Entangled Particles Research Articles

Quantum Temporal Resonator: Temporal Displacement Using Quantum Entanglement and Metamaterials

This paper discusses the Quantum Temporal Resonator (QTR), a theoretical device leveraging quantum entanglement and metamaterials with negative refraction indices to achieve controlled temporal displacement. By establishing a network of entangled particles within a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) and utilizing a resonant cavity made of advanced metamaterials, the QTR creates localized distortions in spacetime. The frequency and amplitude of temporal harmonics within this cavity are finely tuned to allow for precise temporal displacement of matter and information. Numerical simulations demonstrate the coupling between the quantum wave function and electromagnetic fields, validating the theoretical model. The results show distinctive patterns in the wave function and perturbations in the electric field, supporting the feasibility of achieving controlled temporal displacement. This study explores the theoretical framework, mathematical modeling, experimental setup, and potential applications of the QTR, providing a comprehensive analysis of its feasibility and implications.

Amplification of genuine tripartite nonlocality and entanglement in the Schwarzschild spacetime under decoherence

We investigate the amplification of the genuine tripartite nonlocality (GTN) and the genuine tripartite entanglement (GTE) of Dirac particles in the background of a Schwarzschild black hole by a local filtering operation under decoherence. It is shown that the physically accessible GTN will be completely destroyed by decoherence, and the local filtering operation can cause the physically accessible GTN to be generated in the system coupled with the environment, which has not been discovered before and is beneficial for quantum information processing. Furthermore, we also find that the physically accessible GTE approaches a stable value in the limit of infinite Hawking temperature for most cases, and the nonzero stable value of GTE can be increased by performing the local filtering operation, even in the presence of decoherence. In particular, if the decoherence parameter p is less than 1, the “sudden death” of GTE will take place when the decoherence strength is large enough. Finally, we have shown that physically inaccessible GTE can be enhanced with the operation of the local filter, whereas inaccessible GTN are not allowed to occur in the presence of decoherence.

A new "gold standard": Perturbative triples corrections in unitary coupled cluster theory and prospects for quantum computing.

A major difficulty in quantum simulation is the adequate treatment of a large collection of entangled particles, synonymous with electron correlation in electronic structure theory, with coupled cluster (CC) theory being the leading framework for dealing with this problem. Augmenting computationally affordable low-rank approximations in CC theory with a perturbative account of higher-rank excitations is a tractable and effective way of accounting for the missing electron correlation in those approximations. This is perhaps best exemplified by the "gold standard" CCSD(T) method, which bolsters the baseline CCSD with the effects of triple excitations using considerations from many-body perturbation theory (MBPT). Despite this established success, such a synergy between MBPT and the unitary analog of CC theory (UCC) has not been explored. In this work, we propose a similar approach wherein converged UCCSD amplitudes are leveraged to evaluate energy corrections associated with triple excitations, leading to the UCCSD[T] method. In terms of quantum computing, this correction represents an entirely classical post-processing step that improves the energy estimate by accounting for triple excitation effects without necessitating new quantum algorithm developments or increasing demand for quantum resources. The rationale behind this choice is shown to be rigorous by studying the properties of finite-order UCC energy functionals, and our efforts do not support the addition of the fifth-order contributions as in the (T) correction. We assess the performance of these approaches on a collection of small molecules and demonstrate the benefits of harnessing the inherent synergy between MBPT and UCC theories.

Understanding Lorentz Utilizing Galilei: The Emergence of a Friendly Extended Special Relativity Theory that Admits Relativistic Multi-Particle Entanglement

Special relativity theory stems from the Lorentz transformation of signature (1,3). The incorporation into special relativity of the Lorentz transformations of signature (m,n) for all m,n∈ℕ (n = 3 in physical applications) enriches the theory. The resulting enriched special relativity is a friendly extended special relativity that admits multi-particle entanglement, as demanded by relativistic quantum mechanics. The Lorentz transformation of signature (m,n) admits a novel physical interpretation induced by the intuitively clear interpretation of the Galilei transformation of signature (m,n) for all m,n > 1. In this sense we understand Lorentz utilizing Galilei in m temporal and n spatial dimensions, resulting in the emergence of multi-particle entanglement that the enriched special theory of relativity admits. Remarkably, it turns out that, for any m,n∈ℕ, the group of Lorentz transformations of signature (m,n) is the symmetry group that underlies any multi-particle system that consists of m n - dimensional entangled particles.

PROJECT PROPOSAL: REJUVENATION OF BRAIN NEURONS USING QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT IN NUCLEOTIDES AND CRYPTOCHROMES

In this paper, we propose a novel and futuristic theoretical framework aimed at rejuvenating and repairing human brain neurons through the application of quantum entanglement. We hypothesize that by inducing atomic entanglement in nucleotides and photonic entanglement in cryptochromes, and subsequently reinjecting these entangled particles into brain neurons, we can exploit the unique properties of quantum entanglement to enhance neuronal repair and regeneration. Our study delves into the underlying quantum mechanisms, presents detailed mathematical formulations, and outlines comprehensive experimental protocols for achieving neuronal rejuvenation. Additionally, we explore the potential amplification of these effects by exposing entangled particles to the space environment, leveraging factors such as microgravity, cosmic radiation, vacuum conditions, temperature extremes, and electromagnetic isolation. This approach is specifically tailored for brain neurons, as other cells in the body do not process and transmit information in a manner that would benefit from quantum entanglement. Furthermore, we discuss the potential application of this method in treating blindness and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimers disease.

Particle Entanglement With the Observer’s Polarized Dual Consciousness — A Modified Stern Gerlach Experiment, as Proof

A Theoretical proposition of particle entanglement with the polarized dual Consciousness of a single observer (and subsequent local and remote environments) during Quantum Decoherence, explains the Two-State System experiments, and is SUPPORTED BY MATHEMATICAL CONJECTURE, using a Classic Space analogue to Quantum Decoherence: Recursive information exchange (RIE), within the framework of reinforcement loops, between agents. From this dynamic system of information exchange, the resulting decreased Shannon entropy, increased potential energy, polarization and preferential growth (over scales) are compared with Von Neuman entropy during Quantum Entanglement and collapse. The observational components of RIE (biased observation, interpretation, response and self-validation) are analyzed and shown to be SUBJECTIVELY VALIDATED. This corollary of "self-validated observation" explains the logical inconsistencies in the Two States Experiments. A SIMPLE MODIFIED STERN GERLACH EXPERIMENTAL IS PROPOSED AS A PROOF.

Quantum physics: A better model to understand consciousness-related brain functions

With the development of quantum mechanics, it is applied to different fields, including biology. As intricate as human brains, quantum physics is replacing classical physics in explaining consciousness-related brain functions. The bilayer phospholipid membrane enables neurons in the brain to store and protect quantum information, and the abundance of 1/2-spin phosphorous creates potential for quantum entanglement that allows information to transfer along long distances and process consciousness. Scientists have used Schrdinger's cat thought experiment to explain how the uncertain and superimposed states in quantum physics can be applied to our decision-making behavior with conditions of "Yes" or "No." Scientists also conducted experiments to witness the quantum entanglement of particles in the brain. The observation of the phenomenon broke the pre-assumption that quantum entanglement is too fragile to occur in the chaotic environment in human brains, and it allows the possibility of ongoing conscious processing there. To further understand the decision-making mechanism, physicists should also integrate the knowledge in neuroscience, psychology, sociology, and other interdisciplinary subjects.

Nonlocality activation in a photonic quantum network

Bell nonlocality refers to correlations between two distant, entangled particles that challenge classical notions of local causality. Beyond its foundational significance, nonlocality is crucial for device-independent technologies like quantum key distribution and randomness generation. Nonlocality quickly deteriorates in the presence of noise, and restoring nonlocal correlations requires additional resources. These often come in the form of many instances of the input state and joint measurements, incurring a significant resource overhead. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that single copies of Bell-local states, incapable of violating any standard Bell inequality, can give rise to nonlocality after being embedded into a quantum network of multiple parties. We subject the initial entangled state to a quantum channel that broadcasts part of the state to two independent receivers and certify the nonlocality in the resulting network by violating a tailored Bell-like inequality. We obtain these results without making any assumptions about the prepared states, the quantum channel, or the validity of quantum theory. Our findings have fundamental implications for nonlocality and enable the practical use of nonlocal correlations in real-world applications, even in scenarios dominated by noise.

Entanglement in Resonance Fluorescence

Particle entanglement is a fundamental resource upon which are based many quantum technologies. In this Article, we introduce a new source of entangled photons based on Resonance Fluorescence delivering photon pairs as a superposition of vacuum and the Bell state Φ−\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\left\\vert {{{\\Phi }}}^{-}\\right\\rangle$$\\end{document}. Our proposal relies on the emission from the satellite peaks of a two-level system driven by a strong off-resonant laser, whose intensity controls the frequencies of the entangled photons. Notably, such a frequency tuning can be done without decreasing the degree of entanglement between the photons and, unlike current technologies, the intensity of our source can be increased without the risk of spoiling the signal by including higher-order processes into the emission. Finally, we illustrate the power of our novel source by exciting an ubiquitous condensed-matter system, namely exciton-polaritons, and show that they are left in a maximally entangled steady state.

Zig-zag dynamics in a Stern–Gerlach spin measurement

The century-old Stern–Gerlach setup is paradigmatic for a quantum measurement. We visualize the electron trajectories following the Bohmian zig-zag dynamics. This dynamics was developed in order to deal with the fundamentally massless nature of particles (with mass emerging from the Brout–Englert–Higgs mechanism). The corresponding trajectories exhibit a stochastic zig-zagging, as the result of the coupling between left- and right-handed chiral Weyl states. This zig-zagging persists in the non-relativistic limit, which will be considered here, and which is described by the Pauli equation for a non-uniform external magnetic field. Our results clarify the different meanings of ‘spin’ as a property of the wave function and as a random variable in the Stern–Gerlach setup, and they illustrate the notion of effective collapse. We also examine the case of an EPR-pair. By letting one of the entangled particles pass through a Stern–Gerlach device, the non-local influence (action-at-a-distance) on the other particle is manifest in its trajectory, e.g. by initiating its zig-zagging.

Superdeterminism without Conspiracy

Superdeterminism—where the Measurement Independence assumption in Bell’s Theorem is violated—is frequently assumed to imply implausibly conspiratorial correlations between properties λ of particles being measured and measurement settings x and y. But it does not have to be so: a superdeterministic but non-conspiratorial locally causal model is developed where each pair of entangled particles has unique λ. The model is based on a specific but arbitrarily fine discretisation of complex Hilbert space, where λ defines the information, over and above the freely chosen nominal settings x and y, which fixes the exact measurement settings X and Y of a run of a Bell experiment. Pearlean interventions, needed to assess whether x and y are Bell-type free variables, are shown to be inconsistent with rational-number constraints on the discretised Hilbert states. These constraints limit the post-hoc freedom to vary x keeping λ and y fixed but disappear with any coarse-graining of λ, X, and Y, rendering so-called drug-trial conspiracies irrelevant. Points in the discretised space can be realised as ensembles of symbolically labelled deterministic trajectories on an ‘all-at-once’ fractal attractor. It is shown how quantum mechanics might be ‘gloriously explained and derived’ as the singular continuum limit of the discretisation of Hilbert space. It is argued that the real message behind Bell’s Theorem has less to do with locality, realism, or freedom to choose, and more to do with the need to develop more explicitly holistic theories when attempting to synthesise quantum and gravitational physics.

Mentor initialed multiparty hierarchical joint remote preparation of an arbitrary n-qudit state via generalized Bell states

We propose a protocol to Mentor initiated hierarchical joint remote prepare the arbitrary n-qudit state with generalized Bell states.The agents share generalized Bell states with the Mentor. The Mentor performs five-qudit projective measurements on his entangled particles to initiate the quantum channel shared by the agents. All the senders share the information of the prepared state and make quantum measurements on their particles based on the state to be prepared. The agent in the upper grade needs only the assistance of one of the agents in the lower grade to reconstruct the original state, while the agents in the lower grade need the assistance of all the other agents to recover the original state. It is more convenient in application than others since the agents in the protocol only requires two-particle entanglement for Mentor initiated hierarchical joint remote preparation of an arbitrary n-qudit state.

On the geometric phases in entangled states

Correlation relations for the spin measurements on a pair of entangled particles scattered by the two separate arms of interferometers in hybrid setups of different types are investigated. Concurrence, entanglement of formation, quantum fidelity, Bures distance are used to clarify how the geometric phase affects the initial bipartite state. This affect causes a quantum interference due to the movement of charged particles in regions where electromagnetic fields are not present. We shown that in some cases the geometric phase information is carried over to the final bipartite entangled state.

The fourth dimension of space and the entanglement principle

This paper focuses on the reason behind the entanglement phenomena, which is still an unknown fundamental question. It argues that while two entangled particles are separated in the 3D space the flow of information between them is instantaneous through the 4D space. The fourth dimension of space has the unit of measurement of length like the other three space dimensions. We shall call it Q, from the word quatre (four) in French. Its magnitude is equal to the invariant proper time τ times the speed of light c. Q = cτ. Each point in the 4D space corresponds to an event. Distances between events in the four-dimensional space can be computed using the Pythagoras theorem. It is argued that time t as measured by clock in our 3D space times the speed of light gives the length of the position vector of an event in the 4D space. At time t, when an observation is made at one of the entangled particles, the length of the position vectors of both entangled particles, sharing the same wave function, in 4D space are equal to t times the speed of light, i.e., ct. The time t is also the same for all the points on the line connecting the two events in the 3D space. Consequently, the length of the position vectors of all the points on the line connecting the two events in the 3D space is equal to ct in the 4D space. The corresponding points in the 4D space make an arc of equidistance to the origin. It is conjectured that the flow of information between the two entangled particles through this arc in the 4D space is not carried by energy or mass particles. It is, therefore, not bound by the time nor the speed of light constraint in 4D space and is instantaneous.

Assessment of Occupational Health Risks for Maintenance Work in Fabrication Facilities: Brief Review and Recommendations

BackgroundThis study focuses on assessing occupational risk for the health hazards encountered during maintenance works (MW) in semiconductor fabrication (FAB) facilities. ObjectivesThe objectives of this study include: 1) identifying the primary health hazards during MW in semiconductor FAB facilities; 2) reviewing the methods used in evaluating the likelihood and severity of health hazards through occupational health risk assessment (OHRA); and 3) suggesting variables for the categorization of likelihood of exposures to health hazards and the severity of health effects associated with MW in FAB facilities. MethodsA literature review was undertaken on OHRA methodology and health hazards resulting from MW in FAB facilities. Based on this review, approaches for categorizing the exposure to health hazards and the severity of health effects related to MW were recommended. ResultsMaintenance workers in FAB facilities face exposure to hazards such as debris, machinery entanglement, and airborne particles laden with various chemical components. The level of engineering and administrative control measures is suggested to assess the likelihood of simultaneous chemical and dust exposure. Qualitative key factors for mixed exposure estimation during MW include the presence of safe operational protocols, the use of air-jet machines, the presence and effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation system, chamber post-purge and cooling, and proper respirator use. Using the risk (R) and hazard (H) codes of the Globally Harmonized System alongside carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic classifications aid in categorizing health effect severity for OHRA. ConclusionFurther research is needed to apply our proposed variables in OHRA for MW in FAB facilities and subsequently validate the findings.

The effect of various environmental conditions on stabilization/solidification (S/S) of oil-contaminated soil using alkaline activation of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS)

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have been proposed as sustainable alternatives to traditional stabilizers. This study investigated the effect of freeze-thaw and wet-dry conditions on the durability of oil-contaminated soil stabilized using alkaline activation of granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS). The effect of curing temperature on GBFS-based samples was also evaluated. The main goal was to provide a suitable platform for the use of this eco-friendly material to improve the durability of oil-contaminated soil. Based on unconfined compressive strength (UCS) results and micro and macro investigations, the formation and melting of ice lenses increased the freezing and thawing cycles of the holes and, as a result, the UCS of the GBFS-based samples decreased. As the wet-dry cycle increased to 3, the UCS rose and then decreased. Raising the amount of GBFS and reducing the amount of crude oil in the GBFS-based samples prevented a sharp decrease in UCS and improved durability by increasing the entanglement and connection of particles and creating a denser structure. Increasing the curing temperature by removing free water and accelerating the geopolymerization and hydration reactions caused a further rise in UCS. In general, this study showed the appropriate circumstances for using this stabilization method for crude oil-contaminated soils in different environmental conditions.

Witnessing entanglement of remote particles with incomplete teleportation

Witnessing entanglement of remote particles with incomplete teleportation

Effects of the Exciton Fine Structure Splitting on the Entanglement-Based Quantum Key Distribution

The reliable transmission of secure keys is one of the essential tasks to be efficiently accomplished by quantum information processing, and the use of entangled particles is a very important tool toward that goal. However, efficient production of maximally entangled states is still a challenge for further progress in quantum computing and quantum communication. In the search for optimal sources of entanglement, quantum dots have emerged as promising candidates, but the presence of dephasing in the generated entangled states raises questions about their real usefulness in large-scale quantum networks. In this work, we evaluate the effects of the exciton fine structure splitting, present in most quantum dot samples, on the fidelity of the BBM92 protocol for quantum key distribution. We find that the protocol’s performance is heavily impacted by such splitting and establish an upper limit for the product between the energy splitting and the exciton lifetime to have a dependable distributed key.

Rheology-tailored stable aramid nanofiber suspensions for fabricating ultra-strong and electrically insulated additive-free nanopapers

Although aramid nanofiber paper (ANF-P) is a promising alternative to conventional electrical insulation paper, its performance requires further optimization. This study aimed to establish an optimal nanopaper-fabrication process by using rheology-controlled suspensions to achieve remarkably strengthened pure ANF-Ps. The ANF-P was fabricated in two steps: 1) preparing ANF suspension (ANF-SH₂O) by precipitating ANF/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (ANF-DDMSO), and 2) preparing ANF-P by vacuum-filtrating ANF-SH2O. Under an in-situ homogenization-assisted precipitation in step 1, the concentration of ANF-DDMSO predominantly affected both the suspension stability and nanopaper performance. Semi-dilute ANF-DDMSOs (0.1–0.7 wt%) produced stable suspensions and strong ANF-Ps (mechanical modulus and strength of 4.5–5.1 GPa and 221.4–243.4 MPa, respectively), while concentrated ANF-DDMSOs (1.0–2.0 wt%) yielded unstable suspensions and weak ANF-Ps (0.3–3.2 GPa and 12.6–139.0 MPa, respectively). The former ANF-SH2Os comprised branched or sheet-like precipitated particles that were favorable for structuring the paper, whereas the latter ones consisted of irregular particles. Particularly at a thickness of 17 μm, ANF-Ps from 0.3 wt% ANF-DDMSO exhibited record-high mechanical performances (modulus, strength, and toughness of 7.4 GPa, 382.3 MPa, and 32.5 MJ∙m−3, respectively) compared to previously reported pure ANF-Ps. In addition, ANF-Ps exhibited a remarkable dielectric breakdown strength of ∼200.3 kV∙mm−1. Rheologically, ANF-SH2Os from semi-dilute ANF-DDMSOs provided a higher scaling exponent of elastic modulus, indicating a higher degree of particle entanglement. Moreover, the strain-induced modulus overshoot phenomena revealed a highly structured suspension network. Therefore, linear- and nonlinear-suspension rheology provide a fundamental guideline for fortifying the foundation of industrial production of high-performance nanopapers.

A construction method of the wave–particle entanglement state of the particle system

Entanglement of the wave–particle duality of particles has attracted enormous attention as one of fundamental feature of quantum mechanics. Herein, we systematically studied the wave–particle entanglement of the particle system composed of N particles. The results indicate that the particle system has the wave–particle entanglement after the interaction, when the wave function of any one of the system can be obtained by using same basis vectors before the interaction. Moreover, a construction method of the wave–particle entanglement state is found for the particle system. Finally, the photons can show the wave–particle entanglement in the previous experimental work, which was further confirmed by the construction method. The results provide a new understanding for the entanglement of the wave–particle duality.