Wages In Enterprises Research Articles

Role of Women in Paddy Cultivation - A Study in Pakala Mandal, Tirupati District, Andhra Pradesh

Women make essential contributions to the agricultural and rural economies in all developing countries. Their roles vary considerably between and within regions and are changing rapidly in many parts of the world, where economic and social forces are transforming the agricultural sector. Rural women often manage complex households and pursue multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include producing agricultural crops, tending animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members and maintaining their homes. Many of these activities are not defined as economically active employment in national accounts but they are essential to the well-being of rural households. The paper presents the role of women in paddy cultivation in Pakala Mandal of Tirupati District of Andhra Pradesh.

Implementation Of Wage Unit Results In Meeting The Decent Living Needs (KHL) Of Batik Workers

Wage based on unit of output is a wage paid based on the production or quantity of goods produced by the worker, in this research, the amount of batik produced by the batik maker. This study aims to determine the implementation of piece-rate wages for batik workers, Pekalongan (Batang) area in Central Java and Cirebon, West Java to see the welfare of batik workers. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection instruments in the form of interviews and field observations. The magnitude of the poverty line and the average monthly per capita expenditure of the community at the provincial and city levels are indicators in determining the welfare level of workers. The results show that the piece-rate wages received by batik workers are higher than the city and provincial poverty lines, but still low when compared to the average monthly per capita expenditure at the provincial and city levels. Nevertheless, employers can determine the amount of wages below the government's decision if employers and workers have agreed. In conclusion, the wages received by the batik workers have not been able to fulfill the KHL of the batik workers optimally. However, batik makers are considered prosperous because they have fulfilled Article 36 Paragraph (2) of Government Regulation No. 36 of 2021 where wages in Small and Medium Enterprises, especially batik, have fulfilled at least 50% of the average consumption of the provincial community and at least 25% above the poverty line at the provincial level.

“Hidden price”: Energy conservation and emission reduction targets and employment growth

To achieve the “Carbon Peak” and “Carbon Neutrality” goals, the Chinese government is continuously strengthening energy conservation and emission reduction (ECER) work. However, this measure may also have an impact on employment in enterprises. To clarify its impact characteristics, we manually collect and organize prefecture-level municipal government work reports, and characterize ECER targets based on whether the government's planning terms involve ECER. This paper combines the China Industrial Enterprise Database and China Listed Company Database to empirically test the impact of ECER targets on employment growth in enterprises. We find that ECER targets inhibit employment growth in enterprises, and this effect is still significant after considering the endogeneity problems. The results of the mechanism analysis show that at the macro level, ECER targets can inhibit employment growth by exacerbating resource mismatch and weakening market competition. At the micro level, ECER targets can increase the enterprise's fixed assets investment and tax burden, and reduce the enterprise's wage, which has a negative impact on employment growth. In addition, we also find that the inhibitory effect of ECER targets on employment growth is more significant in foreign-capital enterprises, private enterprises, and enterprises in the eastern region.

Is there a virtuous cycle between wages and productivity? Turkish experience after the transition to democracy

We analyze the behavior of plant-level real wages and productivity in Turkish manufacturing after the transition to democracy in 1987 and test for the direction of the causality between these two variables. The Turkish experience is almost an experimental case because successive governments after 1987 let real wages increase rapidly under the pressure of intensifying political competition. Real wages in state-owned enterprises increased by nearly 200% from 1988 to 1993, followed by a 130% increase in real wages in private manufacturing. Our analysis shows that labor and total factor productivity increased at an unprecedented rate during the same period in response to the exogenous wage hikes. Econometric estimates provide strong empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that there is a bi-directional relationship between wages and productivity, and wage increases do not reduce surplus because the increase in productivity (value added per worker) compensates for increasing wages.

Revenue as an indicator of the level of wages in agricultural enterprises

Revenue as an indicator of the level of wages in agricultural enterprises

Evaluation of the labor potential of industrial enterprises

Improving the quality of labor potential at industrial enterprises is an important issue, especially in the postpandemic period and due to the introduction of digital technologies. The article analyzes the management of the labor potential of industrial enterprises. Its major aim is to develop an algorithm for monitoring the assessment of labor resources as a mechanism for managing the labor potential of industrial enterprises. Data of a local enterprise JSC “UKAZ” for 2019–2021 (the enterprise) were used as the object of labor potential study. The main provisions of the labor resource management theory are considered. The goals and objectives of the modern labor resources management system for large industrial machine-building enterprises of Kazakhstan are determined. The analysis of the structure and dynamics of labor resources, the use of working time of the labor potential, the labor force movement, the structure and dynamics of the enterprise wage fund was carried out. Negative trends have been identified, i.e. a decreasing number of labor potential, a deviation of the labor potential structure from the norm toward exceeding the proportion of managers vis-à-vis workers. Shortcomings in the wage fund formation and distribution are identified. Measures are proposed to improve the labor potential management at an enterprise, i.e. to manage human capital development based on expert management methods and constant monitoring of the state of labor resources and the professional and qualification status of each specialist, his compliance with requirements of the innovative development strategy of the enterprise.

The state and the share of rural women on the agricultural entrepreneurship activities in the Slovak republic

The economic empowerment of rural women in the recent development of agriculture through entrepreneurship is considered an important challenge. Rural women often manage complex households and pursue multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include cultivation of crops, farming animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members, and maintaining their homes. The research aimed to collect up-to-date data on Slovak rural women dealing with business in the field of agriculture, women's role and status in society in rural areas, on the farm, women's participation in education, training, and agricultural services. The main focus is dedicated to their share on the management of agricultural entities, land cultivation, employment of rural women and men, and their deal on the selected entrepreneurial activities of Slovak agriculture. Women doing business in agriculture dispose of with considerable knowledge and experience in the agricultural and food sectors. The realized research showed that the scale of farms managed by women is 325 hectares. Rural women in the surveyed group are taking care of about 2.5% of the total area of agricultural land in Slovakia and they are employing 2.40% of the working forces in the agricultural sector in Slovakia. According to our survey, rural women are under-represented in managerial and ownership positions of agricultural entities.

Labor productivity modeling in the agricultural sector

The article examines the relevance of the study of productivity and wages, highlights the specificity of their relationship in the agricultural sector. On the basis of agricultural organizations of the Kursk region, an analysis of the dynamics of labor productivity in comparison with the dynamics of wages was carried out. A degressive model of wage growth has been identified that does not contain an incentive to increase the productivity of employees. On the basis of the constructed mathematical models for the growth of productivity and wages in agricultural enterprises of the Kursk region, conclusions are drawn about the imbalance of material motivation due to the fact that labor productivity increases in the form of a polynomial function with an increase in wages that is closer to a linear function. The thesis about the disproportions in the growth of productivity and wages was confirmed, and the need for corrective actions and the development of recommendations for both managerial decisions at the level of economic entities and for state regulation of the industry was substantiated. At the level of organizations, more active use of differentiated pay systems is justified, in which the level of remuneration will be directly related to the productivity of workers and the results that they contribute to financial indicators, as well as providing employees with the opportunity to participate in the capital of the enterprise and the distribution of profits with direct participation in organization management. Recommendations have been developed on the need to link the allocation of state support to the level of wages in the organization and more active use of methods of non-material incentives for managers and owners of agricultural organizations from the state.

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ОПЛАТИ ПРАЦІ НА КОКСОХІМІЧНИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ

Introduction. The study examines modern approaches to remuneration that can be applied in coke plants. The main directions of research in the formation of wages in modern conditions are determined, the forms and systems of wages are differentiated taking into account the performance of basic economic functions. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the list of modern approaches to remuneration at coke plants, diversification of forms and systems of payment for the fullest performance of their functions. Results. It is proved that the implementation of the main functions of wages in enterprises is associated with existing forms and systems, the combination of which allows to differentiate the calculations of wages and adapt them to the conditions of operation at coke plants. It was found that on the one hand, the correct construction of the remuneration mechanism has an impact on the efficiency and results of the enterprise, and on the other hand, the organization of wages and its formation are the basis of social and labor relations in society. labor process. The elements of the approach to the construction of wages at modern coke plants are identified. Conclusions. Reproductive and social functions of remuneration have been found to be important in modern conditions. It is substantiated that wages at modern coke plants should be organized based on the following provisions: to choose wage systems that are aimed not only at increasing productivity but also product quality, saving resources; to introduce pay systems aimed at fulfilling the social function (bonus in combination with the collective); use an intermediate model of forming the minimum wage, and its indexation should be carried out selectively, taking into account social justice; use remuneration systems based on profit sharing and income distribution. Key words: wages, coke plants, forms of wages, wage systems.

Management peculiarities of personnel flows in the logistics systems of agricultural enterprises

Introduction. The article is devoted to the issues of personnel flow management in the logistics systems of agricul-tural enterprises and identifies organizational measures that increase the level of staff productivity in modern conditions. Based on the study, a logistic and motivational arrangement of an agricultural enterprise with the use of innovative technol-ogies for personnel flow management was proposed. The purpose of the research was to study the features of personnel flow management in the logistics systems of agri-cultural enterprises, analysis of existing problems and finding ways to solve them. Results. The concept of logistics flow management system is analyzed. The relationship between staff simulation and increasing the efficiency of the enterprise is revealed. The basic rules of staff incentives have been studied. Factors influenc-ing the level of wages in agricultural enterprises are described. The factors of the motivational mechanism of the logistics activity at the agricultural enterprise, which reveal the relationship between the systems of motivation and logistics, are studied. The directions of innovation introduction in management of personnel flows in agrarian branch through develop-ment of the personnel, system formation of traditional and non-traditional motivation, model development of competences for the agrarian enterprise and use of computer technologies in management of personnel flows are offered. Conclusions. It is determined that the exiting agricultural sector at the leading position in the competition is possi-ble only if it follows the innovative way of development, and the practical application of socio-economic reserves of effective personnel flow management will have a positive impact not only on the formation and use of labor resources profitability of agricultural enterprises. It is recommended to implement the proposed logistic-motivational arrangement through orderli-ness of bonuses, performance forecasting and identification of the surcharges impact on performance indicators. Key words: logistics system, agricultural enterprise, management, personnel flow, personnel stimulation, innovative technologies.

FACTORS OF WAGE FORMATION IN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

Introduction. It is emphasized that formation of wage level at the agricultural enterprises depends on a number of factors: the scale of the enterprise, productivity, volume and structure of sales, season work, etc. The degree of influence of these factors is an important aspect in calculating the income of employees and alternatives for their further increase. It should also be noted that today companies compete in the labour market for workers with appropriate qualifications. This forces them to increase wage level gradually. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of certain factors on the level and productivity of wages in agricultural enterprises of Kharkiv region. Results. The number of staff at agricultural enterprises is not directly proportional to the increase in the area of enterprises, on the contrary, the growth of land area leads to a decrease in the number of employees. The growth of agricultural land at enterprises allows to increase the volume of marketable products and leads to an increase in wages. In most of the analyzed situations, an increase in the number of employees leads to a fall in wages. The low share of growth in marketable products indicates a very weak relationship between the level of labor productivity and the level of its payment, which raises a number of questions about employee motivation. Conclusions. The factor of enterprise size has a significant impact on both productivity and the wage level. Larger businesses are more competitive. They can save on wages in absolute terms while increasing its level, which also creates a competitive advantage and allows to attract more qualified personnel. It has also been found that enterprises that have livestock industry in the structure of production significantly increase the level of employment compared to the enterprise, specializing exclusively in crop products. On the other hand, it is noted that dependence between labour productivity and its wage level is weak, which raises the question of the lack of a motivational mechanism at agricultural enterprises. Key words: labour productivity, wages, enterprise size, staff motivation.

Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Wages in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

Influence of Socio-Economic Factors on Wages in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

Robust estimation of wages in small enterprises: the application to Poland’s districts

Abstract The paper presents an empirical study designed to test a small area estimation method. The aim of the study is to apply a robust version of the Fay-Herriot model to the estimation of average wages in the small business sector. Unlike the classical Fay-Herriot model, its robust version makes it possible to meet the assumption of normality of random effects under the presence of outliers. Moreover, the use of this version of the Fay-Herriot model helps to improve the precision of estimates, especially in domains where samples are of small sizes. These alternative models are supplied with auxiliary variables. The study seeks to present the characteristics of and differences among small business units cross-classified by selected NACE sections and district units of the provinces of Mazowieckie and Wielkopolskie. It was carried out on the basis of data from a survey conducted by the Statistical Office in Poznan and from administrative registers. It is the first study which attempts to produce estimates of average wages for this sector of the national economy.

Забезпечення справедливої винагороди персоналу на рівні інституційного регулювання та нr-менеджменту

Обґрунтовано, що забезпечення справедливої винагороди персоналу вимагає консолідації інституційної сфери механізму державного регулювання (профспілкових організацій як юридично встановлених структур захисту прав працівників; органів державної влади, які через створення умов бізнес-середовища та регламентацію концептуальних засад управління персоналом мотивують роботодавців до відповідних кроків) та HR-менеджменту (роботодавців як суб’єктів господарювання). Деталізовано процес забезпечення справедливої винагороди персоналу за інституційним, функціональним, ресурсним забезпечення, управлінським інструментарієм та поточними управлінськими діями. Охарактеризовано механізм нової системи мотивації та оплати праці персоналу, що включає: диференціацію персоналу; проведення оцінювання посад працівників; вибір системи оплати праці, її форм, видів; вибір системи додаткових пільг і нематеріальної мотивації; формування структури компенсаційних пакетів.

Efficiency of production of the blocked ground products: economic and social aspects

Topicality. Vegetables and mushrooms of the blocked ground are indispensable products of human food ration. They are grown by rural households and enterprises of the blocked ground. The research of the efficiency of production of the blocked ground is relevant because it provides food security of the country and employment of the rural population during the winter and spring. Formulation of the problem. At present, attention is not paid to the social problems of the agrarian sector of the economy and rural areas. As a result of the reformation of land relations, the number of workers of agricultural enterprises and rural population is rapidly decreasing. Almost the other side is the problem of increasing the social efficiency of the agrarian economy. Activities of enterprises of the blocked ground are aimed at the production and provision of vegetable and mushroom products of the population of the country during the off-season period. This reduces seasonal labor in the industry and unemployment in the countryside. The subject of research covers the scientific and practical principles of effective production of products of the blocked ground in the context of socio-economic development of rural areas. The aim of the work is to substantiate the directions of ensuring the efficient production of agricultural products in enterprises of the blocked ground. Methods of conducting research: statistic-economic; monographic; system approach; abstract-logical. Results of the work: economic analysis of the production of agricultural products of the blocked ground in Ukraine as a whole and in the context of economic forms; economic, technical and social-labor directions of increasing the efficiency of economic activity in enterprises of the blocked ground are substantiated. Practical implementation: the process of developing state and local programs for the development of the agrarian sector of the economy and promoting employment, the state investment policy, management and economic work in enterprises of the blocked ground. Conclusions: the importance of controlling the costs of production of blocked ground and ensuring rational employment of the population in the agrarian sector of the economy in the inter-season period is determined; the directions of increase of profitability, number of employees and their wages in enterprises of the blocked ground are grounded.

Women Role in Agricultural Value Chain:Review in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a country where more than 85% of its population depend on rain fed agriculture. Agriculture is the back bone of the national economy. Both men and women have been playing a significant role in the development of agricultural production. This paper draws on the available empirical evidence to review in which areas and to what degree women participate along agricultural value chain. Women make essential contributions to the agricultural and rural economies in all developing countries. Their roles vary considerably between and within regions. Their activities typically include producing agricultural crops, processing and marketing. Rural women often manage complex households and pursue multiple livelihood strategies. Their activities typically include producing agricultural crops, tending animals, processing and preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members and maintaining their homes. However, evidence suggests that women tend to lose income and control as a product moves from the farm to the market. Women participation influenced by social, cultural, demographic, institutional and economic factors. So, it needs both governmental and non-governmental organizations intervention to support, encourage and give priority for increasing production, processing and marketing of agricultural products and minimize differences among women and men. Keywords: women, women role and agricultural value chain DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/45-03

Explaining the state-owned enterprise wage premium in China: is it unobserved heterogeneity?

State-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China pay higher wages than private firms. Is it because SOEs pay their workers wage premium or because they employ high-quality workforce? Using the latest methods and data, this paper accounts for the unobserved heterogeneity and estimates the SOE wage premium for the period 1995–2013. It is found that the wage premium has diminished since 1995 and has become insignificant since 2000. The significant wage gap between SOEs and non-SOEs can be explained by the fact that SOEs recruit high-quality workforce in correlation with SOEs’ industrial composition. This paper also evaluates the instruments used in the previous studies and rejects them through validity tests. The evidence suggests that the labour market in China is not segmented by ownership.

The Effect of China Industrial Policy on the Wage Gap between Enterprises: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Industrial Enterprises

The unbalanced development within the Chinese industries may bring the imbalance of income among different groups. What kind of role does industrial policy play, namely whether the implementation of China industrial policy brings the wage gap between enterprises? This paper considers subsidies as the breakthrough point, introduces industrial policy factor into a heterogeneous enterprise model, and theoretically decomposes the impact of industrial policy on enterprise wages into two mechanisms, namely subsidy transfer effect and competition effect. And it puts forward the following hypotheses: the enterprises spend part of policy subsidies on production, and now more wages paid are equivalent to direct fiscal subsidies; at the same time, enterprise wage level also depends on enterprise production efficiency, and industrial policy changes enterprise efficiency through promoting or inhibiting industrial competition, thereby having an indirect influence on enterprise wage level, namely competition effect. Next, this paper empirically checks above theoretical hypotheses by using the data of Chinese industrial enterprises above designated size from 1998 to 2007. Specifically, the control variables are gradually added, and the variable reflecting subsidy policy has always been a negative relationship with enterprise wage level. After controlling total factor productivity of enterprises, this relationship between subsidy policy and enterprise wage level becomes positive, while the impact of subsidies on total factor productivity of enterprises is negative. Then we can conclude that: negative competition effect resulting from China-style industrial policy through inhibiting enterprise efficiency exceeds positive subsidy transfer effect, finally leading to a reduction in enterprise wage level. This paper further explores the issue of a competition-friendly industrial policy based on Aghion et al.（2015）that shows the dispersion of government industrial policy coverage. Once industrial policy target is more extensive, the competitive effect of policy on enterprise wages will turn positive, and enterprise wage level will increase accordingly. These research conclusions help to understand the impact of industry policy on enterprise wages in the process of economic reform, enrich the related research of enterprise wages, and have enlightenment for deepening the reform: the unreasonable implementation of industrial policy has hindered the reform of basic wage system reform in China, and we can not bring some enterprises’ revenues to subsidize the other; the fairness of this behavior is questionable, and how to give priority to efficiency as well as equity needs to be weighed carefully and repeatedly by policy formulators. Subsidies for some enterprises can be converted into wage subsidies for skilled workers, which on the one hand, attract talents to enterprises and help enterprises to improve efficiency and on the other hand, avoid the negative effects resulting from direct subsidies for enterprises.

State owned enterprises, shirking and trade liberalization

We explore the implications of trade liberalization in economies with State Owned enterprises (SOEs) both theoretically and through simulation analysis. SOEs are modelled as controlled by the members of the enterprise who determine output and effort levels, while facing output prices and wage rates set by government. Enterprise members must collectively meet a budget constraint that the value of sales equals the enterprise wage bill plus an exogenous enterprise commitment to the state budget. Labour can shirk either through low on the job effort (leisure), or through moonlighting to second jobs in the private sector. Three alternative formulations of equilibria in SOE economies are explored, and in these trade liberalization can produce effects opposite from conventional competitive models. In particular, the output of import competing SOEs increases rather than falls, and negative effects on imports can also occur. We also explore the implications of these models using data on Vietnam. Firm empirical estimates are not available for all model parameters, but when calibrated to 1995 data for Vietnam these models suggest quantitatively much larger impacts from trade liberalization than is the case for comparable conventional competitive models. This is because departures from Pareto optimality in SOE economies can be large and trade liberalization acts to discipline shirking associated with these inefficiencies. The implication we draw from our analyses is that to evaluate policy initiatives, such as trade liberalization, in developing and transition economies without explicitly recognizing the role that SOEs can play may be misleading. This is especially the case where SOEs account for a significant fraction of economic activity and shirking occurs.

Wage formation during economic transformation: macroeconomic facts and firm survey evidence from Slovenia

This article provides macroeconomic stylised facts on wage comparisons and microeconomic evidence on how institutional changes, competitive pressures in firms' output markets, human capital and efficiency wage payment affect wage formation during the early stages of transformation. Wages in Slovenia are higher than in other transition Central and Eastern European countries and higher than labour productivity. We use a firm survey panel dataset of Slovenian enterprises to investigate labour cost adjustment and its policy relevance. The results reveal that transformation was not a uniform process as it has induced different labour cost adjustments and wage responses to transformation shocks over time. The hypothesis that labour productivity and competitive pressures in firms' output markets were important for wage formation was not supported. We confirm that rent seeking increased wages in insider, management and employee-owned enterprises in anticipation of privatisation. The effect of human capital was modest and efficiency wage payment was found not to be significant. The hypothesis of unionisation in Slovenian enterprises was not supported.