Enteritis In Infants Research Articles

Clinical efficacy of oral immunoglobulin Y in infant rotavirus enteritis: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background:Rotavirus (RV) can cause vomiting and diarrhea in infants and children, and could be treated clinically with immunoglobulin Y (IgY), which is an immunoglobulin extracted from chicken yolk. There is no systematic evaluation of immunoglobulin in the treatment of rotavirus enteritis. Therefore, we systematically evaluated rotavirus enteritis with oral immunoglobulin Y therapy using meta-analysis.Methods:We conducted a systematic search in CNKI, WANFANG DATA, VIP, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases (up to April 30, 2018). Using Revman 5.3 software for meta-analysis.Results:A total of 2626 subjects with rotavirus diarrhea from 17 randomized clinical trials were included in the meta-analysis. Of these, 1347 subjects received oral immunoglobulin Y and 1279 subjects received conventional treatment. The results of the meta-analysis indicated that the total number of effective cases and effective rates of immunoglobulin Y in treatment of rotavirus enteritis in infants and children was statistically different from that in the control group (odds ratio [OR] = 3.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] (3.17, 4.74), P < .00001) and (OR = 3.63, 95% CI [2.75, 4.80], P < .00001).Conclusions:Immunoglobulin Y is effective in the treatment of infantile rotavirus enteritis. Oral immunoglobulin Y can be widely used in the treatment of rotavirus enteritis in clinic.

Identification of a Peptide Produced by Bifidobacterium longum CECT 7210 with Antirotaviral Activity.

Rotavirus is one of the main causes of acute diarrhea and enteritis in infants. Currently, studies are underway to assess the use of probiotics to improve rotavirus vaccine protection. A previous work demonstrated that the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 is able to hinder rotavirus replication both in vitro and in vivo. The present study takes a systematic approach in order to identify the molecule directly involved in rotavirus inhibition. Supernatant protease digestions revealed both the proteinaceous nature of the active substance and the fact that the molecule responsible for inhibiting rotavirus replication is released to the supernatant. Following purification by cationic exchange chromatography, active fractions were obtained and the functional compound was identified as an 11-amino acid peptide (MHQPHQPLPPT, named 11-mer peptide) with a molecular mass of 1.282 KDa. The functionality of 11-mer was verified using the synthesized peptide in Wa, Ito, and VA70 rotavirus infections of both HT-29 and MA-104 cell lines. Finally, protease activity was detected in B. longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 supernatant, which releases 11-mer peptide. A preliminary identification of the protease is also included in the study.

Clinical observation of racecadotril granules in treating rotaviral enteritis in infants

Objective To investigate the curative effect of racecadotril granules on acute rotaviral enteritis in infants. Methods 100 infants with acute rotaviral enteritis were divided into combined treatment group(group A:50)cases and smecta group(B group:50 cases) ;Group B was given to basis of conventional therapy,but Group A received conventional therapy combined with clothing racecadotril particles. The efficacy and adverse reactions were observed.Results The time of improvement of vomiting,fever and diarrhea in A group was significantly shorter than the B group(t =2. 245,2. 298,2. 301, all P ＜ 0.05); The total effective rate 92. 0% in A group were higher than the B group 74. 0% after treatment 3d(x~2 = 3.987, P ＜ 0.05). The average course of treatment in A group (5.5 ± 0. 9) d was lower than the B group(7. 0 ± 1.1)d(t =7.17,P＜0.01). Conclusion Racecadotril is an effective and safe drug in treating rotaviral enteritis in infants. Key words: Rotavirus infections; Racecadotril graules; Child

Clinical study of the myocardial damage and liver damage with rotavirus enteritis in infants

Objective To investigate the diarrhea rotavirus infection and cardiac muscle, liver damage relations.Methods 321 oases of hospitalized children with diarrhea were detected using colloidal gold and do stool rotavirus antigen detection of myocardial enzymes and liver function.Results The obser- vation group ( stool rotavirus antigen test positive ) and the control group ( stool rotavirus antigen test negative ) myoeardial injury incidence of liver damage compared to the observation group was significantly higher, the difference was significant ( P<0.05 ); Among all group, there are a higher incidence of myoeardial injury and liver damage in the small age group than in the older age group, there is a significant difference ( P<. 0.05 ).Among all groups, enzymes and liver function abnormal rate increased tendency with the degree of dehydration increases, there was a significant difference ( P< 0.05); Myocardial enzymes and liver function parameters before and after treatment in contrast to a significant difference( P<0. 05 ).Conclusions Rotavirus infection is often associated with myoeardial damage and liver damage, and the younger, more likely to be penalized, with the degree of dehydration increased, abnormal liver function enzymes, and the trend rate of increase.Clinicians should pay attention to the diarrhea stool rotavirus antigen and cardiac enzymes, liver function testing, and provide timely and targeted treatment. Key words: Rotavirus; Diarrhea; Myoeardial damage; Liver damage

Immunity and Resistance to Astrovirus Infection

Astroviruses are one of the leading causes of acute viral enteritis in infants, and are recognized as a clinically important pathogen in the elderly and the immunocompromised. In spite of this, we still know very little about the immune response to astrovirus infection. Clinical observations and human volunteer studies have indicated a role for the humoral response and suggest neutralizing antibodies are important in limiting infection. Studies of human intestinal biopsies have suggested that cellular immunity; specifically CD4(+) T-cells may also be involved in the anti-astrovirus response. Additionally, various animal models have indicated potential roles for the innate immune system in controlling infections. How these various effector arms of the immune system collaborate to result in immunity and resistance to astrovirus infection is still unknown. This review summarizes our current understanding of the immune response to this pathogen and highlights the key concepts that still need to be addressed. Until we understand the role of the immune system in astrovirus infection or other enteric viruses, we will continue to be limited in our ability to treat and control gastrointestinal diseases.

Multiple intestinal ulcerations and perforations secondary to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus enteritis in infants

Purpose: The aim of this study was to define a distinctive clinical entity of multiple intestinal ulcerations and perforations in infants. Methods: Two infants underwent abdominal exploration for surgical abdomen and were noted to have multiple intestinal ulcerations and perforations. A peculiar and unique surgical finding, numerous transverse linear ulcerations scattered along the entire small intestine, prompted us to search for similar instances. Five similar cases were additionally identified by members of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons. The clinical courses, the surgical findings, and the results of bacterial cultures were reviewed. As well, the tissues of resected intestines were examined histopathologically. Results: The characteristics of this entity are as follows. (1) It usually occurs in infants who have been treated with broadspectrum antibiotics. (2) Despite broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, diarrhea and abdominal distension developed progressively and deteriorated. (3) Histological evaluation showed mucosal ulcers with neutrophil infiltration, submucosal microabscesses, and colonies of Gram-positive cocci. (4) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the predominant organism cultured from the body fluid. (5) Only two cases, the completely resected one and the one immediately treated postoperatively with vancomycin, survived. Conclusions: This entity is caused by multiple intestinal ulcerations and perforations secondary to MRSA enteritis in infants. It has a high mortality rate because of its difficult diagnosis. However, early recognition of this entity can lead to successful treatment.

CO2 regulation of virulence genes in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria implicated as a cause of severe persistent enteritis in infants (Robins-Browne 1987). The primary histopathological effect of EPEC infection is the so-called attaching and effacing (AE) lesion. This involves localised destruction of intestinal brush border microvilli and distortion of the apical enterocyte membrane into an actin-rich “pedestal” structure at the point of bacterial contact. Formation of AE lesions is a crucial aspect of the pathogenesis of EPEC. Loss of the absorptive surface of the gut mucosa by effacement of brush border microvilli contributes to disease by reducing NaCl uptake, while enterocyte death as a result of prolonged infection would inflict severe mucosal damage and lead to protracted diarrhoea.

Increased β-Lactoglobulin Absorption during Rotavirus Enteritis in Infants: Relationship to Sugar Permeability

We studied absorption of the potentially allergenic protein beta-lactoglobulin during acute rotavirus diarrhea in infants and assessed the relationship of this macromolecular absorption with intestinal sugar permeability. After oral rehydration, 38 patients with acute gastroenteritis were given orally a 100-ml solution containing 4 g (11.7 mmol/L) of lactulose and 0.8 g (4.4 mmol/L) of mannitol, and their recovery rate as shown in urine passed during the subsequent 5 h was measured. A blood sample was taken 2 h after a milk feed for ELISA measurement of beta-lactoglobulin in circulating immune complexes. Twelve nondiarrhea patients were studied after an overnight fast as controls. Immune complexes containing beta-lactoglobulin were found in the serum of all, but the levels [median (range)] were significantly higher in patients with rotavirus diarrhea [686 (36-4352)] than in nondiarrhea patients [165 (0-2594)]; p = 0.007. The mean (95% confidence interval) lactulose/mannitol urinary recovery ratios were increased in patients with acute diarrhea [0.19 (0.10, 0.30)] compared to nondiarrhea patients [0.01 (0.005, 0.02)]; p = 0.0001. Thus, a significant correlation between beta-lactoglobulin absorption and sugar permeability was found; Spearman's rank correlation coefficient = 0.42, p = 0.004. This correlation was not, however, direct but was due to an inverse relationship between urinary recovery of mannitol and serum beta-lactoglobulin immune complexes. These results indicate that rotavirus gastroenteritis is associated with enhanced beta-lactoglobulin absorption and elevated lactulose/mannitol permeability test results, but these represent different phenomena.

Salmonella carmel infection in infancy: clinical observations.

The features of Salmonella carmel infection were observed in eight infants under 1 year of age who were suffering from enteritis. While four of the infants who were over 6 months of age had mucous diarrhea and did not appear very ill, the four infants aged less than 4 months had severe bloody and purulent diarrhea, were "toxic", and needed intravenous therapy. Salmonella carmel appears to be causative of enteritis in infants under 1 year of age, severely affecting babies in their first half-year of life.

A NEW Escherichia coli O-group, O159, associated with outbreaks of enteritis in infants.

An outbreak of enteritis occurred amongst babies in a nursery unit. 25 babies were affected and 5 required intravenous therapy; there were not fatalities. From 24 of the 25 babies affected, an Escherichia coli with a previously undescribed O-antigen was isolated. An outbreak of diarrhoea had taken place in the same hospital a year before and re-examiniation of cultures of E. coli isolated at that time showed that 5 of the 15 babies affected had been excreting E. coli with the same O-antigen. Isolates from 10 of the babies were tested for enterotoxin production in the infant mouse model and 4 gave a positive response. The new O-antigen has been accepted into the international serotyping scheme and has been designated E. coli O159.

Sauglings-Enteritis (Enteritis in Infants)

More than 25 years ago Dr. Adam advanced the idea of the etiological role of certain biotypes of Escherichia coli in infantile diarrheal disease. During the past decade extensive studies have revealed the fundamental correctness of this concept. It is fitting, therefore, that Dr. Adam should have undertaken the editorship of the present volume on enteritis in infants. The book appeared in time for exhibition at the Eighth International Congress of Pediatrics at Copenhagen. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Adam passed away.

Chloromycetin in the treatment of salmonella enteritis.

SALMONELLA infections have shown a singular refractoriness to chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents thus far. The inability of sulfonamides to affect favorably the course of the disease is now well established.1 During the past year, 8 cases of salmonella enteritis were treated at Children's Hospital, Washington, D. C, with streptomycin in large doses.2 Only 1 patient was rendered permanently free of salmonella; in the other 7 cases, the organism reappeared in the stools after discontinuation of therapy. Seligmann et al.3 have similarly reported a series of 5 cases of salmonella enteritis in infants in whom streptomycin failed to produce a permanent . . .

Streptomycin treatment of salmonella enteritis in infants

Summary<ul><li>1.Five infants infected with S. typhimurium, were treated with streptomycin;four of them by oral administration only, one with combined oral and parenteral therapy.</li><li>2.The clinical course of the infection was rather mild in the treated and untreated infants. The effect on the symptoms of the disease could not be appraised.</li><li>3.Doses from 25 to 100 mg. orally given at intervals of three hours succeeded in suppressing the growth of the normal fecal bacteria as well as the pathogenic organism.</li><li>4.Discontinuance of treatment resulted in quick reappearance of S. typhimuriumand the normal fecal flora.</li><li>5.Salmonella organisms isolated after the end of treatment showed noincreased streptomycin resistance.</li><li>6.Almost identical results were obtained in animal experiments.</li><li>7.The possible therapeutic value of the limited bacteriostatic effect ofstreptomycin in salmonellosis is discussed.</li></ul>

Enteritis in infants: Prevention of its spread: Dick diet kitchen and aseptic nursery technic

<h2>Summary</h2> Vital statistics show that enteritis is still a prevalent cause of death in young infants. It spreads by way of contaminated food, nipples, and supplies. Anything intended for an institutional infant's nose or mouth should never be touched after it has been sterilized. The aseptic, individual nursery technic perfected by Dr. Gladys Dick in 1928 has made it possible to care for 1,620 homeless infants, without the occurrence of any cross-infection. It is sound economy because it reduces morbidity and prevents unnecessary deaths.

II. CLINICAL STUDIES ON FORTY-SIX PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ENTERITIS; NECROPSY STUDIES

CLINICAL STUDIES The many studies of the bacteriology of acute enteritis in infants and children have failed to agree on any single microbic etiologic factor. The majority, however, have incriminated various members of the B. dysenteriae group, mainly on the basis of their presence in the stools of such patients. This in itself is not a sufficient criterion for such a deduction. In common with others, we have isolated organisms of the dysenteriae group from the stools of normal infants and young children or of subjects with conditions other than enteritis. The present report details clinical and certain bacteriologic data on a series of forty-six patients with acute enteritis who were studied during the fall of 1931. There was no selection of cases. Cultures were made as soon as possible after admission and in some instances at necropsy. Reference should be made to the first part of this article and

ACUTE ENTERITIS IN INFANTS AND IN YOUNG CHILDREN

I. BACTERIOLOGIC METHODS, MORPHOLOGY AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STREPTOCOCCUS MICRO-APOIKIA A review of the literature dealing with the bacteriologic observations in intestinal intoxication of infants, epidemics of enteritis in infants, summer diarrhea in children or toxic gastro-enteritis in reveals that more emphasis has been placed on the isolation of Bacillus dysenteriae and closely allied micro-organisms from the stools of such patients than on the finding of any other single bacterium. Johnston, Brown and Kaake, 1 in studying sixty-seven infants with acute intestinal intoxication, isolated twenty-one strains of B. dysenteriae, twenty-six of Bacillus schmittzii, four of Bacillus asiaticus and three of Bacillus paratyphosus-B. In their study of twenty-nine children, from 2 to 12 years of age, they isolated seventeen strains of B. dysenteriae, three of B. schmittzii and one of B. paratyphosus-B. Kendall 2 in 1915 expressed the view that different types of bacteria may elicit the same