers and cannot leave the location of the health facility. This aims to maintain medical confidentiality (because medical information can be misused) and prevent medical records from being lost or damaged. To overcome this problem, a computerized system is needed that is able to secure medical record data so that unauthorized parties cannot read it. One technique that can be used to secure medical record data is cryptography. Cryptography comes from Greek which consists of the words kryptos which means hidden and graphia which means something written so that cryptography can be interpreted as something written in secret or hidden.. In applying the Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) method in securing medical record data at home Mitra Sejati Medan Hospital, namely by inserting program coding from Shamir Adleman's Rivest method into the programming language used. Next, form a public and private key, then carry out the encryption process for medical record data

Observed Spatiotemporal Variability in the Annual Sea Level Cycle Along the Global Coast

AbstractChanges in the seasonal sea level cycle can modulate the flooding risk along coastlines. Here, we use harmonic analysis to quantify changes in the amplitude and phase of the annual component of the sea level cycle at 798 tide gauge locations along the global coastline where long records are available. We identify coastal hotspots by applying clustering methods revealing coherent regions with similar patterns of variability in the annual sea level cycle. Results show that for most tide gauges the annual amplitude reached its maximum after 1970 and its peak typically occurs during the fall season of the respective hemisphere. Many tide gauges exhibit non‐stationarity in the annual cycle in terms of amplitude and/or phase. For example, at 226 tide gauges we find significant trends in the amplitude (either increasing or decreasing) for the time period after 1970; while several sites (50 in total), mostly in the Mediterranean and around Pacific islands, experienced phase changes leading to shifts in the timing of the peak of the annual cycle by more than a month over their entire record. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for potential non‐stationarity in seasonal mean sea level cycles along coastlines.

317 Clinical Informatics for Head and Cancer Patient Management

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The management of head and neck cancers is complicated and allows for a variety of disparate approaches from providers. However, data from several hundred or thousands of patients is necessary to decipher the optimal decisions for populations of patients. And prospective trials would take years to accrue and often are financially not possible. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Instead, we collated the entire electronic medical record for all patients at our institution treated for head and neck cancers. We employed a variety of clinical informatics and natural language processing to gather text data into large data frames. We found key conclusions in the diagnostic, treatment, and surveillance of our patients. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: First, obtaining post-operative PET/CT changes in management in over one-third of patients, highlighting the utility of optimizing diagnostic imaging. Second, using a newer silicone-based cream instead of just a moisturizer decreased the absolute risk of grade 2+ radiation dermatitis by almost 15%. Lastly, we are deploying novel autosegmentation frameworks to better understand tissue decomposition in the head and neck to identify patients in need of further nutritional support while undergoing radiation therapy. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Collectively, we showcase the value and opportunity of mining oncological data for the improvement of patient care.

Sedimentary and stratigraphic architecture in the geoarchaeological context of Late-Holocene deposits in the eastern coastal plain of Belgium: Zwin region – Hoeke

A sedimentary investigation was carried out into the rise and fall of mediaeval Bruges’ maritime access. Because the mediaeval metropolis had no direct connection with the North Sea, its maritime connectivity during the High- and Late-Middle Ages depended on a tidal channel, known as the ‘Zwin’. In order to reconstruct the mediaeval physical environmental situation correctly, the entire Holocene sedimentary record was studied through undisturbed mechanically-drilled cores and electrical cone penetration tests (CPT-e). A detailed sedimentary analysis was complemented with radiocarbon dating and datable archaeological finds to resolve a timeframe for the sedimentary evolution. Tidal channel systems with diverse morphologic and sedimentologic characteristics prevail and cover a period from at least the Roman period till the Late-Middle Ages. The presence of a single peat layer directly on top of the Pleistocene substrate and the stratigraphic position of the tidal channel deposits relative to this peat layer, proves that no seawater entered this part of the Belgian coastal plain before the Late-Holocene. The tidal channel system that was active during the heydays of Bruges (the Zwin) was the last natural one. It silted up due to a further reduction of the accommodation space as a consequence of new embankments, possibly expedited by storms.

Reassessing and Extending the Composite Rainfall Record of Manchester, Northwest England: 1786–Present

A monthly composite rainfall record for the period 1786–present representative of Manchester, northwest England is presented. The 235-year record ranks as the second-longest instrumental rainfall record available for northern England, and the fifth-longest for the UK, and contributes to a growing network of long homogenous rainfall series. A composite record is constructed, extended, and homogenised, and the record is analysed in terms of annual and seasonal variability, with a focus on extreme wet/dry events. Three primary meteorological stations in Manchester, located within 2 km of one another, form the basis of the reconstruction, with other records identified for infilling and extension based on their longevity, continuity, and proximity to the primary stations. A linear regression analysis is applied to produce a continuous record, and adjustment factors are applied to ensure homogeneity. Record homogeneity is assessed via cross-comparison with long-term records from the region (Carlisle, Chatsworth House and HadNWEP), and the methods are applied to assess relative homogeneity include the double-mass curve and Standard Normal Homogeneity tests. The Manchester record is deemed to be homogenous overall but includes two periods of increased uncertainty: 1786–1819, comprising the earliest observations and greatest number of different stations, and 1883–1911, which encompasses multi-year and multi-decadal drought events of (1883–1885 and 1890–1910) as identified by other long-term meteorological studies. The analysis of the entire record reflects long-term rainfall variability with an increasing, although not significant, trend in annual rainfall observed. Seasonally, a significant increase in winter rainfall is exhibited, in keeping with patterns observed in other regional studies. Seasonal rainfall totals are found to be highly variable at the decadal timescale. Several well-documented extreme wet (e.g., autumn 2000) and dry (e.g., summer 1976) seasons are identified, including historic events (e.g., the floods of summer 1872 and drought of summer 1887) from the less-well documented eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Key interoperability Factors for patient portals and Electronic health Records: A scoping review

AimTo identify the key requirements and challenges to interoperability between patient portals and electronic health records (EHRs). IntroductionPatient portals provide patients with access to their health information directly from EHRs within hospitals, primary care centres and general practices (GPs). Patient portals offer many benefits to patients including improved communication with healthcare providers and care coordination. However, many challenges exist with the integration and automatic and secure sharing of information between EHRs and patient portals. It is critical that countries learn from international experiences to successfully develop interoperable national patient portals. MethodsA scoping review methodology was undertaken. A search strategy using index terms and keywords was applied across four key databases, an additional grey literature search was also run. The identified studies were screened by two reviewers to determine eligibility against defined inclusion criteria. Data were abstracted from the eligible studies and reviewed to identify the key requirements and challenges to interoperability of patient portals with EHRs. ResultsAfter screening 3,462 studies, 34 were included across 11 countries. Of the 29 unique patient portals studied, few offered patients access to their entire healthcare record across multiple sites and a number of different functionalities were available. Key interoperability requirements and challenges identified were: Data Sharing Incentives & Supports; Heterogenous Organisations & Information Systems; Data Storage & Management; Available Information & Functionalities; Data Formats & Standards; Identification of Individuals; User Access, Control & Consent; and Security & Privacy. ConclusionSeamless exchange of health information across patient portals and EHRs required organisational and individual factors, as well as technical considerations. Interorganisational collaboration and engagement of key stakeholders to determine standards and guidelines for consent and sharing of information, as well as technical standards and security measures were recommended.

Diversity and morphology of Eocene and Oligocene Mordellidae (Coleoptera)

Characteristics of the locomotor apparatus (excluding wings) and other diagnostic features of Mordellidae preserved in Eocene Baltic and Rovno amber are investigated. Main features of Eocene Mordellidae are compared with those of their extant relatives using mainly light microscopy and micro-CT scans. The entire record of Eocene and Oligocene fossils of this family is reviewed, revealing a great number of discrepancies in diagnoses of species of Eocene and Oligocene Mordellidae at the generic level, which makes a reliable discussion of their biogeography and relationship with extant species impossible. To overcome this situation, four new collective group names (i.e., without a type species designation) are established: Baltimorda nov., Baltistena nov., Rovnostena nov., and Petrimordella nov. Seven new species of Mordellistenini from Baltic amber are described, diagnosed and illustrated: Baltistena ultima sp. nov., B. aurata sp. nov., B. longistrigata sp. nov., B. hoffeinsorum sp. nov., B. concava sp. nov., B. brevispina sp. nov., and B. atronigra sp. nov. The number of Mordellistenini recorded from Baltic amber is doubled from seven to fourteen. The subgenus Palaeostena Kubisz, 2003, with the type species Falsomordellistena eocenica Kubisz, 2003, is elevated to a genus.

Results of a long-term international comparison of greenhouse gas and isotope measurements at the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Observatory in Alert, Nunavut, Canada

Abstract. Since 1999, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has been coordinating a multi-laboratory comparison of measurements of long-lived greenhouse gases in whole air samples collected at the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Alert Observatory located in the Canadian High Arctic (82∘28′ N, 62∘30′ W). In this paper, we evaluate the measurement agreement of atmospheric CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, and stable isotopes of CO2 (δ13C, δ18O) between leading laboratories from seven independent international institutions. The measure of success is linked to target goals for network compatibility outlined by the World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) GAW greenhouse gas measurement community. Overall, based on ∼ 8000 discrete flask samples, we find that the co-located atmospheric CO2 and CH4 measurement records from Alert by CSIRO, MPI-BGC, SIO, UHEI-IUP, and ECCC versus NOAA (the designated reference laboratory) are generally consistent with the WMO compatibility goals of ± 0.1 ppm CO2 and ± 2 ppb CH4 over the 17-year period (1999–2016), although there are periods where differences exceed target levels and persist as systematic bias for months or years. Consistency with the WMO goals for N2O, SF6, and stable isotopes of CO2 (δ13C, δ18O) has not been demonstrated. Additional analysis of co-located comparison measurements between CSIRO and SIO versus NOAA or INSTAAR (for the isotopes of CO2) at other geographical sites suggests that the findings at Alert for CO2, CH4, N2O, and δ13C–CO2 could be extended across the CSIRO, SIO, and NOAA observing networks. The primary approach to estimate an overall measurement agreement level was carried out by pooling the differences of all individual laboratories versus the designated reference laboratory and determining the 95th percentile range of these data points. Using this approach over the entire data record, our best estimate of the measurement agreement range is −0.51 to +0.53 ppm for CO2, −0.09 ‰ to +0.07 ‰ for δ13C, −0.50 ‰ to +0.58 ‰ for δ18O, −4.86 to +6.16 ppb for CH4, −0.75 to +1.20 ppb for N2O, and −0.14 to +0.09 ppt for SF6. A secondary approach of using the average of 2 standard deviations of the means for all flask samples taken in each individual sampling episode provided similar results. These upper and lower limits represent our best estimate of the measurement agreement at the 95 % confidence level for these individual laboratories, providing more confidence for using these datasets in various scientific applications (e.g., long-term trend analysis).

Subjective and objective investigations on environmental properties to be displayed on sensory friendly maps at the Tokyo National Museum

Sensory friendly maps are known to be effective in providing advance information to visitors sensitive to environmental stimuli. However, the process of determining the environment al factors to be displayed on sensory friendly maps remains unclear. To provide visitors with useful advance information, we conducted a subjective evaluation and objective measurements, as a preliminary study, to create a sensory friendly map of the Tokyo National Museum. First, participants with autistic spectrum disorder were asked to explore the entire facility and record their perceptions at locations that they perceived to be characteristic. Second, objective measurements of the sound and lighting environments were conducted. Subsequently, the relationship between the subjective evaluation and objective measurements was assessed. Consequently, we discovered that some elements extracted through the subjective evaluation could be explained using objective measures such as the noise level, noise frequency characteristics, and reverberation time. Moreover, we confirmed that, in some cases, the subjective effect of sensory stimulation could change depending on the relationship with surrounding environments, purpose of the environmental setting, and qualitative factors. In such cases, adequate correspondences between the subjective and objective results could not be established.

Deep convective cloud system size and structure across the global tropics and subtropics

Abstract. A new database is constructed comprising millions of deep convective clouds that spans the global tropics and subtropics for the entire record of the MODIS instruments on the Terra and Aqua satellites. The database is a collection of individual cloud objects ranging from isolated convective cells to mesoscale convective cloud systems spanning hundreds of thousands of square kilometers in cloud area. By matching clouds in the database with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis dataset and microwave imager brightness temperatures from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – EOS (AMSR-E) instrument, the database is designed to explore the relationships among the horizontal scale of cloud systems, the thermodynamic environment within which the cloud resides, the amount of aerosol in the environment, and indicators of the microphysical structure of the clouds. We find that the maximum values of convective available potential energy and vertical shear of the horizontal wind associated with a cloud impose a strong constraint on the size attained by a convective cloud system, although the relationship varies geographically. The cloud database provides a means of empirically studying the factors that determine the spatial structure and coverage of convective cloud systems, which are strongly related to the overall radiative forcing by cloud systems. The observed relationships between cloud system size and structure from this database can be compared with similar relationships derived from simulated clouds in atmospheric models to evaluate the representation of clouds and convection in weather forecast and climate projection simulations, including whether models exhibit the same relationships between the atmospheric environment and cloud system size and structure. Furthermore, the dataset is designed to probe the impacts of aerosols on the size and structure of deep convective cloud systems.

Therapy Profile and Drug Use Analysis of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Hospitalized at Dr. H. M. Ansari Saleh Hospital

Background: Therapy in chronic kidney disease aims to slow down the prognosis of the disease. Objectives: Describe the types of classes and names of most drugs in treating chronic kidney disease patients based on the stage of the disease. As well as analysing the use of renal risk drugs in patients with chronic kidney disease. Material and Methods: This descriptive research will be carried out in May-June 2023. The population of this study was the entire medical record of inpatient chronic kidney disease patients at Ansari Saleh Hospital. Data analysis was performed uni variat for the study of patient characteristics and therapy profiles, while the analysis of the use of renal risk medications refers to the 2019 renal handbook. Results: A total of 51 medical records were analysed. The top five drug classes based on stages 4 and 5 include diuretics, cephalosporin antibiotics, vitamins, trace elements, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and insulin. The top five drugs received by patients based on disease stages 4 and 5 consist of furosemide, ceftriaxone, aminefron®, candesartan, and insulin aspart. Renal risk drugs found in studies include drugs that need dose adjustment, are lisinopril, ramipril, cefixime, cefotaxime, meropenem, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, bisoprolol, diltiazem, and simvastatin. At the same time, renal-risk drugs that need to be avoided are hydrochlorothiazide and spironolactone. Conclusions: Furosemide diuretics are the most widely used therapy in stages 4 and 5. Hospitalised chronic kidney disease patients receive some renal risk drugs that, in the literature, need dose adjustment, and some need to be avoided.

LiG Metrology, Correlated Error, and the Integrity of the Global Surface Air-Temperature Record

The published 95% uncertainty of the global surface air-temperature anomaly (GSATA) record through 1980 is impossibly less than the 2σ = ±0.25 °C lower limit of laboratory resolution of 1 °C/division liquid-in-glass (LiG) thermometers. The ~0.7 °C/century Joule-drift of lead- and soft-glass thermometer bulbs renders unreliable the entire historical air-temperature record through the 19th century. A circa 1900 Baudin meteorological spirit thermometer bulb exhibited intense Pb X-ray emission lines (10.55, 12.66, and 14.76 keV). Uncorrected LiG thermometer non-linearity leaves 1σ = ±0.27 °C uncertainty in land-surface air temperatures prior to 1981. The 2σ = ±0.43 °C from LiG resolution and non-linearity obscures most of the 20th century GSATA trend. Systematic sensor-measurement errors are highly pair-wise correlated, possibly across hundreds of km. Non-normal distributions of bucket and engine-intake difference SSTs disconfirm the assumption of random measurement error. Semivariogram analysis of ship SST measurements yields half the error difference mean, ±½Δε1,2, not the error mean. Transfer-function adjustment following a change of land station air-temperature sensor eliminates measurement independence and forward-propagates the antecedent uncertainty. LiG resolution limits, non-linearity, and sensor field calibrations yield GSATA mean ±2σ RMS uncertainties of, 1900–1945, ±1.7 °C; 1946–1980, ±2.1 °C; 1981–2004, ±2.0 °C; and 2005–2010, ±1.6 °C. Finally, the 20th century (1900–1999) GSATA, 0.74 ± 1.94 °C, does not convey any information about rate or magnitude of temperature change.