Entertainment Workers Research Articles

Connecting Female Entertainment Workers in Cambodia to Health Care Services Using mHealth: Economic Evaluation of Mobile Link.

Mobile Link is a mobile phone-based intervention to increase access to, and use of, health care services among female entertainment workers in Cambodia who face higher risks for specific diseases and gender-based violence. A multisite randomized controlled trial showed that Mobile Link connected female entertainment workers with outreach workers for information and escorted referrals after 6 months but did not lead to statistically significant improvements in HIV and sexually transmitted infection testing, contraceptive use, and condom use. This study aims to conduct a 3-part economic evaluation of Mobile Link to understand its costs, value, and affordability. We conducted cost, cost-effectiveness, and budget impact analyses of Mobile Link using cost and outcomes data from the Mobile Link trial and other sources. For the cost analysis, we estimated the total, per-person, and incremental costs of Mobile Link compared with usual care. Using probabilistic decision-analytic models, we estimated the 1-year cost-effectiveness of Mobile Link from payer and combined payer and patient perspectives by converting selected primary and secondary outcomes from the trial to disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Finally, we estimated the financial costs of scaling up Mobile Link's messaging and outreach services to 70% of female entertainment workers in 5 years. The incremental costs of Mobile Link were US $199 from a payer perspective and US $195 per person from a combined payer and patient perspective. With an average of 0.018 (95% predicted interval -0.088 to 0.126) DALYs averted, Mobile Link's cost-effectiveness was US $10,955 per DALY from a payer perspective (US $10,755 per DALY averted from a payer and patient perspective). The costs of Mobile Link would have to decrease by 85%, or its effectiveness would have to be 5.56 times higher, for the intervention to meet the upper limit of recommended cost-effectiveness thresholds in Cambodia (US $1671 per DALY averted). The 5-year cost of scaling Mobile Link to 34,790 female entertainment workers was estimated at US $1.64 million or US $46 per person per year. This study provided a comprehensive economic evaluation of Mobile Link. We found that Mobile Link is not likely to be cost-effective unless its costs decrease or its effectiveness increases. Scaling up Mobile Link to more female entertainment workers is estimated to cost less than the costs of the trial. Given the importance of linking female entertainment workers to essential services, future research should focus on enhancing the effectiveness of Mobile Link or developing new mobile health interventions for this population. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03117842; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03117842.

Understanding Students’ Mobile Technology Usage Behavior During COVID-19 Through Use & Gratification and Theory of Planned Behavior

The main purpose of the study was to validate the Use and Gratification (U&G) theory and examine the effect of U&G (entertainment, information seeking, and socializing) on the theory of planned behavior (Perceived behavioral control and attitude toward behavior) among students regarding mobile technology usage in COVID-19. Quantitative research design was employed for conducting the study. Data was collected using the survey method. The population consisted of students currently enrolled in a public sector university in Lahore. A questionnaire in online form was used for collecting data from students. SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis and SmartPLS was used for path analysis and hypotheses testing. The study identified that there was an insignificant impact of getting entertainment on students’ attitudes and their perceived control toward mobile technology use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings showed that students used mobile technology for information seeking and socializing as there was a significant impact of information seeking and socializing on their attitude toward the use of mobile technology. Current study provides insight into the usage behavior of students regarding mobile technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also provides, how mobile technology motivators (getting entertainment, information seeking, and socializing) work for mobile technology usage behavior in crises, especially COVID-19 pandemic. Findings are helpful for government authorities in decision-making regarding the provision of information through mobile technology during emergencies.

High PrEP acceptability and need for tailored implementation in Cambodian key populations: results from a qualitative assessment

ABSTRACT The HIV epidemics in Cambodia is concentrated in key populations (KPs). Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been officially approved in the country since 2019. However, its use may still be controversial after a PrEP clinical trial was interrupted in Cambodia after being deemed unethical in 2004. In this context, it was necessary to evaluate PrEP acceptability and administration preferences of KPs in Cambodia, with a view to increasing roll-out and uptake. We conducted a qualitative study in 2022 comprising six focus groups and four semi-structured individual interviews with transgender women, men who have sex with men, male entertainment workers, venue-based female entertainment workers (FEW), street-based FEW, and PrEP users who participated in a PrEP pilot study that started in 2019. Overall, KPs positively perceived PrEP, with some reservations. They preferred daily, community-based PrEP to event-driven, hospital-based PrEP, and highlighted that injectable PrEP would be a potential option if it became available in Cambodia. We recommend (i) proposing different PrEP regimens and PrEP delivery-models to broaden PrEP acceptability and adherence in Cambodia (ii) increasing the number of community-based organisations and improving the services they offer, (iii) rolling out injectable PrEP when it becomes officially available, and (iv) improving PrEP side effects information.

Paisajes de Campos do Jordão em tres actos: curación, turismo y modernización

This article analyzes how different images of the town of Campos do Jordão, known mountain tourist destination located in the Serra da Mantiqueira, in São Paulo State, were portrayed in three novels of national literature: Floradas na Serra (1939), premiere of Dinah Silveira de Queiroz, Cidade Enferma (1948), by Paulo Dantas and Opulência (2020), by Luís Krausz. With narratives that take place in the touristic town between the 1930s and 1970s, from the reading of each of the three books, we were able to verify the importance of literature as a useful tool for studies on memory, history, urbanism, and architecture of cities, in addition to its functions as a cultural artifact, form of artistic expression or work of entertainment.

The Showmen's Culture: Life, Labor, and Negotiated Loyalty among Traveling Entertainment Workers in the Gilded Age

This article explores the formation of a “showmen's culture” among circus employees in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth, a cultural identity which had the effect of diffusing labor conflicts in this developing industry. The showmen's culture created an affective bond between employees of all levels, from manual laborers, to middle managers, to company owners. This article links cultural history and labor history and provides an example of how workers outside traditional manual-labor industries coped with the challenges of industrialization, and how proprietors used the same cultural identity to their own advantage.

Protocol for a randomized controlled trial in Cambodian individuals with PTSD: Trauma-Informed Treatment Algorithms for Advancing Novel Outcomes (Project TITAN)

IntroductionLow- and middle-income countries shoulder a disproportionate burden of mental health disorders with limited resources to support the provision of care using culturally relevant, evidence-based interventions. This is particularly true in Cambodia where the population continues to confront traumatic consequences of the Khmer Rouge genocide that targeted educated people, including treatment providers. Trauma-Informed Treatment Algorithms for Advancing Novel Outcomes (Project TITAN) will examine proof of concept and preliminary efficacy of culturally tailored interventions for symptoms of post-traumatic stress (PTS) among Cambodian adults. MethodsA stepped care randomized controlled trial enrolling people seeking mental health treatment and priority populations with high rates of trauma exposure, including female entertainment and sex workers and sexual and gender minorities. In total, 160 participants with symptoms of PTS are randomized to Stabilization Techniques or Behavioral Activation plus Stabilization Techniques, implemented within a culturally relevant framework. Individuals who do not demonstrate a reduction in symptoms of PTS after six treatment sessions receive Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy. PTS, depression, anxiety, and substance use are assessed at baseline and two and four months post-randomization. Planned analysesThe percentage of individuals achieving reductions in symptoms of PTS after four months is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes are depression, anxiety, and substance use over four months. Finally, machine learning analyses will be conducted to identify features at baseline and during treatment that predict outcomes. DiscussionFindings will guide future development and implementation of interventions to improve mental health conditions among individuals in Cambodia and other resource-limited settings.

Programmatic Implications of National Recent HIV Infection Surveillance in Cambodia.

We compared characteristics of HIV diagnosis and recent HIV infection (ie, likely acquired within the last year) in Cambodia. We included individuals ≥ 15 years old accessing HIV testing. From August 2020 to August 2022, 53 031 people were tested for HIV, 6868 were newly diagnosed, and 192 were recently infected. We found differences in geographical burden and risk behaviors with diagnosis and recency (eg, men who have sex with men, transgender women, and entertainment workers had a nearly 2-fold increased odds of testing positive for recent infection compared to being diagnosed with HIV). Recent infection surveillance may provide unique insights into ongoing HIV acquisition to inform programs.

Income loss and gender-based violence during the COVID-19 pandemic among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: a cross-sectional phone survey

BackgroundIn Cambodia, female entertainment workers (FEWs) are disproportionately affected by global and local disasters, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, the government imposed tight restrictions, including closures of entertainment venues, such as karaoke bars, beer gardens, nightclubs, or massage parlors, leading FEWs to face economic and social disruptions. This study aims to assess the relationship between income loss during the pandemic and gender-based violence (GBV) among FEWs in Cambodia to inform future disaster response programs.MethodsWe conducted a phone survey in August 2021 with 369 randomly sampled FEWs from a national organization’s email list. We used a structured questionnaire to ask the participants about job and income loss, food security, mental health, access to health services, and GBV. We fit a linear regression model to examine the differences in GBV experience between FEWs who lost all their income and those who lost partial income due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Key covariables comprised the number of dependents, smartphone ownership, internet access, food security, and mental health. Multivariable linear regression analysis was conducted.ResultsThe mean age (31.6 vs. 30.6), years of formal education (6.3 vs. 6.3), marital status (24.2 vs. 23.8 never married), and the number of children (1.3 vs. 1.1) of women reporting having lost all income were not significantly different from those who experienced partial income loss. Overall, GBV experiences were significantly higher in FEWs who lost all income than in those who lost partial income (62.9% vs. 47.4%, p = 0.03). Controlling for the number of dependents, smartphone ownership, and food security, the adjusted odds ratio for GBV was significant in the adjusted model (AOR = 1.23 (1.08–1.40), p = 0.001) indicating that those who experienced total income loss were more likely to experience GBV than those who experienced partial income loss. In addition, they were significantly less likely to be food secure (p = 0.04), less likely to own a smartphone (p = 0.02), and had more dependents (p < 0.001).ConclusionDisaster response programs should consider the implications of safety measures and government support for both formal and informal workers regarding safety, food access, and mental health support. Food assistance programs should target the most vulnerable informal sector workers during crises.

Post-Gender-Based Violence Services Utilization Among Female Entertainment Workers in Cambodia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Little is known about service utilization among female entertainment workers (FEWs) after experiencing gender-based violence (GBV). This study explored factors associated with post-GBV service utilization among FEWs in Cambodia. We included 299 FEWs, who experienced any forms of GBV in the past 12 months. This study highlights low access (14.05%) to post-GBV services among FEWs. Factors associated with post-GBV services utilization were marital status, living conditions, mental health, and types of entertainment venues. To improve post-GBV services utilization, ensuring quality, and availability of services are required. Further research is needed to develop pathways toward a supportive environment for FEWs to access these services.

Health and safety situation of arts and entertainment workers in Japan.

Health and safety situation of arts and entertainment workers in Japan.

마약류 범죄의 억제를 위한 효율적 대처방안에 관한 연구

This study aims to present improvement measures through the current status and problems of drug crimes in Korea. Korea can no longer be called a drug-free country, as more than 10,000 people are arrested for drug crimes every year. Entertainment workers, celebrities, second and third generations of chaebol, as well as the general public, can easily access media articles that have been arrested by investigative agencies for misuse and abuse of drugs. The number of drug crimes increased as the number of foreigners and early study abroad increased due to the increase in the number of overseas cultural experiences and the Internet. As for narcotics, it is necessary to promote strict social and institutional policies at the national level and to have a public consensus that misuse and abuse of narcotics is a serious criminal act by promoting the seriousness and risk of crime. By establishing an organic cooperation system of the state, local communities, and private organizations, they should work together to develop temptation and self-control of drugs by themselves through legal support, medical care, and rehabilitation treatment.

Potret Perempuan Urban dalam Novel Divortiare Karya Ika Natassa: Kajian Sosiologi Sastra

This study aims to: (1) describe the portrait of urban women in the Divortiare about the prestige of recreation, (2) describe the portrait of urban women in the Divortiare about the culture of instant living, (3) describe the portrait of urban women in the Divortiare about the mobility lifestyle, (4) describe the portrait of urban women in Divortiare about the individualist lifestyle. The object of this research is the novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa which was published in 2008. This research is literary research using descriptive methods. The data of this research are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that show the prestige of recreation, instant living culture, mobility lifestyle, and individualist lifestyle in Ika Natassa's Divortiare. The research instrument is the author himself with the help of another instrument in the form of a recording sheet. Data collection techniques are reading and understanding novels, conducting library research, determining the main character, and finding and recording data related to research problems contained in the novel. The Data validation technique is using triangulation technique. The data analysis technique is identifying and classifying the data. Then interpret the data, and conclude the data analysis. The results of the study stated that (1) the recreational prestige of urban female characters in Ika Natassa's novel Divortiare can be seen through education, work, shopping, restaurants visited, and places of entertainment visited, (2) the instant lifestyle of urban women depicted in the novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa. Ika Natassa can be seen from people in their daily lives such as eating at fast food restaurants and online shopping, (3) the mobility lifestyle of urban women in Ika Natassa's Divortiare novel is seen from people who move around due to work demands, (4) portrait style The individualist life of an urban woman in the novel Divortiare by Ika Natassa is someone who does everything independently and chooses to live alone without the help of others.

Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Awareness, Willingness to Use, and Preferred Places for Access Among the Cambodian Female Entertainment Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of the study was to determine the awareness, desire to use, and preferred providers of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among Female Entertainment Workers (FEWs) aged 18-35 years in Cambodia's Phnom Penh region. Of 1003 FEWs, 31.8% of them had heard of PrEP. When informed about PrEP, 67.4% said they would use PrEP and the most preferred location to access PrEP was a local non-governmental organization (NGO) (63.2%), followed by a government clinic/center (39.8%), ART clinic (26.5%), pharmacy (20.7%), and CBO (14.8%). FEWs who had heard about PrEP (aOR: 2.46; CI: 1.79-3.39) and those with no additional income source other than sex work (aOR: 1.53; CI: 1.16-2.02) were more likely to express their willingness to use PrEP. When the country is in the process of making provisions for PrEP, the study urges policymakers and programmers to take steps towards creating awareness about PrEP among key populations such as FEWs and its availability preferably through local NGOs and government clinics.

Gender-based violence and depressive symptoms among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: A cross-sectional study.

Female entertainment workers (FEWs) are at higher risk of gender-based violence (GBV) than the general population. The prolonged stress and fear caused by GBV increase the likelihood of depression, a major mental health problem among FEWs. However, their mental health issue has received limited attention and remains poorly researched in the context of GBV. We examined the association between GBV and depressive symptoms among FEWs in Cambodia. We conducted this cross-sectional study in 2017. We used a two-stage cluster random sampling method to select FEWs from the municipality and six provinces for face-to-face interviews. We used the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) to measure depressive symptoms. We conducted a multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms. We included a total of 645 FEWs in data analyses. The proportions of FEWs experiencing emotional, physical, and sexual violence were 36.1%, 11.6%, and 17.2%, respectively. Of the total participants, 65.9% had high levels of depressive symptoms. The adjusted odds of having high levels of depressive symptoms were higher among FEWs who engaged in transactional sex (AOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.09-2.94), experienced emotional abuse (AOR 3.15, 95% CI 1.90-5.23), and experienced two (AOR 7.89, 95% CI 3.28-18.99) and three overlapping types of GBV (AOR 12.12, 95% CI 2.47-59.25) than those who did not. FEWs in this study experienced high levels and overlapping types of GBV associated with high levels of depressive symptoms. Policy interventions and services should be designed to prevent GBV and support the victims of GBV to mitigate depressive symptoms among FEWs in Cambodia.

A Cross-Sectional Assessment of HIV Self-Testing Preferences and Uptake Among Key Populations in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

HIV self-testing (HIVST) is recommended by the World Health Organization, but implementation remains limited. This cross-sectional study evaluated HIVST uptake among female entertainment workers (EWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and transgender women in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to inform national implementation. Between December 2018 and September 2019, individuals reached through community outreach or via online advertising were offered HIVST or referrals to facility-based testing. Participants opting for HIVST could choose between test kits employing oral-fluid or finger-prick-based sample collection; and between an "assisted" option in which outreach staff offered instructions and assistance and an "unassisted" option in which participants received a kit with instructions for use. A structured questionnaire was administered to facilitate descriptive statistics and tests for associations between participant characteristics and HIV testing preferences and outcomes. Among 1,241 eligible individuals; 1,210 (97.5%) provided responses for analysis. Of these, 1,203 (99.4%) were recruited through outreach; 7 (0.6%) through online advertising. Among those recruited by outreach, 1,186 (98.6%) opted for assisted HIVST, and 1,065 (88.5%) opted for oral-fluid versus finger-prick testing. All individuals recruited through online advertisements opted for unassisted oral-fluid testing. Among all participants, 455 (37.6%) were MSM, 325 (26.9%) were transgender women, 430 (35.5%) were female EWs, and overall, 71.7% reported never previously testing for HIV. A total of 84 participants (6.9%) received reactive screening results and 81 (97.5%) were linked to treatment. Uptake of HIVST was high, and most participants preferred oral-fluid over finger-prick-based testing. Many individuals (72%) who had never previously accessed HIV testing services participated in HIVST, with high rates of reactivity.

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Thai adults during the first three epidemic waves.

This study determined the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 4964 individuals, comprising 300 coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) prepandemic serum samples, 142 COVID-19 patients, 2113 individuals at risk due to their occupations, 1856 individuals at risk due to sharing workplaces or communities with COVID-19 patients, and 553 Thai citizens returning after spending extended periods of time in countries with a high disease prevalence. We recruited participants between May 2020 and May 2021, which spanned the first two epidemic waves and part of the third wave of the COVID-19 outbreaks in Thailand. Their sera were tested in a microneutralization and a chemiluminescence immunoassay for IgG against the N protein. Furthermore, we performed an immunofluorescence assay to resolve discordant results between the two assays. None of the prepandemic sera contained anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, while antibodies developed in 88% (15 of 17) of the COVID-19 patients at 8-14 days and in 94-100% of the patients between 15 and 60 days after disease onset. Neutralizing antibodies persisted for at least 8 months, longer than IgG antibodies. Of the 2113 individuals at risk due to their occupation, none of the health providers, airport officers, or public transport drivers were seropositive, while antibodies were present in 0.44% of entertainment workers. Among the 1856 individuals at risk due to sharing workplaces or communities with COVID-19 patients, seropositivity was present in 1.9, 1.5, and 7.5% of the Bangkok residents during the three epidemic waves, respectively, and in 1.3% of the Chiang Mai people during the first epidemic wave. The antibody prevalence varied between 6.5 and 47.0% in 553 Thai people returning from high-risk countries. This serosurveillance study found a low infection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in Thailand before the emergence of the Delta variant in late May 2021. The findings support the Ministry of Public Health's data, which are based on numbers of patients and contact tracing.

Gender-based violence, psychological distress, sexual behaviours and binge drinking among female entertainment workers in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between gender-based violence, HIV risks, psychological distress and binge drinking among female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingPhnom Penh and three other provinces in Cambodia.ParticipantsWe recruited...

A Mobile Intervention to Link Young Female Entertainment Workers in Cambodia to Health and Gender-Based Violence Services: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundFemale entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia experience a greater prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), psychological distress, substance abuse, and gender-based violence (GBV) than the general female population. Reaching FEWs with health education and linking them to services has been difficult because of their hidden and stigmatized status.ObjectiveThis study evaluated the efficacy of the Mobile Link intervention in improving FEWs’ health by engaging and connecting them to existing HIV, sexual and reproductive health, and GBV services.MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted between March 2018 and June 2019 in the capital city and 3 other provinces in Cambodia. FEWs in the intervention arm received automated twice-weekly Short Message Service messages and voice messages with health information and direct links to outreach workers. The control group received the existing standard care, including free HIV and STI counseling and testing and a toll-free helpline staffed by trained counselors. We used a stratified random sampling method to select participants from 5 study sites in the 4 selected provinces. Initially, we randomly selected 600 participants from a list of 4000 FEWs by age group (18-24 and 25-30 years) and study site using a random number generator and enrolled them in person. The primary outcome measures included self-reported HIV and STI testing, condom use, and contraceptive use assessed through a face-to-face structured interview. We also measured secondary outcomes, including contact with outreach workers, escorted referral service use, forced drinking, and GBV experiences. Intervention effects were modeled using repeated measures, multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression.ResultsA total of 1118 participants were recruited and enrolled in the study. We included 218 FEWs in the intervention arm and 170 FEWs in the control arm in the per protocol analyses after removing 730 dropouts. Evidence of positive intervention effects was detected for the following secondary outcomes: contacting an outreach worker (at 30 weeks: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.29, 95% CI 1.28-8.47), receiving an escorted referral (at 30 weeks: AOR 2.86, 95% CI 1.09-7.52; at 60 weeks: AOR 8.15, 95% CI 1.65-40.25), and never being forced to drink at work (at 60 weeks: AOR 3.95, 95% CI 1.62-9.60). Over time, no significant differences between intervention and control groups were observed for any primary outcomes in the fully adjusted models.ConclusionsThe Mobile Link intervention effectively connected FEWs with outreach workers and escorted referrals but did not show an effect on primary outcomes. Reduced forced drinking at work was also significantly more extensive in the intervention group than in the control group. Longer-term messaging may increase access to services and impact FEWs’ health outcomes in the future.Trial RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT03117842; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03117842International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1186/s13063-018-2614-7

Bret Hinsch. Women in Early Medieval China. Asian Voices. Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2018. xx, 211 pp. Hardcover $110.00, ISBN 978-1-5381-1796-5. Paperback $36.00, ISBN 978-1-5381-5832-6. E-book $34.00, ISBN 978-1-5381-1797-2.

Bret Hinsch. Women in Early Medieval China. Asian Voices. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, . xx,  pp. Hardcover $., ISBN -- --. Paperback $., ISBN ----. E-book $., ISBN ----. Women in Early Medieval China is an addition to the series of women in Chinese history that Bret Hinsch has published over the past two decades. As in his other books, Hinsch aptly situates women’s lives and gender discourse in their concrete social and political contexts—here, the period between the fall of the Eastern Han in the early third century and the founding of the Tang dynasty in the early seventh century, an era that historians call “the age of division” or “the age of disunion.” During this period, the north and the south developed distinct cultures, steppe customs influenced societies under the northern regimes, and the intellectual and religious landscapes flourished and diversified. Coinciding with the decline of a powerful central government and the collapse of previous social order, elites began to form larger families in order to protect common clan interests; there was a decline in Confucian learning; female chastity, although not commonly practiced, was rhetorically associated with male loyalty to a regime. Women in Early Medieval China introduces those changes as background to a vivid depiction of changes in the rhetorical, political, and social dimensions of women’s lives over this period. The eight chapters of Women in Early Medieval China cover significant aspects of women’s history during this time period: family, mothers, politics, work, religion, learning, virtue, and ideals. Chapter  delineates the changing family systems in the north and the south and their impact on women. Elite families became significantly larger and more complicated, prompting reconsiderations of family ethics. Marriage customs among northern and southern elites differed regarding remarriage, the status of concubines’ sons, and the ideal qualities of marriage partners. Elite families tended to marry within a circle of families of equal status, while marriages of daughters to lower status but richer families coincided with a new emphasis on the virtues of daughtersin -law. More writings were produced on female filial piety and spousal relations. Chapter  focuses on the intensified mother–son bond, the emerging cult of motherhood, and the growing interest in filial piety toward mothers. Chapter  introduces the ways in which women participated in politics (generally through Review©  by University of Hawai‘i Press becoming an empress or empress dowager) and how different regimes, especially the Tuoba clan, took measures to prevent that. Some empresses of both the north and the south defied the odds to become powerful figures in their own right. Hinsch also mentions several other kinds of women, such as nursemaids, Buddhist nuns, and princesses, who played a role in the palace and were close to power. Chapter  covers women’s property rights and various types of labor and economic activities in which women engaged, including housework, textile production, childcare, healing and care in the home, commerce, entertainment and sex work, as well as serfdom and slavery. In highly militarized societies, especially those in the north, women were also expected to be able to fight. Chapter  explores new roles and opportunities for women in the burgeoning Buddhist and Daoist institutions, after briefly discussing old and new elements about female deities, ghosts, shamans, and ritualists. Chapter  surveys the topic of women’s learning. During this era, women’s education was not considered inappropriate, but lacked a clear purpose and tended to be less systematic than men’s education. The most educated women were daughters of elite men. Southern women read histories and ancient texts and composed poetry, while northern women focused on practical skills. Some women were praised for their eloquence and wit. Maternal instruction and women’s advice on “character evaluation” were also appreciated. Chapter  traces how the Six Dynasties became “a critical phase in the evolution of female ethics” as a result of the interaction of several historical factors: “the decline of Confucian learning, influx of steppe culture, and the rise of Buddhism and Daoism” (p. ). Focuses of this chapter include adultery, remarriage, jealousy, and female chastity: Hinsch argues that “[t]he early medieval era marks a turning point for chastity” (p. ) in intellectual discourse...

Developing a WhatsApp hotline for female entertainment workers in Cambodia: a qualitative study.

Female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia experience high levels of stress due to economic hardship, exposure to violence, and harassment by law enforcement due to their employment. This study aims to gather qualitative data on stressors, coping strategies, and preferences for chatline functions to inform the development of a WhatsApp hotline (chatline) for FEWs in Cambodia. This qualitative study includes data from 5 focus groups and 10 in-depth interviews (IDIs), at which point data collectors felt we approached saturation. Participants were asked to respond to open-ended questions, a comic strip showing how the hotline might work and an audio recording of a hypothetical hotline conversation. Primary structural coding was used to identify the preferred functions and type of support participants want to receive from hotline staff. As more secondary themes arose during codebook development, an inductive thematic analytical approach was selected to categorize these data. Participants identified several stressors associated with female entertainment work, including concerns about physical and mental health, fear related to experiences with the police or threat of arrest, and exposure to violence. Passive/avoidance and active coping strategies were also identified. Participants preferred a 24 h chatline that provides emotional support from a kind and comforting female staff person. The types of support participants were looking for were advice about personal problems, encouragement to achieve their goals and address depression, and immediate help for violence. Most participants felt that the hotline could bring them a sense of relief and safety and improve their mood. Some stated that the hotline alone would not alleviate the stressors they were exposed to, particularly related to violence and called for more transformational change. This study offers textured evidence to inform the WhatsApp hotline development and staff training tailored to meet the needs of this specific population. Linking this hotline with crisis response, legal support, and longer-term in-depth counseling and using information gathered from this project to inform more extensive structural and policy-level changes should also be part a foundational part of this project.