Ensiled High-moisture Corn Research Articles

Effects of feeding high-moisture corn stover to gestating and lactating beef cows as an alternative to hay and corn silage on performance and reproduction

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to evaluate ensiled high-moisture corn stover as an alternative forage for beef cows. In Exp. 1, multiparous, gestating Simmental and Angus × Simmental cows (n = 96) were limit fed 1 of 3 treatments: (1) 60% high-moisture corn stover, 25% ground cornstalks, and 15% corn gluten feed (HMCS); (2) 60% corn silage, 25% ground cornstalks, and 15% corn gluten feed (SIL); or (3) 60% hay, 25% ground cornstalks, and 15% corn gluten feed (HY) from 108 ± 14 to 38 ± 14 d prepartum. In Exp. 2, lactating Simmental and Simmental × Angus cows (n = 79) were limit fed 1 of 2 treatments at calving: (1) 75% high-moisture corn stover and 25% dried distillers grains (HMCS2) or (2) 70% corn silage and 30% dried distillers grains (SIL2). Diets were limit fed to achieve NASEM (2016) requirements for maintenance and lactation. In Exp. 1, BW gain was greater (P

1448 Heating of ensiled high-moisture corn and aerobic loss of volatile organic compounds are delayed by inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri

1448 Heating of ensiled high-moisture corn and aerobic loss of volatile organic compounds are delayed by inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri

Modification of Lipid Fraction in Ensiled High Moisture Corn

The aim of this work is to study the changes of the lipidic fraction of ensiled high moisture corn (HMC). 11 maize hybrids were used, ensiled each in 3 mini experimental silos of 100 litres. For each hybrid 1 sample of fresh high moisture corn was obtained immediately after milling and 3 samples of ensiling HMC were kept after 2, 7 and 12 months. All samples were analysed for pH, dry matter, lactic acid, ammonia-N, ether extract, fatty acid composition and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Ether extract of fresh high moisture corn was 35.7 g/kg dry matter (DM) and increased after 2 and 7 months of storage up to 39.4 g/Kg DM (P≤0.01); after 12 months it decreased to 38.1 g/kg DM (P≤0.01). Both saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) percentages decreased from 18.23% to 15.47% and from 24.84% to 23.57% respectively (before ensiling vs 12 months P≤0.01). Linoleic acid percentage increased from 55.34% to 59.44% (before ensiling vs 12 months P≤0.01). The linoleic acid content (g/kg of DM) increased on average from 19,1 before ensiling to 22.5 after 12 months of ensiling. These differences may affect the linoleic acid content of heavy pig diets when maize is used as HMC instead of corn meal.

Evaluation of grain corn grown in New Brunswick for dairy cows

Corn harvested as grain is a relatively new crop for the province of New Brunswick. The recent availability of local corn has the potential to improve the sustainability of the dairy industry in New Brunswick, but there is debate within the industry concerning the value and best use of the grain. This experiment was conducted to assess the feeding value of locally-produced corn grain stored as dry grain, ensiled high moisture corn, or ensiled as high moisture corncob meal (HMCCM, unhusked ears sometimes referred to as snaplage) relative to dry grain obtained from Ontario. Three samples of each were evaluated In Sacco. Rates and extent of digestion were similar for local and Ontario corn regardless of presentation for crude protein and starch, but acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and dry matter digestibility values were lower for HMCCM than other treatments. A 4 × 4 Latin square study was conducted with 16 Holstein cows and 28 day feeding periods. Milk production and milk protein production were higher (P

Digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da proteína bruta e a energia digestível de alguns alimentos alternativos pela tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus)

This research aimed to determine the apparent digestibility of six energetic ingredients: ensiled high-moisture corn, raw oats, urucum, manioc flakes, algoroba and alfafa hay and, five proteic ones: soybean, coconut meal, leucena, alcohol yeast and dehydrated milk. 12 purified diets were formulated including these ingredients and one as a reference. All diets were supplemented with 0.01% of chromic oxide as marker. 240 Nile tilapia juveniles, with 100.00 ± 10.0g average weight were stocked in cages (10 fish/cage) for feeding and feces collection. During the feeding time (0800 AM - 0530PM) these tanks were kept in 250L aquaria, one for each treatment, and fish were fed ad libitum. After that they were transferred to 300L aquaria adapted for feces collection, where they stayed until next morning. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) was determined based on chromic oxide concentration on diet and feces. It was concluded that, among the energetic ingredients, the manioc flakes and ensiled high-moisture corn showed the highest ADC for dry matter and crude protein and the best value for digestible energy; although the raw oats had showed good ADC for dry matter and crude protein. it did not prove to be a good energetic source for Nile tilapia; algaroba showed to be a good source of digestible energy; and, among proteic ingredients, the dehydrated milk, alcohol yeast and coconut meal showed the best ADC for dry matter and crude protein and also the highest values for digestible energy; leucena and soybean showed the worst ADC for dry matter and crude protein and the lowest values for digestible energy.

Lactic Acid Bacteria in Ensiled High-Moisture Corn Grain: Physiological and Genetic Characterization

Summary Of 335 lactic acid bacteria, isolated from high-moisture corn grain, 212 were checked for their physiological characteristics and 59 representative strains were chosen for DNA-DNA hybridization. All the homofermentative lactobacilli tested were highly related to the type strain of Lactobacillus plantarum . The pediococci isolated were allotted to Pediococcus pentosaceus . Of the heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria the cocci were classified as Leuconostoc paramesenteroides , the lactobacilli as Lactobacillus brevis . The presence of plasmids was demonstrated in all the species studied.

High-moisture or dry corn, roughage sources, and protein supplements for short-fed finishing steers (1983)

Dry corn, stave ensiled high-moisture corn (HMC), stave ensiled HMC treated with urea, and Harvestore ensiled HMC were evaluated in a steer finishing trial. Alfalfa hay and corn silage were the roughages and soybean meal or urea, the nitrogen sources. There were no differences in steer performance for corn treatments, but steer performance was significantly improved when alfalfa hay rather than corn silage was the roughage. Urea supplements significantly depressed steer performance compared with soybean meal additions; a combination of urea and soybean meal gave intermediate performance.

High-moisture corn with additives for finishing rations (1982)

Dry corn (dry), Harvestore ensiled high-moisture corn, stave silo ensiled high-moisture corn (stave H.M.C.) and stave H.M.C. ensiled with NaOH, Cold-flo ammonia, or Silo-Best additives were evaluated in steer and heifer finishing trials. Cold-flo and NaOH H.M.C. gave slowest gains; NaOH had the highest intake and Harvestore H.M.C. the lowest, efficiency of gain favored the Harvestore H.M.C. All H.M.C. corn except NaOH was unstable in air because of high dry matter at ensiling, slow corn use, and warm temperatures. Dry matter losses and temperature rises during air exposure were highest for Cold-flo and Harvestore H.M.C.

Value of Added Fat in High Moisture Beef Cattle Diets and in Dry Lamb Diets

The feeding of .4 lb (192 g) feed grade fat per head daily, along with a high moisture diet (ensiled high moisture corn, corn silage) did not improve rate of gain or feed efficiency in three experiments involving a total of 256 finishing beef steers. Based on average intakes, there was an apparent depression of feed intake associated with feeding fat and little effect on feed efficiency. In a lamb digestibility experiment the addition of 3% feed grade fat in a dry diet resulted in depressed (P<.01) crude fiber digestibility. Treatment of the added fat with lecithin had no additional effect on crude fiber digestibility, but did result in depressed (P<.05) protein digestibility, as compared to either the control diet or the diet containing 3% added untreated feed grade fat. These results indicate no measurable benefit from the addition of feed grade fat to the ruminant diets utilized in this research.

DIGESTION BY THE PIG OF THE ENERGY AND NITROGEN IN DRIED, ENSILED AND ORGANIC-ACID-PRESERVED CORN: WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE STARCH CONTENT OF DIGESTA SAMPLES

In the first experiment, three corn–soybean diets were made from either dried, propionic-acid-preserved or naturally ensiled high-moisture corn. In the second experiment, corn was harvested with 23% moisture and prepared for storage either by drying, by treatment with a mixture of propionic and acetic acids, with propionic acid alone or with acetic acid alone; a fifth batch was ensiled. The utilization of energy and nitrogen was measured in balance trials using barrow pigs of 30 kg liveweight. Histochemical examination of the acid-preserved corn indicated partial hydrolysis of the starch molecules, an observation which was supported by the higher levels of free glucose in these samples. The digestible and metabolizable energy values of the diet made with the dried corn were similar in both experiments. In the first experiment, the energy was less available in the propionic-acid-preserved corn than in the dried, but in the second, the energy was more available in that preserved with the organic acids than in the dried. There were no differences in nitrogen utilization between diets in the first experiment, but in the second, the nitrogen was less well utilized in the dried corn diet than in those containing the organic-acid-preserved corn. Examination of the α-linked polysaccharides in the digesta showed that they had been incompletely digested in the diet containing the dried corn in experiment 2.

Feeding Value of Dry Corn, Ensiled High Moisture Corn, and Propionic Acid Treated High Moisture Corn Fed with Hay or Haylage for Lactating Dairy Cows

Trial 1. Fifty lactating Holstein and Brown Swiss cows were assigned to six groups in a 3×2 factorial design and fed one of six diets for 16 wk: (1) dry corn + hay, (2) dry corn + haylage, (3) ensiled high moisture corn + hay, (4) ensiled high moisture corn + haylage, (5) propionic acid treated corn + hay, and (6) propionic acid treated corn + haylage. Quantities equal in dry matter of dry corn, ensiled corn, and acid treated corn were offered in the ratio of 1kg concentrate (corn and supplement) for each 2.75kg milk produced. Forage was fed free choice. Means adjusted by covariance for cows fed diets 1 to 6 averaged: dry matter intake (kg/day), 16.7, 20.0, 17.4, 20.6, 17.1, 20.0; 4% fat-corrected milk (kg/day), 21.8, 21.1, 22.6, 23.5, 22.4, 23.4; milk fat percent, 3.54, 3.45, 3.63, 3.53, 3.62, 3.80; and acetate to propionate ratio 3.53, 3.85, 3.73, 3.66, 3.13, 3.32. Cows fed ensiled corn and acid treated corn produced more 4% fat-corrected milk than did cows fed dry corn. The molar percent acetate to propionate ratio in rumen fluid of cows fed acid treated corn was lower than for cows fed dry corn or ensiled corn.Trial 2. Dry corn or propionic acid treated corn was fed to 12 cows in combination with a supplement, 4.54kg of hay, and ad libitum haylage. Means adjusted by covariance for cows fed dry corn and acid treated corn averaged: dry matter intake (kg/day), 18.2 and 17.7; 4% fat-corrected milk (kg/day), 20.6 and 20.1; and total digestible nutrients (%) 63.7 and 58.7.Any of these methods are acceptable for storing corn, and feeding this corn in properly supplemented diets will yield acceptable lactation performance.

FEEDING VALUE FOR BEEF AND DAIRY CATTLE OF HIGH MOISTURE CORN PRESERVED WITH PROPIONIC ACID

Two trials with growing-finishing steers and one trial with lactating dairy cows were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of high moisture (HM) corn preserved with 1.5% propionic acid on a wet weight basis. Combining all treatments, acid-treated HM corn was 9% more efficient (P &lt; 0.05) for weight gains than dry corn. Ensiled HM corn also tended to be utilized more efficiently by steers than dry corn when no fat was included in the ration. However, in the second steer trial, acid-treated reconstituted HM corn was comparable in performance with dry corn. Addition of 4% tallow tended to improve feed efficiency by 5–6% with dry or acid-treated HM corn, but to decrease feed efficiency with ensiled HM corn. No significant differences were observed in forage dry matter intake, milk production, or milk composition with cows fed treated HM corn compared with dry corn. However, a trend for a slight reduction in milk fat percent occurred with the treated corn ration.

Lactobacilli in ensiled high-moisture corn.

Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds, yeasts, and Lactobacillus species were enumerated at various intervals of the ensiling process of high-moisture corn (HMC). A total of 466 isolates of Lactobacillus were identified to determine the species of Lactobacillus associated with ensiled HMC and remoistened corn. The numbers of aerobic bacteria in the ensiled HMC increased to 10(8) per gram within 1 week and remained at this level throughout the storage period. The numbers of aerobic bacteria in the remoistened corn increased to 10(9) per gram and remained at this level during the 60-day storage period, after which they increased rapidly. Yeasts were the predominant microflora of the ensiled HMC. Mold numbers were low in the silos, but were very high in the remoistened corn, especially toward the end of the 60-day storage period. The species of Lactobacillus most frequently isolated from the ensiled HMC were L. plantarum, 52% of the isolates; L. brevis, 19% of the isolates; L. brevis (atypical), 15%; L. fermenti, 11%; and L. buchneri, 3%. The lactic acid bacteria, therefore, are the predominant bacterial flora of ensiled HMC, as they are of other types of plant forages that undergo similar fermentations.

Lactobacilli in Ensiled High-Moisture Corn1

Aerobic mesophilic bacteria, molds, yeasts, and Lactobacillus species were enumerated at various intervals of the ensiling process of high-moisture corn (HMC). A total of 466 isolates of Lactobacillus were identified to determine the species of Lactobacillus associated with ensiled HMC and remoistened corn. The numbers of aerobic bacteria in the ensiled HMC increased to 10(8) per gram within 1 week and remained at this level throughout the storage period. The numbers of aerobic bacteria in the remoistened corn increased to 10(9) per gram and remained at this level during the 60-day storage period, after which they increased rapidly. Yeasts were the predominant microflora of the ensiled HMC. Mold numbers were low in the silos, but were very high in the remoistened corn, especially toward the end of the 60-day storage period. The species of Lactobacillus most frequently isolated from the ensiled HMC were L. plantarum, 52% of the isolates; L. brevis, 19% of the isolates; L. brevis (atypical), 15%; L. fermenti, 11%; and L. buchneri, 3%. The lactic acid bacteria, therefore, are the predominant bacterial flora of ensiled HMC, as they are of other types of plant forages that undergo similar fermentations.

Yeasts in ensiled high-moisture corn.

A total of 1,365 yeasts were selected from ensiled high-moisture corn at various stages in the ensiling process to determine the sequence and relative numbers of yeast species. The yeast species most frequently isolated from freshly harvested corn were Candida parapsilosis and C. intermedia; these two species were isolated infrequently after the third week of storage. Species of yeasts that predominate after the 12th day of storage were Hansenula anomala (66% of the isolates studied) and C. krusei (26% of the isolates studied). The preponderance of H. anomala and C. krusei in ensiled corn is believed to be associated with the ability of these two species to assimilate lactic acid.

Yeasts in Ensiled High-Moisture Corn1

A total of 1,365 yeasts were selected from ensiled high-moisture corn at various stages in the ensiling process to determine the sequence and relative numbers of yeast species. The yeast species most frequently isolated from freshly harvested corn were Candida parapsilosis and C. intermedia; these two species were isolated infrequently after the third week of storage. Species of yeasts that predominate after the 12th day of storage were Hansenula anomala (66% of the isolates studied) and C. krusei (26% of the isolates studied). The preponderance of H. anomala and C. krusei in ensiled corn is believed to be associated with the ability of these two species to assimilate lactic acid.

Microbiology of Ensiled High-Moisture Corn1

The effects of gaseous environment and temperature on the microbial populations of ensiled high-moisture corn were investigated. Molds, coliform bacteria, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, and yeasts were enumerated at intervals during ensiling. The numbers of aerobic bacteria were similar in structures containing different concentrations of gas and held at different temperatures. Coliform bacteria could not be detected after 10 days of ensiling. Mold numbers were relatively low, but were important in the deterioration of corn at the surface of the silos. Yeast and bacterial numbers increased rapidly following an initial aeration period, but no increase was observed after a second aeration series. Lack of a growth response to the second aeration series is believed related to the depletion of an assimilable carbon source.

Microbiology of ensiled high-moisture corn.

The effects of gaseous environment and temperature on the microbial populations of ensiled high-moisture corn were investigated. Molds, coliform bacteria, mesophilic aerobic bacteria, and yeasts were enumerated at intervals during ensiling. The numbers of aerobic bacteria were similar in structures containing different concentrations of gas and held at different temperatures. Coliform bacteria could not be detected after 10 days of ensiling. Mold numbers were relatively low, but were important in the deterioration of corn at the surface of the silos. Yeast and bacterial numbers increased rapidly following an initial aeration period, but no increase was observed after a second aeration series. Lack of a growth response to the second aeration series is believed related to the depletion of an assimilable carbon source.