Enrichment Of Polyphenols Research Articles

Mackerel and Seaweed Burger as a Functional Product for Brain and Cognitive Aging Prevention.

Most world countries are experiencing a remarkable aging process. Meanwhile, 50 million people are affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementia and there is an increasing trend in the incidence of these major health problems. In order to address these, the increasing evidence suggesting the protective effect of dietary interventions against cognitive decline during aging may suggest a response to this challenge. There are nutrients with a neuroprotective effect. However, Western diets are poor in healthy n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iodine (I), and other nutrients that may protect against cognitive aging. Given DHA richness in chub mackerel (Scomber colias), high vitamin B9 levels in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and I abundance in the seaweed Saccorhiza polyschides, a functional hamburger rich in these nutrients by using these ingredients was developed and its formulation was optimized in preliminary testing. The effects of culinary treatment (steaming, roasting, and grilling vs. raw) and digestion on bioaccessibility were evaluated. The hamburgers had high levels of n-3 PUFAs in the range of 42.0-46.4% and low levels of n-6 PUFAs (6.6-6.9%), resulting in high n-3/n-6 ratios (>6). Bioaccessibility studies showed that the hamburgers could provide the daily requirements of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + DHA with 19.6 g raw, 18.6 g steamed, 18.9 g roasted, or 15.1 g grilled hamburgers. Polyphenol enrichment by the seaweed and antioxidant activity were limited. The hamburgers contained high levels of Se and I at 48-61 μg/100 g ww and 221-255 μg/100 g ww, respectively. Selenium (Se) and I bioaccessibility levels were 70-85% and 57-70%, respectively, which can be considered high levels. Nonetheless, for reaching dietary requirements, considering the influence of culinary treatment and bioaccessibility, 152.2-184.2 g would be necessary to ensure daily Se requirements and 92.0-118.1 g for I needs.

Effects of Latilactobacillus delbrueckii fermentation on the bioconversion and antioxidant capacity of phenolic compounds in quinoa sprouts

Polyphenols, serving as a significant active ingredient, exert a crucial role in the antioxidant effect of quinoa. Nevertheless, the preponderance of research has predominantly centered on quinoa grains, with a conspicuous scarcity of studies dedicated to quinoa sprouts. In this study, quinoa sprouts were used as substrate, and Latilactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was employed as the fermentation agent. The fermentation parameters of quinoa sprouts were meticulously optimized using a combination of single-factor experiments and response surface analysis, successfully leading to the enrichment of polyphenols. A noteworthy elevation in the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were observed after fermentation, with increments of 46.56% and 57.28%, respectively. Additionally, a statistically significant (P < 0.05) augmentation in antioxidant activity was demonstrated, as measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and reducing power. To gain further insights, metabolomics analysis was conducted, revealing the identity and quantity of active compounds present in the fermented quinoa sprouts broth. Notably, a marked increase in flavonoids like luteolin and quercetin was evident, whereas a substantial reduction in the levels of certain polyphenols, such as dihydrowogonin and quercetin 3-O-xylosyl-rutinoside, was observed after fermentation. The activities of five key enzymes were quantitatively assayed within the metabolic pathway of polyphenols, revealing significant variations. This comprehensive analysis provides a clearer understanding of the metabolic mechanisms underlying the bioconversion of polyphenols during the fermentation process.

Polyphenols-Enrichment of Vienna Sausages Using Microcapsules Containing Acidic Aqueous Extract of Boletus edulis Mushrooms.

Polyphenols are ubiquitous by-products in many plant foods. Their intake has been linked to health benefits like the reduced incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. These bioactive compounds can be successfully extracted from Boletus edulis mushrooms with acidic water. However, such extract could influence the sensory or textural properties of the product to be enriched; this inconvenience can be avoided by microencapsulating it using spray drying. In this study, the Vienna sausages were reformulated by replacing 2% of the cured meat with microcapsules containing an acidic aqueous extract of Boletus edulis mushrooms and by replacing ice flakes, an ingredient that represents 22.9% of the manufacturing recipe, with ice cubes from the same extract aiming to obtain a polyphenol enriched product. The results showed a higher content of polyphenols in sausages with extract (VSe; 568.92 μg/g) and microcapsules (VSm; 523.03 μg/g) than in the control ones (455.41 μg/g), with significant differences for 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. However, because of the oxidative stress caused to the microcapsules by the extract's spray drying, VSm had the highest oxidation state. PV and TBARS levels varied with storage time in all formulations, but given the short period tested, they were well below the allowed/recommended limit. The extract, as such, negatively affected the appearance, odor, and taste of Vienna sausages. The microcapsules, instead, determined an increase in their acceptance rate among consumers; they also prevented moisture loss and color changes during storage. In conclusion, microcapsules are more suitable for use as a polyphenol enrichment ingredient in Vienna sausages than the extract.

Polyphenols from whole millet grain(Setaria italica) alleviate glucose and lipid homeostasis in diet-induced-obese mice by increasing endogenous GLP-1.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is a whole millet grain that has been considered for improving the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism. The purpose of the work is to explore the extraction and enrichment of polyphenols from foxtail millets which can regulate the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism by increasing endogenous GLP-1(Glucagon-like peptide-1). The optimum ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of foxtail millet polyphenols (FMP) was as follows: 70 °C and 400 W and 70% ethanol concentration, further purification using macroporous resin. In vitro, the FMP eluent of 60% ethanol (FMP-60) has the best effect in promoting GLP-1 secretion from L cells among the different active components of FMP. Millet polyphenols (MP) were obtained from finishing foxtail millet with the bran removed by the same extraction and purification method. Compared with MP-60, FMP-60 mainly included eight active phenolic constituents and contained more ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid, and Coniferaldehyde. After gavage treatment of DIO mice with FMP-60, FMP-60 promoted endogenous GLP-1 secretion in mice and ameliorated disorders of glucolipid metabolism in DIO mice. FMP-60 could improve glucose homeostasis and ameliorates metabolic disease by promoting the endogenous GLP-1 level and preventing weight gain in diet-induced obese mice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Sugarcane straw extracts: Production and purification by amberlite XAD-2

Sugarcane straw is a byproduct and possible source of phenolic compounds that can be used as a value-added ingredient. Hence, the intent of this study was to extract phenolic compounds from sugarcane straw and purify them to improve their potential biological capacity (e.g. antioxidant capacity).The amberlite microporous resin XAD-2 was used to evaluate the enrichment of polyphenols via adsorption and desorption mechanisms. The purified extract was analyzed by LC-ESI-QqTOF-HRMS resulting in the identification of 54 secondary metabolites, mainly belonging to three major classes namely hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavones. The main compounds were chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid and 3-O-feruloylquinic acid. A small number of monosaccharides were detected in the extract such as glucose, cellobiose, and xylose + arabinose. The purified extract also exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity, measured by ABTS and DPPH methods, when compared with the non-purified one.The purification of the sugarcane straw extract allowed us to obtain an extract rich in phenolic compounds that display improved antioxidant capacity, showing promising potential for food and cosmetic applications.

Effects of pretreatment with a combination of ultrasound and γ-aminobutyric acid on polyphenol metabolites and metabolic pathways in mung bean sprouts.

Polyphenols play an important role in human nutrition, therefore, how to improve its content with innovative approach is important, and understanding the metabolic pathys is necessary. Mung beans are rich in polyphenols, which made them have physiological functions such as hypoglycemia, antioxidant, and hypotension. However, the content of polyphenols in natural mung bean is relatively low, and it needs to be increased. The methods of increasing polyphenol content in grains and beans by enrichment include physical stress, such as ultrasonic stress, hypoxia stress and ultraviolet radiation, and single exogenous substance stress, such as exogenous amino acids, exogenous sugars. But, the enrichment of polyphenols using exogenous substances in combination with physical stress is less applied. Therefore, this study innovated the use of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) combined with ultrasonic stress to enrich mung bean sprouts polyphenols and enhance their content. The metabolic pathways of the enrichment process were also analyzed to provide a reference for studies related to the enrichment of polyphenols. Mung bean seeds were pretreated with a combination of ultrasound and GABA under different conditions. Single-factor test and response surface methodology were used for optimizing pretreatment conditions of mung bean. Effects of combined pretreatments on the polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of sprouted mung beans were investigated. Additionally, metabolites were identified, and metabolic pathways were analyzed using non-targeted metabolomics techniques. Optimal conditions of mung bean pretreatment were found to be 370 W for ultrasound power, 40 min for ultrasonication time, 10 mmol/L for GABA concentration, and 8 h for the soaking duration. Under these conditions, the predicted polyphenol content was found to be 4.52 mg GAE/g DW. The pretreatment of mung beans with a combination of ultrasound and exogenous GABA resulted in mung bean sprouts with enhanced polyphenol content and antioxidant activity compared to mung beans germinated without pretreatment. A significant increase in the content of six polyphenols [Genistein, (-)-Epigallocatechin, Epicatechin, Nobiletin, Naringenin, Biochanin A] in the pretreated and germinated mung beans was found, and six metabolic pathways (flavonoid biosynthesis, isoflavones biosynthesis, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, anthocyanin biosynthesis, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and metabolic pathways) were significantly activated. The obtained results suggest that a combination of ultrasound and exogenous GABA treatment can be used to produce mung bean sprouts with enriched polyphenols content and enhanced antioxidant activity.

Macroporous adsorptive resin-assisted enrichment of polyphenol from Psidium guajava leaves improved its in vitro antioxidant and anti-hemolytic properties

Phytochemical analyses of guava leaf extracts, commonly applied in traditional medicine, revealed the presence of several bioactive polyphenols. In this study, we optimized the enrichment of total polyphenol from Guava leaf ethanolic extract (GEE) using six macroporous adsorptive resins (MAR) including AB8, D101, X5, ADS17, S400, and AD7. Also investigated are the contributions of adsorption time, extract concentration, pH, elution time, and eluent ethanol concentrations on the polyphenol enrichment potential of MAR. The antioxidant and anti-hemolytic properties of the crude and polyphenol-rich extracts were determined. Our results indicate that treatment of GEE extract with AB8 MAR at a concentration of 15 mg GEE/g resin, adsorption time of 45 min, elution time of 40 min, and eluent ethanol concentration of 50% (v/v) improved the flavonoids and phenol concentration of GEE by 2 and 2.5 folds respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing ability of the plasma (FRAP), anti-hemolytic and anti-peroxidation activity of the resultant polyphenol-rich extracts improved by 1.5, 1.6, 1.4, and 1.88 folds respectively, when compared to the crude extract. Our work shows that the MAR-assisted enrichment operation is a rapid, feasible, and economical strategy for enriching bioactive polyphenols from guava leaf extracts.

Pre- and Post-Harvest Conditions Affect Polyphenol Content in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa).

The strawberry fruit contains abundant polyphenols, such as anthocyanins, flavan-3-ol, and ellagitannin. Polyphenol enrichment improves the quality of strawberries and leads to a better understanding of the polyphenol induction process. We measured the total polyphenol content of strawberry fruits under different growth conditions, developmental stages, and treatment conditions during pre-harvest and post-harvest periods. High fruit polyphenol content was observed in cold treatment, which was selected for further analysis and optimization. A transcriptome analysis of cold-treated fruits suggested that the candidate components of polyphenols may exist in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Coverage with a porous film bag excluded the effects of drought stress and produced polyphenol-rich strawberry fruits without affecting quality or quantity. The degree of stress was assessed using known stress indicators. A rapid accumulation of abscisic acid was followed by an increase in superoxide dismutase and DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity, suggesting that the strawberry fruits responded to cold stress immediately, reaching the climax at around 6 days, a trend consistent with that of polyphenol content. These findings enhance our understanding of the mechanism of post-harvest polyphenol accumulation and the value of strawberries as a functional food.

Recovery and Concentration of Polyphenols from Roasted Hazelnut Skin Extract Using Macroporous Resins

Hazelnut skin is a rich source of polyphenols but is generally discarded during the roasting process of hazelnuts. Previous studies reported the extraction and identification of these compounds using different solvents and procedures; however, there are few reports on their enrichment and purification. In this study, three types of Amberlite macroporous resins (XAD 16, XAD 4, and XAD 7) were compared to evaluate the enrichment of polyphenols via adsorption and desorption mechanisms. The operating condition parameters for polyphenol adsorption/desorption of each resin were determined, the kinetics of adsorption were examined, and a method for polyphenol recovery was developed using static and dynamic adsorption/desorption. Antioxidant activity and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection were used to confirm the increase in polyphenols obtained using the adsorption/desorption technique. XAD16 showed the highest adsorption capacity, with a recovery of 87.7%, and the adsorption kinetics fit well with a pseudo-second-order model. The highest poly-phenol desorption ratio was observed using an ethanol/water solution (70% v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 bed volume/h.

Inhibitory Effects against Alpha-Amylase of an Enriched Polyphenol Extract from Pericarp of Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana).

The pericarp of mangosteen, a by-product of the mangosteen, is rich in polyphenols. In this study, an efficient and environmentally friendly method for preparative enrichment of polyphenols from mangosteen pericarp (MPPs) was developed, and the inhibitory effects on starch digestion were also evaluated. It was found that the optimal extract method of MPPs was at a solid to solvent ratio of 1:50 g/mL, pH of 2, and at 80 °C for 2 h. The IC50 of MPPs for α-amylase was 0.28 mg/mL. Based on the fluorescence quenching results, we presumed that MPPs could alter the natural structure of α-amylase, resulting in inhibitory activity on α-amylase. In addition, MPPs significantly reduced the blood glucose peak and AUC of glucose responses in rats after ingestion of the starch solution. Taken together, MPPs may have the potential as a functional supplement for blood glucose control and diabetes prevention.

Polyphenol-Enriched Extracts of Prunus spinosa Fruits: Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects in Human Immune Cells Ex Vivo in Relation to Phytochemical Profile.

The fresh fruits of Prunus spinosa L., a wild plum species, are traditionally used for dietary purposes and medicinal applications in disorders related to inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition of the fruits in the function of fractionated extraction and evaluate the biological potential of the extracts as functional products in two models of human immune cells ex vivo. Fifty-seven phenolic components were identified in the extracts by UHPLC-PDA-ESI-MS3, including twenty-eight new for the analysed fruits. Fractionation enabled the enrichment of polyphenols in the extracts up to 126.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dw total contents, 91.3 mg/g phenolic acids (caffeoyl-, coumaroyl-, and feruloylquinic acids), 41.1 mg/g flavonoids (mostly quercetin mono-, di- and triglycosides), 44.5 mg/g condensed proanthocyanidins, and 9.2 mg/g anthocyanins (cyanidin and peonidin glycosides). The hydroalcoholic extract and phenolic-enriched fractions of the fruits revealed significant ability to modulate pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory functions of human neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs): they strongly downregulated the release of reactive oxygen species, TNF-α, and neutrophils elastase, upregulated the secretion of IL-10, and slightly inhibited the production of IL-8 and IL-6 in the cells stimulated by fMLP, fMLP+cytochalasin B, and LPS, depending on the test. Correlation studies and experiments on the pure compounds indicated a significant contribution of polyphenols to these effects. Moreover, cellular safety was confirmed for the extracts by flow cytometry in a wide range of concentrations. The results support the traditional use of fresh blackthorn fruits in inflammatory disorders and indicate extracts that are most promising for functional applications.

Two-Step PEF Processing for Enhancing the Polyphenol Concentration and Decontaminating a Red Grape Juice.

This study’s aim is to evaluate Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) technology as an alternative method for the processing of red grape juice. For this purpose, two PEF treatments were applied: first to grapes for polyphenol enrichment of the juice, and subsequently for microbial decontamination of the obtained juice. Juice obtained from PEF-treated grapes (5 kV/cm, 63.4 kJ/kg) had the polyphenol content 1.5-fold higher and colour intensity two times higher of control juices by spectrophotometric measurement (p ≤ 0.05). A subsequent decontamination treatment by PEF (17.5 kV/cm and 173.6 kJ/kg) achieved inactivation of the present microbiota (yeasts, moulds, and vegetative mesophilic bacteria) below detection level (<30 CFU/mL). Furthermore, PEF-treated juices were microbiologically stable up to 45 days, even at abusive refrigeration storage temperatures (10 °C). PEF juice quality and sensory characteristics were similar to a fresh juice; they were neither affected by the PEF decontamination treatment, nor by storage time and temperature. Results obtained in this study demonstrate the considerable potential of PEF for the production of a polyphenol-enriched and microbially stabilized red grape juice as a unique and sustainable alternative for the juice industry, while avoiding enzymatic and heat treatments.

Highly efficient separation and enrichment of polyphenols by 6-aminopyridine-3-boronic acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles assisted by polyethylenimine.

Polyphenols have found a lot of therapeutic effects and potential applications such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, mutant resistance, immunosuppressant and anti-tumor properties. They can be divided into five main classes, namely flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, lignans, and others. Thus, the content detection of polyphenols in real samples such as fruit juice and tea is of great significance. Due to the presence of complex interfering components in actual samples, separation and enrichment of polyphenols prior to analysis is key. Therefore, it is quite necessary to establish a simple, low-cost and efficient purification method for cis-diol-containing polyphenols from real samples. Boronate affinity materials are able to reversibly bind cis-diol-containing compounds by forming a five- or six-membered boronic cyclic ester in aqueous media. However, conventional boronate affinity materials exhibited low binding capacity and high binding pH. In this study, the polyethyleneimine (PEI)-assisted 6-aminopyridine-3-boronic acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were developed to capture efficiently cis-diol-containing polyphenols under neutral condition. PEI was applied as a scaffold to amplify the number of boronic acid moieties. While 6-aminopyridine-3-boronic acid was used as an affinity ligand due to low pKa value and excellent water solubility toward polyphenols. The results indicated that the prepared boronic acid-functionalized MNPs provided high binding capacity and fast binding kinetics under neutral conditions. In addition, the obtained MNPs exhibited relatively high binding affinity (Kd ≈ 10−4 M), low binding pH (pH ≥ 6.0) and tolerance of the interference of abundant sugars.

Pork Liver Pâté Enriched with Persimmon Coproducts: Effect of In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion on Its Fatty Acid and Polyphenol Profile Stability.

Agrofood coproducts are used to enrich meat products to reduce harmful compounds and contribute to fiber and polyphenol enrichment. Pork liver pâtés with added persimmon coproducts (3 and 6%; PR-3 and PR-6, respectively) were developed. Therefore, the aim was to study the effect of their in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on: the free and bound polyphenol profile (HPLC) and their colon-available index; the lipid oxidation (TBARs); and the stability of the fatty acid profile (GC). Furthermore, the effect of lipolysis was investigated using two pancreatins with different lipase activity. Forty-two polyphenols were detected in persimmon flour, which were revealed as a good source of bound polyphenols in pâtés, especially gallic acid (164.3 µg/g d.w. in PR-3 and 631.8 µg/g d.w. in PR-6). After gastrointestinal digestion, the colon-available index in enriched pâté ranged from 88.73 to 195.78%. The different lipase activity in the intestinal phase caused significant differences in bound polyphenols’ stability, contributing to increased lipid oxidation. The fatty acids profile in pâté samples was stable, and surprisingly their PUFA content was raised. In conclusion, rich fatty foods, such as pâté, are excellent vehicles to preserve bound polyphenols, which can reach the colon intact and be metabolized by the intestinal microbiome.

An innovative co-fungal treatment to poplar bark sawdust for delignification and polyphenol enrichment

This work aims to demonstrate a new high-efficient way to lignin degradation plus polyphenol enrichment in poplar bark sawdust by a co-fungal treatment with white rot fungi of C. subvermispora, C. cinereus and P. ostreatus in an equal volume-ratio fermentation for three weeks. The results indicated that compared with any one of these fungi, over 50 % lignin-degradation and 6-fold polyphenol enrichment were achieved at the 12th day for the best performance by these mixed-fungi treatments. The polyphenol enrichments from the increasing amount of protocatechuic acid and caffeic acid-3-glucoside were confirmed by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and ATR-FT-IR, which facilitated the lignin-degradation in turn. They were potentially ascribed to an obvious improvement activity of ligninolytic enzyme (laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese-dependent peroxidase) for the lignin-degradation and β-glycosidase action for flavonoid degradation, respectively. All above-mentioned results will provide a potential protocol for lignin degradation and polyphenol enrichment when the different fungi in co-culture play a role in synergism.

Bioactivity-Oriented Purification of Polyphenols from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. with Anti-Proliferation Effects on Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Cinnamomum cassia Presl. (CCP) is a popular natural spice possessing various pharmacological properties. We obtained polyphenol-rich fraction (CCP-P) from CCP by bioactivity-oriented purification method and evaluated its Wnt signaling inhibition activity. Firstly, the phenolic components were identified as the main bioactive compounds with anti-colorectal cancer activity. Then, we compared the anti-colorectal cancer activity of CCP extract obtained from different solvent by cell morphology alteration and EdU assay. Ethanol extract showed higher antiproliferative activity compared to water extract on HCT116 cells, with proliferating cells reducing to 41.12 and 21.83% at 156.00μg GAE/mL, respectively. Next, separation and enrichment of polyphenols from ethanol extract was performed on AB-8 macroporous resins under optimal conditions. Further evaluation of the CCP-P bioactivity revealed that it exerted more potent antiproliferative activity on RKO and HCT116 cells, showing higher selectivity for Wnt-dependent colorectal cancer cells (CRCs). Ten major polyphenols were identified in the CCP-P by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In summary, this study presents evidence that CCP-derived polyphenols are promising potential candidates as functional food ingredients against CRC.

Adsorption and desorption characteristics of polyphenols from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves with macroporous resin and its inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase

BackgroundEucommia ulmoides Oliv. (EUO) was a traditional Chinese herb, its leaves were abundant in China, and polyphenol compounds were considered to be an important active ingredient in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves (EUOL). However, previous research mainly focused on compound identification and extraction process, there were few reported on the efficient enrichment process and biological activity evaluation of polyphenols in EUOL.MethodsThe adsorption and desorption characteristics of twelve different resins (HPD-100, HPD-300, HPD-600, D-3250, X-5, D-140, NKA-9, NKA-II, D-101, AB-8, S-8 and Polyamide) were investigated to develop an efficient method for the enrichment of polyphenol from EUOL, and the static adsorption, kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics of the polyphenol from EUOL were analyzed. The eluted component was obtained through dynamic elution, and its main polyphenol compounds were detected by high-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the inhibitory effects on the enzyme activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was also evaluated for different elution components. Meanwhile, the binding of main polyphenol compounds to enzyme was also evaluated.ResultsThe selected resins (HPD-300, HPD-600, D-3250, X-5, D-140, NKA-9, D-101 and AB-8) showed adsorption patterns that fitted well to the pseudo second-order kinetics. The intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that the diffusion of polyphenol compounds on these resins were divided into three processes. For HPD-300, HPD-600 and NKA-9, the Freundlich model better described the adsorption isotherm behavior than the Langmuir model, and the adsorption of polyphenol was a physical, exothermic, and spontaneous process. Subsequently, dynamic elution was performed yielding a higher polyphenol content in a 60% ethanol-water elution component, and it also exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity. Furthermore, as the main polyphenol compounds, chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin and kaempferol were used to simulate the binding to the enzyme protein through molecular docking technology. The results showed that quercetin had a higher docking score for α-amylase, while rutin displayed superior binding to α-glucosidase.ConclusionsTherefore, polyphenols of EUOL could be enriched through macroporous resins and have the potential to be effective enzyme inhibitor.

Parallel enrichment of polyphenols and phytosterols from Pinot noir grape seeds with molecularly imprinted polymers and analysis by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry

This investigation describes an integrated workflow for the parallel extraction and recovery of polyphenols and phytosterols from Pinot noir grape seeds. Using (E)-resveratrol and stigmasterol as exemplars, the approach employs two different molecular imprinted polymers in tandem for the extraction of these compounds and their subsequent analysis by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography (capHPLC) interfaced with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI MS/MS). Information on the selectivity of the solid-phase extraction processes was obtained through analysis of the binding behaviour of (E)-resveratrol- and stigmasterol-imprinted polymers using structurally similar polyphenols or phytosterols with the extent of binding determined from the capHPLC-ion trap ESI MS/MS data. This study documents with Pinot noir grape seed extracts and optimised solid-phase extraction protocols that the (E)-resveratrol-templated MIP enabled a very high recovery (99%) of the health-beneficial polyphenol (E)-resveratrol with co-purification of procyanidin and catechin/epicatechin. Further, the stigmasteryl-3-O-methacrylate-templated polymer resulted in high recovery (96%) of the phytosterol stigmasterol with co-purification of campesteryl glycoside. The results also demonstrate that rapid and high-resolution capHPLC-ESI MS/MS methods can be used as part of the work flow for selectivity optimisation and monitoring of the performance of MIPs intended for use in the solid-phase extraction of bioactive molecules with nutraceutical properties from agricultural waste streams.

Rice Flour and Bran Enriched with Blueberry Polyphenols Increases Storage Stability and Decreases Arsenic Content in Bran.

A low-cost method utilizing rice co-products to concentrate and stabilize blueberry polyphenols was developed that decreased the arsenic (As) content in rice bran. After concentration at 10 g/L, brown rice flour displayed a higher total anthocyanin content in both blueberry juice (2.7 mg/g) and pomace extract (2.6 mg/g) when compared to white rice flour. Defatted rice bran enriched with blueberry juice (10 g/L) had the highest concentration of polyphenols (16.0 mg/g), and defatted bran enriched with pomace extract had the highest concentration of anthocyanins (5.32 mg/g). Enriched rice flour and bran contained higher levels of anthocyanins when using pomace extracts. Polyphenols and anthocyanins were found to be highly stable at 37 °C in rice flour and bran samples combined with pomace extract. Polyphenol enrichment also produced lower total and inorganic arsenic (i-As) levels in defatted rice bran. Inorganic arsenic (i-As) concentrations in defatted rice bran enriched with blueberry juice and pomace extracts were reduced by 20.5% and 51.6%, respectively. Overall, rice flour and bran that are enriched with polyphenols and anthocyanins from blueberry pomace extracts are shelf and color stable, had low sugar content, and represent unique health-promoting food ingredients.

Boronate decorated membrane via atom transfer radical polymerization for separation and enrichment of polyphenols from tea drinks

Boronate affinity (BA) materials play an important role in the selective separation and enrichment of cis-diol-containing compounds.