Enteromorpha Linza Research Articles

The mechanism by which Enteromorpha Linza polysaccharide promotes Bacillus subtilis growth and nitrate removal

In this study, we discussed the relationship between Entermorpha linza polysaccharide (EP) and Bacillus subtilis, which can transform nitrate. A sole carbon source experiment showed that Bacillus subtilis could utilize EP, and the bacterial density was maximally increased by 54.43% in the EP groups. The results of reducing sugar determination proved the secretion of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the EP groups had fewer spores and shrunken bacteria, indicating that EP could improve the growth environment and maintain bacterial integrity. Additionally, the ratios of periplasmic nitrate reductase (NAP), nitrite reductase (NIR), and dissimilatory nitrate reductase (D-NRase) in the EP groups were maximally increased by 107.22%, 84.70% and 36.10%, respectively. Transcriptome analysis further confirmed the above mentioned results. For example, the high expression of quorum sensing genes indicated that EP groups had higher bacterial density. Moreover, the high expression of antioxidant genes in the EP groups may be related to morphological integrity. Our study provides a basis for further discussion of the mechanism.

Preparation of Cookies with Various Native Seaweeds Found on the Korean Coast

ABSTRACTWe investigated the quality characteristics of cookies prepared using different seaweeds native to the Korean coast. Flour made from four different seaweed species (Sargassum fulvellum, Enteromorpha linza, Codium fragile, and Hizikia fusiforme) was used to replace 5% of the regular flour while preparing the cookies. The seaweeds significantly affected solvent retention capacity, thus interfering with gluten network formation. Consequently, the addition of seaweed changed several variables in the cookies, such as moisture content, spread factor, and breaking stress. In sensory evaluation, cookies with Hizikia fusiforme were the most preferred, confirming the possibility of developing cookie products using this seaweed species.

Macroalgal activity against fungal urinary tract infections: in vitro screening and evaluation study

Application of antimicrobial botanical extracts and other natural products is receiving increasing attention. The present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activities of some macroalgae collected from Alexandria beach, Egypt for treatment of fungal urinary tract infections (UTIs). Methanol extracts of Ulva lactuca showed the highest recorded antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, while Enteromorpha linza showed the highest antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis. In addition, methanol extracts of both macroalgae showed a significant urease inhibition of the corresponding fungi. Lineweaver–Burk plots indicated a reversible non-competitive mechanism for U. lactuca extract, whereas E. linza extract showed a reversible competitive inhibition. Fatty acids profile of methanol extracts of U. lactuca and E. linza showed predominance of octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid (48.4% and 62.9% of total fatty acids, respectively). In addition, GC/MS results showed significant proportions of the biologically active compounds; benzodioxoles such as piperonylbutoxide, organochlorines such as p,p’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in U. lactuca and phytosterols such as stigmastan derivatives in E. linza. The present study represents an advancement in the knowledge of the chemistry and antifungal potential of macroalgae against UTIs and offers promising trend for drug discovery from marine macroalgae.

Variation in biochemical constituents and master elements in common seaweeds from Alexandria Coast, Egypt, with special reference to their antioxidant activity and potential food uses: prospective equations.

Biochemical constituents and master elements (Pb, Cr, Cd, Fe, Cu, Zn, Hg, B, Al, SO42-, Na, K, Li, Ca, Mg, and F) were investigated in six different seaweed species from Abu Qir Bay in the Egyptian Mediterranean Sea coast. The moisture level ranged from 30.26% in Corallina mediterranea to 77.57% in Padina boryana. On dry weight basis, the ash contents varied from 25.53% in Jania rubens to 88.84% in Sargassum wightii. The protein contents fluctuated from 8.26% in S. wightii to 28.01% in J. rubens. Enteromorpha linza showed the highest lipids (4.66%) and carbohydrate contents (78.95%), whereas C. mediterranea had the lowest lipid (0.5%), and carbohydrate contents (38.12%). Chlorophylls and carotenoid contents varied among the species. Total antioxidant capacity of the tested green seaweeds had the highest activities followed by brown and red seaweeds which had a similar trend of phenol and tannins contents. High reducing power was observed in all tested seaweeds extract except Ulva lactuca. Brown species had the highest amount of elements followed by red and green seaweeds. Notably, SO42- recorded the highest level in the tested green species (108.05mg/g dry weight (DW)). The Ca/Mg and K/Na ratios reflected highly significant difference between seaweed species. This study keeps an eye on 29 parameters and by applying stepwise multiple regression analysis, prospective equations have been set to describe the interactions between these parameters inside seaweeds. Accordingly, the tested seaweeds can be recommended as a source of healthy food with suitable ion quotient and estimated daily intake values.

Anti-Listerial Activity of Four Seaweed Essential Oils Against Listeria monocytogenes.

BackgroundListeria monocytogenes is one of the most virulent types of bacteria and causes severe foodborne illness, such as listeriosis. Because this pathogen has become resistant to sanitizers and other disinfectants that are used to clean utensils and surfaces during food processing, it poses a serious threat to the food industry.ObjectivesThe study was conducted to determine the anti-listerial potential of essential oils extracted from four edible seaweeds against L. monocytogenes.Materials and MethodsEssential oil was extracted from four edible seaweeds (Enteromorpha linza, Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, and Porphyra tenera) against L. monocytogenes using the microwave hydrodistillation method. The anti-listerial activity of the essential oil was determined using the standard disc diffusion method.ResultsAmong the four essential oils, E. linza (ELEO) was most effective against all three strains of L. monocytogenes (11.3 - 16.0 mm). The other three essential oils were only effective against two strains, L. monocytogenes ATCC 19115 (10.0 - 10.5 mm) and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 (11.0 - 15.0 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration of all four essential oils varied from 12.5 - 25.0 mg/mL. Further, the mode of action of ELEO against L. monocytogenes was investigated by examining its effect on cell viability, the release of 260-nm absorbing materials, the number of K+ ions, the relative electrical conductivity, and the salt tolerance capacity. The results indicated that the essential oils exhibited strong anti-listerial activity against multiple strains of L. monocytogenes. It displayed potential inhibitory effects on the viability of bacterial cells and loss of integrity as indicated by an increase in the relative electrical conductivity, leakage of K+ ions and other 260-nm absorbing materials, and a loss of the salt tolerance capacity.ConclusionsThe results presented herein provided insight into a possible explanation for the modes of action of essential oils on L. monocytogenes. The outcome of the present study may aid the food industry in locating the most promising potential anti-listerial agents from edible seaweed sources to control L. monocytogenes and also in facilitating their application in food processing and preservation techniques in a nontoxic and environmental friendly manner.

Antibacterial Activity and Action Mechanism of the Essential Oil from Enteromorpha linza L. against Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria.

Foodborne illness and disease caused by foodborne pathogenic bacteria is continuing to increase day by day and it has become an important topic of concern among various food industries. Many types of synthetic antibacterial agents have been used in food processing and food preservation; however, they are not safe and have resulted in various health-related issues. Therefore, in the present study, essential oil from an edible seaweed, Enteromorpha linza (AEO), was evaluated for its antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens, along with the mechanism of its antibacterial action. AEO at 25 mg/disc was highly active against Bacillus cereus (12.3–12.7 mm inhibition zone) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.7–13.3 mm inhibition zone). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values of AEO ranged from 12.5–25 mg/mL. Further investigation of the mechanism of action of AEO revealed its strong impairing effect on the viability of bacterial cells and membrane permeability, as indicated by a significant increase in leakage of 260 nm absorbing materials and K+ ions from the cell membrane and loss of high salt tolerance. Taken together, these data suggest that AEO has the potential for use as an effective antibacterial agent that functions by impairing cell membrane permeability via morphological alternations, resulting in cellular lysis and cell death.

Inhibitory effects of Enteromorpha linza polysaccharide on micronucleus of Allium sativum root cells

In this study, the antimutagenic function of the polysaccharide from Enteromorpha linza with the micronucleus test of Allium sativum root cells induced by sulfur dioxide and ultraviolet was studied. The concentration-effect relation of the two inducers was firstly evaluated. The results showed that an increase of genotoxicity damage was demonstrated and micronuclei frequency induced by sulfur dioxide and ultraviolet displayed dose dependent increases. All the doses of polysaccharide did affect the micronuclei frequency formation compared with the negative control. And also, the significant increase in inhibition rate of micronuclei frequency was observed with the increase of the dose of polysaccharide. It was showed maximum inhibition of micronuclei frequency cells (71.74% and 66.70%) at a concentration of 200g/mL in three experiments. The low molecular weight polysaccharide showed higher inhibition rate than raw polysaccharide at the higher concentration (50g/mL) in the absence of sulfur dioxide and ultraviolet. It was confirmed to be a good mutant inhibitor.

Antibacterial mechanism of the action of Enteromorpha linza L. essential oil against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium.

BackgroundIdentification of natural antibacterial agents from various sources that can act effectively against disease causing foodborne bacteria is one of the major concerns throughout the world. However, the natural antibacterial agents identified to date are primarily effective against Gram positive bacteria, but less effective against Gram negative bacteria. In the present study, Enteromorpha linza L. essential oil (EEO) was evaluated for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium along with the mode of their antibacterial action.ResultsThe chemical composition of EEO revealed high amounts of acids (54.6 %) and alkenes (21.1 %). EEO was effective against both E. coli and S. Typhimurium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of EEO for both pathogens were 12.5 mg/ml and 25.0 mg/mL, respectively. EEO at the MIC acted on the loss in viability of E. coli ATCC 43890, which was used as the model system for evaluation of the antibacterial mode of action of EEO against Gram negative bacteria. Significant increase in relative electrical conductivity and K+ concentration were recorded with respect to time, indicating the disruption of tested E. coli cells owing to the controlling effect of EEO. Alternation of the morphology of the cell surface, increase in the release of 260 nm absorbing materials and loss of high salt tolerance were observed.ConclusionsThe results suggest that EEO induced a bactericidal effect via structural membrane damage caused by deposition of EEO in the cytosol or through enzymatic degradation of bacterial intracellular enzymes that resulted in cellular lysis. Accordingly, EEO can be used as a strong natural antibacterial agent against Gram negative foodborne pathogens such as E. coli and S. Typhimurium.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40529-015-0093-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Antioxidant and Free Radical-Scavenging Potential of Essential Oil from E nteromorpha linza L. Prepared by Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation

The seaweed Enteromorpha linza has long been used as a food source rich in natural bioactive compounds in various regions of the world. In the present study, the essential oil from E. linza, extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, was analyzed for its chemical composition and was evaluated for its free radical-scavenging and antioxidant potential. Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy revealed the presence of 24 compounds in the seaweed essential oil (SEO), among which hexadecanoic acid (47.32%), nonadecadiene (18.19%) and azetidine (2.84%) are of medicinal importance. SEO exhibited strong hydroxyl radical-scavenging and superoxide scavenging activity of 91.37 and 53.50%, respectively, at 500 μg/mL. SEO also exhibited strong reducing power (0.90) and inhibited lipid peroxidation by 70.53% at 500 μg/mL. Based on the high antioxidant activities of compounds in SEO, it can be used as a food additive, preservative and dietary supplement to control the deleterious effects of oxidative stress with increased nutritional values. Practical Applications Extensive investigations of free radicals and reactive oxygen species have revealed that these components have adverse effect on biomolecules that cause damage to macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, as well as various food products. Seaweeds are a favorable food source that serves as an effective resource for essential oil, which could be an alternative source of natural antioxidants, used as food additives or in food preservation. In this study, SEO from E. linza extracted by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation exhibited significantly high antioxidant and radical-scavenging potential, as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation. These findings confirm that SEO from E. linza can be used by food industries as an additive, preservative or dietary supplement and as a nutraceutical to control the harmful effects of oxidative stress on food.

Induction of Apoptosis by Methyl Alcohol Extract of <i>Enteromorpha linza</i> (Linnaeus) J Agardh in U937 Human Leukemia Cells

Purpose: To investigate the anti-cancer effect of methyl alcohol extract of Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J. Agardh (MEEL) in U937 human leukemia cells.Methods: Cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was detected using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, agarose gel electrophoresis, and flow cytometry. Protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Caspase activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 405 nm.Results: MEEL inhibited U937 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through up-regulation of death receptor-related gene expression, caspase-8 activation and truncation of Bid, which was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Subsequently, the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and IAP family proteins decreased but those of pro-apoptotic proteins including Bax and Bad increased in MEEL-treated U937 cells. MEEL treatment also resulted in activation of caspase-9 and -3 as well as concomitant cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and phopholipase Cγ-1. However, pretreatment of U937 cells with z-VAD-fmk, a pan caspase inhibitor, abrogated chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation and prevented cell death induced by the MEEL.Conclusion: The findings suggest that MEEL induced apoptosis in U937 cells through a signaling cascade of death-receptor-mediated extrinsic as well as mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathways, thus raising the possibility that MEEL may be of value in the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treating leukemia.Keywords: Enteromorpha linza, Apoptosis, Caspase, U937 cells

Grazing of selected genera of green, red and brown macroalgae

Macrobenthic algae and grazers like gastropods, amphipods etc. eventually form a key component of intensified grazing ecosystem in rocky intertidal area. Grazing gastropods suppresses the abundance of canopy forming algal species, thus lead to a reduced algal diversity in the long term. We conducted feeding trials with single and mixed diet during a 28-Days indoor experiment to examine the grazing intensity among green, red and brown algae namely Ulva lactuta, Enteromorpha linza, Gelidium and Padina tetrastromatica following a gut content analysis of experimental gastropods such as Euchelus asper and Nerita oryzarum. Feeding experiments revealed that Euchelus asper consumed 70% Enteromorpha, 10% Ulva and about 10% Gelidium whereas, Nerita oryzarum consumed 45% Ulva and 10% Enteromorpha during single diet experiment. Euchelus asper showed its preference towards all experimental diet where as Nerita preferred Ulva to a greater extends than Enteromorpha and rest other combined diet. Our results showed a higher grazing pressure exerted by Euchelus asper might pose a threat for algal culture and form competition in animals of same trophic level intern affecting their population. Similar experiment may be useful to control mass canopy forming algal growth and habitat studies for grazing animals will also be attributed.

Studies on chemical composition of three species of Enteromorpha

Studies on proximate, mineral, fatty and amino acid composition of edible Enteromorpha species, viz. Enteromorpha compressa, Enteromorpha linza and Enteromorpha tubulosa, collected from the Northwest coast of India, revealed for species-dependent nutrient composition variation. The present study showed a higher amount of sugar (51.05±1.22%), protein (19.09±0.91%) and lipid content (5.56±0.16%) E. tubulosa. Amongst the seventeen elements analyzed (Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Zn, Cr, Pb), all three species showed a higher amount of calcium content. E. compressa was obtained with rich amount of macro-elements (11.42±0.017g/100g dry wt), while maximum micro- and trace-elements (81.51±6.65mg/100g dry wt) were recorded in E. linza. Amino acid analysis revealed seven out of the 10 essential amino acids were present either in excess or at-par with the reference proteins. Moreover, all the three species studied possessed relatively high n-3 fatty acids; additionally they had more unsaturated fatty acids than saturate ones, except in E. compressa. Therefore, based on the present investigation, it could be stated that the three species studied could be used as food supplements to improve the nutritive value in the omnivorous diet.

O-acetylation of low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Enteromorpha linza with antioxidant activity

Polysaccharide extracted from green algae Enteromorpha linza (EP) is a sulfated polysaccharide, which possesses excellent antioxidant activities. In present study, the acetylated derivatives of low-molecular-weight polysaccharide (LEP) was prepared with the method of response surface quadratic model. And then the antioxidant activities of the derivatives were investigated including scavenging effects of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. The results of chemical analysis and FT-IR spectrum showed the acetylation was successful. And in addition, certain derivative with different degree of substitution (DS) exhibited different antioxidant activity.

Effect of phthaloylation on radical-scavenging and moisture-preserving activities of polysaccharide from Enteromorpha linza

In this study, phthaloyl polysaccharide from Enteromorpha linza (PHEP) has been prepared in a homogeneous process by using 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic anhydride and 4-Dimethylaminopyridine as phthaloyl agent and catalyst, respectively. And then the radical-scavenging and moisture-preserving activities of the samples were investigated. The results of chemical composition and FT-IR analysis showed the phthaloyl modifications of polysaccharide were successful. And moreover, the derivative PHEP showed excellent radical-scavenging and moisture-preserving activities, so this derivative needs to be attention and studied in further.

Erratum to: Purification and characterization of iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase from Enteromorpha linza

Erratum to: Purification and characterization of iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase from Enteromorpha linza

In vitro Analysis of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Activity of Enteromorpha antenna, Enteromorpha linza and Gracilaria corticata Extracts

Seaweeds are taxonomically diverse benthic algae, which are rich in bioactive compounds. These compounds have a potential application in medicine. The aim of the study was to investigate the bioactive properties of three seaweed samples, Enteromorpha antenna, Enteromorpha linza and Gracilaria corticata were collected from the shoreline of Mahabalipuram, Tamilnadu. Bioactive components were extracted by using various solvents. Antioxidant analysis methods like scavenging activity of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, free radical scavenging (DPPH), FRAP (ferric reducing ability plasma) ability and reducing power were carried out. MTT assay was employed to study the anticancer activity against cancer cell lines Hep-G2, MCF7 and normal VERO cell lines. It was found that methanolic extracts elicited higher total phenolic content, higher percentage scavenging activity of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, free radical scavenging (DPPH), FRAP (ferric reducing ability plasma) ability and reducing power. Different concentrations of crude methanolic extracts of seaweeds showed potential antimicrobial activity by well diffusion method. Crude methanolic extract of G. corticata had significant anticancer activity followed by E. antenna and E. linza on cancer cell lines Hep-G2, MCF7 and normal VERO cell lines by MTT assay. The methanolic extracts of seaweeds Enteromorpha antenna, Enteromorpha linza and Gracilaria corticata possess high total phenolic content and shows a good free radical scavenging activity and hence are proven to have better antioxidant activity and they might be good candidates for further investigations in order to develop potential anticancer drugs.

Molecular diversity of Enteromorpha from the coast of Yantai: a dual-marker assessment

We collected nine Enteromorpha specimens from the coast of Yantai and evaluated their diversity based on analyses of their ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and 5S rDNA NTS (non-transcribed spacer) sequences. The ITS sequences showed slight nucleotide divergences between Enteromorpha linza and Enteromorpha prolifera. In contrast, multiple highly variable regions were found in the ITS region of Enteromorpha flexuosa. In general, there were more variable sites in the NTS region than in the ITS region in the three species. The variations in 5S rDNA NTS sequences indicated that the molecular diversity of Enteromorpha from the coast of Yantai is very high. However, a phylogenetic tree constructed using 5S rDNA NTS sequence data indicated that genetic differences were not directly related to geographical distribution.

Antimicrobial activities of stearidonic and gamma-linolenic acids from the green seaweed Enteromorpha linza against several oral pathogenic bacteria.

BackgroundWe found that the edible green seaweed Enteromorpha linza displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. To elucidate the active component of E. linza, isolation procedures were performed.ResultsThe main active compound was isolated by polarity fractionation, Sephadex LH-20 gel chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The active compounds were eluted at isocratic 95% acetonitrile by RP-HPLC and identified as unsaturated fatty acids, stearidonic acid (SA, C18:4 n-3) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 n-6) by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The yields of SA and GLA from dried seaweed tissue were 6.33 × 10-3% and 6.47 × 10-3%, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration values of SA and GLA were 39.06 μg/mL against P. intermedia and 9.76 μg/mL against P. gingivalis, respectively. SA and GLA were also active against several other oral pathogens, including Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincenti, and Streptococcus mutans, at micromolar concentrations.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the E. linza extracts SA and GLA are useful antimicrobial agents for the prevention and/or treatment of periodontitis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1999-3110-54-39) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Purification and characterization of iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase from Enteromorpha linza

A superoxide dismutase was purified from Enteromorpha linza using a simple and safe procedure, which comprised phosphate buffer extraction, ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography on Q-sepharose column, and gel filtration chromatography on Superdex 200 10/300GL. The E. linza superoxide dismutase (ElSOD) was purified 103.6-fold, and a yield of 19.1% and a specific activity of 1 750 U/mg protein were obtained. The SDS-PAGE exhibited ElSOD a single band near 23 kDa and the gel filtration study showed ElSOD’s molecular weight is near 46 kDa in nondenatured condition, indicating it’s a homodimeric protein. El SOD is an iron-cofactored superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) because it was inhibited by hydrogen peroxide, insensitive to potassium cyanide. The optimal temperature for its maximal enzyme activity was 35°C, and it still had 29.8% relative activity at 0°C, then ElSOD can be classified as a cold-adapted enzyme. ElSOD was stable when temperature was below 40°C or the pH was within the range of 5–10. The first 11 N-terminal amino acids of ElSOD were ALELKAPPYEL, comparison of its N-terminal sequence with other Fe-SOD N-terminal sequences at the same position suggests it is possibly a chloroplastic Fe-SOD.

Phosphorylation of low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Enteromorpha linza with antioxidant activity

In this study, the phosphorylated derivative of low-molecular-weight polysaccharide from Enteromorpha linza was prepared. And then the antioxidant activities of all the samples were investigated including scavenging effects of superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reducing power. The results of chemical composition, FT-IR spectrum and DSC analysis showed the modifications of polysaccharide were successful. And moreover, the phosphorylated derivative showed excellent antioxidant activity in these three assays, so this derivative needs to be attention in further.