Enrofloxacin In Muscle Research Articles

A microbial inhibition assay in microplates using Bacillus licheniformis for detection of enrofloxacin and sulfamethazine in chicken spiked kidney, liver and muscle tissues.

The presence of antimicrobial drugs residues in animal products at levels higher than the maximum residue level (MRL) may have adverse effects on consumer health such as allergic reactions and resistance development. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor animal products for the presence of antimicrobial residues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the detection limit of microbial inhibition assay (MIA) in microplate by using of Bacillus licheniformis as indicator microorganism for two antibiotics, enrofloxacin (ENR) and sulfamethazine (SMT), in broiler chicken's kidney, liver and muscle tissue samples. Spiked tissues samples for the two antibiotics were analysed separately by this method. The results of the assay were evaluated by the determination of the absorbance after mean 3.47h of incubation at 45°C. Results showed that the detection limits of MIA for ENR and SMT in kidney (124.03 and 23.21μg/kg, respectively) and liver (90.02 and 62.03μg/kg, respectively) as well as SMT in muscle (46.95μg/kg) were lower than EU (European Union) - MRL, whereas the detection limit for ENR in muscle was slightly higher than MRL (136.3μg/kg compared to 100μg/kg MRL). Furthermore, the MIA in the current study was found to be more sensitive to SMT than ENR (92% and 88% sensitivity rate, respectively). No false-positive was observed in the assay. Based on the results, the MIA investigated in this study had the potential to detect ENR and SMT residues in broiler chicken kidney, liver and muscle tissues at levels below or close to EU - MRL but offered lower capability for the detection of ENR compared with SMT in kidney and muscle tissue samples.

양식넙치에 경구투여한 Ciprofloxacin의 근육조직 잔류량을 이용한 휴약 기간 설정 연구

Ciprofloxacin is the most commonly used fluoroquinolones for treating bacterial disease in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) farming, but its withdrawal time for industrial-scale farming has not been established. The depletion of ciprofloxacin was investigated in the olive flounder under field conditions. Fish were kept in an inland fish farm and fed a commercial diet containing 5 mg/kg of ciprofloxacin for 13 days. Seven fishes per sampling time were examined during and after the treatment. Ciprofloxacin and its major metabolite, enrofloxacin, were analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The concentrations of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin in muscle increased during the medication period, and then decreased rapidly. The ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin concentration in the olive flounder peaked on days 11 and 13, respectively, with maximum concentrations in muscle of 0.58 and 0.73 mg/kg. Residual ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin were eliminated rapidly; 6 days after treatment, the respective levels in muscle were 0.04 and 0.10 mg/kg and neither was detected 15 days post treatment. The level of ciprofloxacin accumulation at the beginning of oral administration was variable according to the farming conditions, but the overall exhaustion time was similar. In conclusion, an adequate withdrawal period for enrofloxacin is 15 days in the case of oral ciprofloxacin administration.

Study on the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in the Chinese mitten-handed crab,Eriocheir sinensis, after different administration regimes

A pharmacokinetic study on enrofloxacin (ENR) following different administration regimes (i.e. intramuscular, oral and bath administrations) was carried out for the Chinese mitten-handed crab (Eriocheir sinensis) at 17 °C water temperature. Muscle and hepatopancreas samples were collected at each sampling time of 1 and 10 min and 0.5, 1, 2, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h for intramuscular administration and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 168 h for oral and bath administration. The levels of ENR and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were simultaneously determined (n=5) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that similar absorption and elimination patterns of ENR level in muscle and hepatopancreas were observed for oral administration and bath treatment; however, the trend in ENR level changes in muscle and hepatopancreas after intramuscular administration was quite different from oral and bath treatments. Meanwhile, the level of ENR in hepatopancreas was much higher than that in muscle for the same administration regimes. The concentration–time data were analysed with the Practical Pharmacokinetics Program (3P97), and the kinetic profiles of ENR in the hepatopancreas and muscle conformed to two-compartment models. The absorption and elimination of ENR in hepatopancreas for bath treatment were faster than those for oral and intramuscular administrations. However, the pattern was quite different in muscle. The fastest absorption and elimination of ENR in muscle were seen for intramuscular administration.

Enrofloxacin Residue in Chicken Tissues from Tehran Slaughterhouses in Iran

Two hundred and seventy chicken muscle, liver and kidney samples from 90 broiler farm in Tehran province of Iran were collected over a period of one year starting from August 2001. All chicken had been slaughtered in Tehran slaughterhouse. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was used for separating, detecting and analyzing of Enrofloxacin residues in samples. All samples showed Enrofloxacin residues and samples from 22 (24% of farms showed residues of Enrofloxacin above MRLs (Maximum Residue Limits). 8 (8.88%),12 (13.33%) and 22 (24.44%) of muscle, liver and kidney samples showed residues of Enrofloxacin above MRLs respectively. The mean concentrations of Enrofloxacin in muscle, liver and kidney samples were 18.32±32.29SD, 18.34±12.36 SD and 26.06±19.52 SD ng/g respectively. This study confirmed widespread misuses of Enrofloxacin in farms and lack of implementation of recommended withdrawal times. Also the results of this study emphasized on harder regulations for the use of antimicrobial drugs in poultry industry as well as the inspection of chickens for drug residues prior to marketing.

Residues of enrofloxacin, furazolidone and their metabolites in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus)

The residues of enrofloxacin and its metabolite in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) were studied after oral dose of 50 mg/kg for 7 days. To find the differences between Nile tilapia and Chinese shrimp ( Penaeus chinensis), the residues of enrofloxacin in P. chinensis were also studied under the same conditions. The results showed that enrofloxacin metabolized into ciprofloxacin in both Nile tilapia and P. chinensis, the maximal concentration of enrofloxacin in muscle, liver and plasma of Nile tilapia were 3.61 μg/g, 5.96 μg/g, 1.25 μg/ml respectively, and ciprofloxacin in muscle was 0.22 μg/g. The maximal concentration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in P. chinensis were 1.68 μg/g and 0.07 μg/g respectively. The predicted withdrawal time for Nile tilapia was 22 days, and P. chinensis was 12 days under our experiment conditions. The residues of furazolidone [3-(5-nitrofurfurylidenamino)-2-oxazolidinone] and its main metabolite 3-amina-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ) in Nile tilapia were first determined by HPLC/MS. Results showed that after oral dose of 30 mg/kg for 7 days, the maximum concentration of furazolidone in Nile tilapia was 413 μg/kg after 6 h, whereas AOZ residue reached its maximum (31 μg/kg) right after stopping treatment. In contrast to the high metabolic rate of furazolidone, AOZ was very difficult to eliminate in vivo, thus the withdrawal time of furazolidone in Nile tilapia was 22 days at least.