ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale Research Articles

The Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Emotional Abuse Questionnaire

Objective: Intimate partner emotional abuse is a serious issue that can lead to catastrophic outcomes for victims. Emotional abuse involves psychological tactics to control, manipulate, and degrade a person within an intimate relationship. This research aimed to translate the Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (EAQ) developed by Jacobson and Gottman into Persian for use among Iranian university students. Method: The translation of the 66-item EAQ involved a meticulous forward and backward translation process, linguistic matching, and a pilot review. In this cross-sectional study, 346 university students from Rasht, Iran, completed the EAQ. The mean age of participants was 26.78 ± 8.10 years, with most being female (89.0%). Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest analysis while content and face validity were assessed by a panel of experts. Construct validity was examined through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal consistency measures. Divergent validity was assessed by comparing the EAQ with the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS). Results: Impact scores for face validity ranged from 2.33 to 3.92, based on respondents' ratings of frequency and importance. Content validity assessment led to removing four items with a CVR below 0.62, resulting in 62 valid items. The EAQ showed strong internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.97, exceeding the acceptable threshold of 0.70. CFA results confirmed the validity of the second-order factor model of the EAQ (χ2/df = 4.34, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA = 0.098, SRMR = 0.077). The EAQ demonstrated a strong correlation with EMS measures, confirming divergent validity. Conclusion: The Persian version of the EAQ is a reliable instrument for assessing emotional abuse among Iranian university students. Future research should explore the cultural sensitivity of the questionnaire and investigate associations between emotional abuse and other variables of interest, such as mental health outcomes or relationship dynamics. These avenues promise valuable insights into the frequency and effects of emotional abuse across diverse cultural contexts.

Structural Relationships between Attachment Styles and Marital Satisfaction with the Mediation of Loneliness

Introduction: Identifying related and influencing factors on marital satisfaction is of particular necessity and importance. It seems that attachment styles and loneliness are among the factors affecting marital satisfaction. Aim: The present study aimed to determine the structural relationships between attachment styles and marital satisfaction with the mediation of loneliness. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlational and the statistical population of this study included all women and men who were referred to family counseling centers in Ilam City in 2019 with complaints of marital problems which 320 were selected by convenience sampling method. To collect data Adult Attachment Questionnaire by Simpson (1990), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (1993) and The University of California Loneliness Scale (1996) were used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS .24 and Amos. 24. Results: In the present study, the results showed that loneliness and marital satisfaction had a negative and significant relationship (β=-.258, P=.001). Avoidant attachment (β=-.189, P=.001) and anxious attachment (β=-.138, P=.001) and marital satisfaction had a negative and significant relationship. Loneliness in the relationship between secure attachment (β=.149, P=.001), anxiety (β=-.043, P=.048) and avoidance (β=-.140, P=.001) and marital satisfaction had a mediating role. Conclusion: The results showed that loneliness mediates the relationship between secure, anxious and avoidant attachment and marital satisfaction. Therefore, it is suggested that couples and family therapists, in counseling and couple therapy, to increase marital satisfaction, should also pay attention to people's attachment styles manifestations and feelings of loneliness caused by it.

The structural model of marital satisfaction based on relational beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women

Introduction: Inefficiency in the process of emotion regulation prevents the emergence of efficient behaviors and appropriate coping responses to the situation in marital relationships by the individual, which seems to be influenced by relational beliefs. Aim: The present study aimed to formulate a structural model of marital satisfaction based on relational beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women. Methods: The current research was descriptive-correlation based on the method of structural equations and the statistical population of the present study consisted of all married women between the ages of 30 and 50 who were referred to counseling centers in Tehran in the first six months of 2022, among them 371 women were selected using the random clusters sampling method. The research tools included ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, Relationship Belief Inventory, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson's correlation method and structural equations were used with SPSS version 22 and AMOS version 24 software. Results: The results of the present study showed there is an indirect and significant relationship between relational beliefs and marital satisfaction with the mediation of positive emotional cognitive regulation (P=0.003, Z=-2.11). There is an indirect and significant relationship between relational beliefs and marital satisfaction with the mediation of negative emotional cognitive regulation (P=0.009, Z=-1.78). Conclusion: The results showed that marital satisfaction is predicted based on communication beliefs with the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation in married women. It is suggested that couple therapists and family therapists pay attention to relational beliefs and cognitive emotion regulation strategies derived from them in counseling and couple therapy to increase marital satisfaction.

Body Image Concern, Sexual Esteem and Marital Satisfaction in Young Married Adults

This correlational research aims to study body image concerns, sexual esteem and marital satisfaction in young married adults. The sample consist of N = 163 young married adults from Lahore, Pakistan. The measures included Body Image Concern Scale (He et al., 2017), Sexual Esteem Scale (Snell & Papini, 1989) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Fowers & Olson, 1993) in addition to demographic information sheet. The findings revealed that body image concerns negatively (-0.34, p < .001) while sexual esteem positively (0.42, p < .001) relates to marital satisfaction. Significant gender differences revealed that men tend to have better sexual esteem (t = 2.90, df = 161, p <0.01) and marital satisfaction (t = 2.01, df = 161, p <0.05) than women. Increase in total family income, marital satisfaction tends to increase. The mediation analysis revealed that sexual esteem serves as a mediator between concerns about body image and marital satisfaction. The study implies potential development of therapeutic interventions for enhancing marriage satisfaction and addressing societal stigmatization of body ideals for improved marital quality.

Factors Related to Maternal-fetal Attachment in Pregnant Mothers: An Analytical Cross-sectional Study

Aim:: The study investigated the relationship between Determining the Factors Related to Maternal-Fetal Attachment in Pregnant Mothers with Maternal-Fetal Attachment. Background:: Demographic policies in Iran emphasize population, fertility, and maternal health. Maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) is a term used to describe conditions that help the mother cope with the physiological changes during pregnancy. MFA contributes significantly to the future health of mother and child. Thus, it is essential to identify the nature of maternal-fetal attachment during pregnancy, when women need to prepare for and adapt to childbirth. The present study was conducted to determine the factors related to maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant mothers of Arak City. Objectives:: The study investigated the relationship between obstetric-demographic factors, emotional intelligence, marital satisfaction, and domestic violence with maternal-fetal attachment. Methods:: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 177 pregnant mothers with a gestational age of 37-40 who were referred to health centers in Arak, Iran, for pregnancy care in 2022. Five questionnaires, including an obstetric-demographic questionnaire, Cranley's Standard Mother-Fetal Attachment Scale, Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test, ENRICH marital satisfaction scale, and HITS domestic violence questionnaire, were used to measure the factors related to maternal-fetal attachment. Data were analyzed using SPSS21 software and descriptive and analytical statistics, including frequency distribution, Pearson correlation, t-test, Chi-square, Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Multiple Logistic Regression model. Results:: The mean of age women and age of husbands was 29.07± 5.88 years and 32.93± 5.28 years, respectively. The mean maternal-fetal attachment score was 88.12± 15.76. The mean of the emotional intelligence, the marital satisfaction and, the domestic violence was 4.71± 2.81, 121.88± 17.30, 37.86± 7.25, 6.54± 3.35, respectively. The interval between the current and the previous pregnancy had a range of 1-7 years and a mean of 4.71± 2.8 years. : There was a positive significant correlation between the maternal-fetal attachment score and the interval between the current and the previous pregnancy (r=0.22, p=0.02), : There was a positive significant correlation between the maternal-fetal attachment score and the emotional intelligence (r=0.31, p=0.001) the marital satisfaction (r=0.25, P=0.001). There was a negative significant correlation between the maternal-fetal attachment score and the domestic violence (r=-0.26, p=0.001 Conclusion:: Identifying attachment-related factors helps the health staff carry out the necessary training and preventive measures to increase maternal-fetal attachment, especially in high-risk parents who need more care.

Polish Adaptation of the Coparenting Relationship Scale

Abstract: The Coparenting Relationship Scale (CRS) is a 35-item self-report measure used to assess subjective evaluation of the relationship between parents. Developed and applied in the United States, it was translated and adapted in other countries. The article presents a Polish adaptation of the CRS. The study included 802 respondents (514 mothers, 288 fathers). In comparison to the original 7-factor structure of the original CRS, in our case, we excluded the division of labor factor and achieved satisfactory goodness-of-fit criteria upon the inclusion of the method factor with reverse-worded (RW) items. We also attempted to test measurement invariance by gender and across two cultural contexts: comparing with the USA and Switzerland. In all cases, at least scalar invariance was achieved, allowing for comparisons between the mentioned groups. We also verified construct validity, which allowed us to demonstrate convergent validity when the CRS was correlated with the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale and Parental Distress Scale, as well as discriminant validity when the CRS was correlated with the Lie Scale from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. The results of statistical analyses show that the Polish CRS is a valid and reliable measure of the coparenting relationship.

PSYCHIATRIC MORBIDITY AND MARITAL SATISFACTION IN SPOUSES OF PATIENTS WITH ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE SYNDROME

Background: Prevalence of alcohol dependence in men has been increasing worldwide, particularly in India. Alcohol dependence syndrome appears to be associated with psychiatric problems specially among spouses. Understanding and addressing the effects of such psychiatric problems becomes necessary. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of psychiatric morbidity and marital satisfaction in spouses of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome. Materials and Methods: 246 men with alcohol dependence syndrome and their spouses were evaluated. Marital satisfaction was assessed using the ENRICH marital satisfaction scale. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interviews (MINI) was used to screen for the possible presence of psychiatric morbidity among spouses. Severity of alcohol dependence in the husbands and consequences of drinking was assessed using Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) and drinkers inventory of consequences (DrInC) respectively. Results: More than half of the spouses (57.72%) had a psychiatric disorder. Primarily mood and anxiety disorder were present. Major depressive disorder was present in 33.33%. Psychiatric morbidity among spouses was significantly associated with SADD. Significant association was found between age, education status, occupation, religion and psychiatric morbidity of spouses. Marital satisfaction score was low and conflicts between the couple was significantly associated with psychiatric morbidity of spouses. Conclusion: Psychiatric morbidity in spouses of alcohol dependent men is high, with marital satisfaction being low. Addressing these issues in spouses can improve their quality of life as they play an important role in the treatment of alcohol dependence syndrome.

Mindful parenting, parenting self-efficacy, and marital satisfaction of mother with toddler on family resilience during pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has both positive and negative impacts on individuals in affected areas. For mothers who have many roles at home, this impact can cause stress due to sudden changes in the family. Therefore, it is important to know whether mindful parenting, parenting self-efficacy, and marital satisfaction are important factors for family resilience. This study used a quantitative approach to examine the roles of those factors. Data obtained using Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire, Interpersonal Mindful Parenting, Self-Efficacy Parenting Task Index-Toddler Scale Short Form and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale were analyzed by multiple regression. Based on data from 116 mothers who have toddlers (Mage = 28.46, SD = 3.14), it is known that the associations of mindful parenting, parenting self-efficacy, and marital satisfaction predict 50% of family resilience positively. Furthermore, marital satisfaction provides the largest significant unique contribution, followed by a smaller contribution by parenting self-efficacy, while mindful parenting did not. This shows that internal and external factors by the mother both contribute to creating a resilient family during the Covid-19 Pandemic, thus, it is essentially important to ensure that mothers receive good support from their partners and are confident in providing positive care for their children.

How’s Parenting Stress can Decrease Marital Satisfaction? Study on Teen Mom

The challenges of the transition from childhood to adolescence raise various upheavals within the individual. Especially for teenagers who married young and pregnant. Having kids when individuals are teenagers can trigger stress due to parenting, especially for girls who become mothers for the first time, parenting stress felt by teen moms can decrease marital satisfaction, because there is a incompatibility between expectations of marriage with the existing reality. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of parenting stress on marital satisfaction. This study design for quantitative approach. A total of 90 teen mom were enrolled in this study. They were asked to finish several questionnaires, including the Parental Stress Scale and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale. The obtained data were analysed using simple regression test, to determine whether or not influence of parenting stress (PS) on marital satisfaction (MS). Results revealed that parenting stress influence negative effect on marital satisfaction. Furthermore, the high parenting stress felt by teen moms after the presence of children cause lower marital satisfaction.

Effects of stress management and relationship-enrichment counseling on sexual and marital satisfaction of working women with high occupational stress.

Industrialization of societies has placed considerable stress on employees influencing marital and sexual satisfaction. This study investigated the effects of stress management (SM) and relationship enrichment (RE) counseling on marital and sexual satisfaction in stressed women working at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences hospitals, Iran. In this quasi-experimental study, 75 nurses and midwives experiencing moderate-to-severe occupational stress after obtaining written informed consent were assigned to SM and RE counseling and control groups randomly. The SM and RE attended six-related counseling sessions, and control group received no intervention. The participants completed Osipow's Revised Occupational Stress Inventory (OSI-R), ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, and Larson's Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire before and 2 weeks after the intervention. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA. SM counseling led to relatively good increase in sexual satisfaction. In addition, there was no significant difference between the three groups in the mean occupational stress scores and marital satisfaction scores. SM counseling increased the level of sexual satisfaction. The approaches had no significant effect on occupational stress and marital satisfaction. Further studies are required to identify the best counseling approaches.

Determining the Relationship Between Interpersonal Mindfulness, Social Media Use, and Marital Satisfaction

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the relationship between interpersonal mindfulness, social media use, and marital satisfaction. Methods and Materials: This research is an applied study in terms of its objective. Additionally, it is a field study regarding data collection and analysis methods. The population under investigation consisted of married residents of Tehran who are members of social networks. Simple random sampling was employed for sample selection. To estimate the sample size, the formula proposed by Tabachnick and Fidell (2007) was utilized, resulting in a required sample size of 106 participants. In this study, data were collected using the Interpersonal Mindfulness Questionnaire (IMQ) (Paucho et al., 2018), the Social Networks Questionnaire (Khwaja Ahmadi, Pouladi, & Bahraini, 2016), and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale. To assess the structural model of the research, the four-stage structural model evaluation proposed by Hair et al. (2017) was applied. Findings: The results of the covariance analysis test indicated that interpersonal mindfulness has a positive relationship with marital satisfaction, whereas social media use has a negative relationship with marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Given the significant relationship between interpersonal mindfulness and social media use with marital satisfaction, it is recommended to design programs to enhance interpersonal mindfulness and appropriate social media use for increasing marital satisfaction among couples and implement these through virtual and electronic workshops.

The Big Five Personality Traits and Marital Satisfaction Among Couples in Kilungu Deanary in Catholic Diocese of Machakos in Makueni County, Kenya

Marital satisfaction is a key indicator of happiness and stability in marriage, yet modern family life faces significant challenges, including rising divorce rates, declining marriage prevalence, increased cohabitation, and the complexities introduced by same-sex marriage legalization. This study examines the Big Five personality traits and their relationship with marital satisfaction among couples in Kilungu Deanery, Catholic Diocese of Machakos, Makueni County, Kenya. The research objectives included assessing the prevalence of these traits, evaluating marital satisfaction levels, identifying factors affecting satisfaction, and exploring ways to enhance it. Grounded in the Five-Factor model of personality and Bowenian family systems theory, the study utilized a correlational research design with a sample of 178 married individuals (90 males and 88 females) aged 30 to 67, each married for at least five years. Data were collected using the Big Five Inventory and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale, and analyzed with SPSS version 25. Findings revealed that Extraversion correlated positively with the Idealistic Distortion scale but showed no significant correlation with marital satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were positively associated with marital satisfaction and negatively with dissatisfaction. Conversely, Neuroticism was negatively correlated with marital satisfaction and positively with dissatisfaction. Openness correlated positively with marital satisfaction but not significantly with dissatisfaction. The study recommends that government and religious organizations offer family life counseling and premarital education to improve partner compatibility and reduce failed marriages.

Model Fit Determination of Marital Satisfaction Based on Self-Differentiation, Critical Thinking, and Emotional Self-Regulation Mediated by the Feeling of Happiness in Married Women

Objective: The primary objective of this study was to develop and validate a structural model of marital satisfaction among married women, based on self-differentiation, critical thinking, and emotional self-regulation, with happiness as a mediating variable. Methods and Materials: This study utilized a quantitative, descriptive-correlational design with a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The sample comprised married women who visited the counseling centers at the University of Tehran between January 2023 and August 2023. A total of 330 participants were selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires, including the Self-Differentiation Scale, Critical Thinking Questionnaire, Emotional Self-Regulation Scale, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale. The data were analyzed using SEM to assess the model's fit and test the hypothesized relationships between variables. Findings: The results indicated that the proposed structural model fit the data well, with satisfactory model fit indices (χ²/df = 3.618, RMSEA = .061, CFI = .923). Self-differentiation (β = .217, p = .033), critical thinking (β = .230, p = .01), and emotional self-regulation (β = .201, p = .01) had significant direct effects on marital satisfaction. Additionally, happiness significantly mediated the relationships between self-differentiation (β = .229, p = .01), critical thinking (β = .178, p = .01), and emotional self-regulation (β = .200, p = .01) with marital satisfaction. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of self-differentiation, critical thinking, and emotional self-regulation as key factors influencing marital satisfaction among married women. The mediating role of happiness highlights its significance in enhancing marital satisfaction by fostering positive emotions and reducing stress.

Effect of Work Experience on Marital Satisfaction and Marital Conflict among Normal and Shift Schedule Professionals of Ekiti State, Nigeria

Separation, single parenthood and divorce are all on the rise. The commotion of the work place mix with family obligation and expectation play a role in these marital challenges. The study examined Marital satisfaction and marital conflict the comparative analysis of shift schedule and normal working hours employee in Ekiti-state, Nigeria. A total of 700 staff (389 normal working hours schedule and 381 shift schedules) were selected, Slovin formula was employed to get a sample of the population. Participants ages ranged between <18 ->55 years. These research instruments were used to generate data from participants, namely Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale(EMSC)by Blaire et al 1987 and Kansas Marital Conflict Scale(KMSC) by Eggerman et al 1985. Data were analyzed with the use of analysis of variance (Anova and independent t-test). The findings show that there is a significant difference in the level of marital conflict reported by the professionals (Nurses, Police officers, Correctional officers and Civil servants)F(3,766)=40.58.P<.01. Observation of the means shows correctional officer (x=75.83) has highest level of marital conflict followed by police (x=72.86) then Nurses ( x= 66.34) and lastly civil servant. However there is also a significant difference in the marital satisfaction of the professionals F(3,766)=6,67.P<.01.Nurses reported highest score on marital satisfaction followed by Civil servants then police officer and and lastly correctional officer. Findings were discussed in relation to the existing literature on marital satisfaction and marital conflict

Marital Satisfaction, Perceived Organizational Support and Job Involvement Among Employed Women in South-West Nigeria

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify if there were relative and combined influence of marital satisfaction, perceived organizational support on job involvement of employed women.
 
 Theoretical framework: Despite their demanding roles at home, employed women are expected to be at their best in the work-front. The study investigated the influence of marital satisfaction and perceived organizational support on job involvement among employed women.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: Two hundred employed women from South-West Nigeria chosen through proportional stratified random sampling technique served as participants. The 5-item Job Involvement Questionnaire (JIQ), a 20-item Perceived Organizational Support Questionnaire (POSQ), and Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS) of 16 items were the instruments used. Three hypotheses were tested at .05 level of significance with multiple regression analysis and correlation matrices.
 
 Findings: Results showed that marital satisfaction and organizational support combined to influence job involvement (F(2, 197) = 40.942, p < .05), organizational support (β = .202; t = 14.613; p < .05) and marital satisfaction (β = .134; t = 10.402; p < .05) had significant relative influence on job involvement, and there were significant positive bivariate relationships among the variables of the study.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: It was concluded that marital satisfaction is an important area of life for employed women and along with organizational support, could significantly impact job involvement.
 
 Originality/Value: Results revealed that relationships among marital satisfaction, perceived organizational support, and job involvement exist hence employees do have perceptions of organizations that may affect their attitudes, behaviours and performance.

Development of an Emotional Divorce Model in Women Using Happiness, Religious Attitude, and Marital Satisfaction

Background: This study aimed to elucidate a model of emotional divorce in Iranian Muslim women, based on factors such as happiness, religious attitude, and marital satisfaction.
 Methods: This research employed an applied approach with a descriptive-correlational design. The research sample comprised 337 married Muslim women of Yazd in 2021, selected using convenience sampling. In the model developed, the variables included happiness and religious attitude (exogenous variables), marital satisfaction (endogenous mediator variable), and emotional divorce (endogenous variable). Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI), Gutman's Emotional Divorce Questionnaire (GEDQ), the Religion Assessment Questionnaire (RAQ), and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS). Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 and LISREL-8.80 software. The Sobel test was also utilized to explore the mediating role of marital satisfaction.
 Results: The findings revealed that happiness has a direct and significant impact on marital satisfaction. Happiness, religious attitude, and marital satisfaction all exhibited significant and direct effects on emotional divorce (p < 0.05). Additionally, happiness, through its influence on marital satisfaction, was found to affect the emotional divorce of women.
 Conclusion: It can be inferred that higher levels of happiness in women are associated with increased marital satisfaction. Moreover, greater happiness and marital satisfaction in women correspond to a reduced likelihood of experiencing emotional divorce in the future.

Marital Satisfaction of The Sandwich Generation in East Java

This study aimed to assess marital satisfaction in the sandwich generation in East Java. It was conducted using quantitative methods based on the theory of Fowers and Olson, who developed the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) Inventory, which consisted of 10 dimensions with 42 items. The sample of this study was early and middle-aged adults from the sandwich generation in East Java. They were selected using the accidental sampling technique. The method of analysis used descriptive statistical techniques. The results showed that the 203 respondents felt very satisfied with their marriage. Nine marriage satisfaction dimensions: Personality Issues, Communication, Conflict Resolution, Financial Management, Leisure Activities, Sexual relationships, Children and Parenting, Family and Friends, and Equalitarian Roles-scored more than the population average, with the Sexual Relationship dimension having the highest empirical mean (22.128) among the marriage satisfaction dimensions. Only one, the Religious Orientation dimension, showed an empirical mean value (5.1970) that was lower than its hypothetical mean (6.000). This indicates that respondents tend to be dissatisfied with their marriage related to religious orientation.
 Keywords: Marital satisfaction, Sandwich generation, Dual-earner

Structural Model of Postpartum Depression Based on Social Support and Marital Satisfaction by Mediating Resilience

Background & Objectives: This study aimed to present a structural model of postpartum depression based on social support and marital satisfaction with the mediation of resilience.
 Materials & Methods: The current research method was descriptive and type of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the research included all mothers who had given birth and were referred to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences hospitals, and 415 mothers who referred for natural delivery and caesarean section using the available sampling method and completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale (EPDS), the Sherbourne and Stewart Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS), the Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) four to eight weeks after delivery. Data analysis was done using the (AMOS) software version 24, and the reliability of the tools was checked by Cronbach's alpha method and with the help of SPSS software version 23.
 Results: The findings of the research showed that social support had a significant effect on postpartum depression only indirectly (β = -0.10, p = 0.02) through resilience. In addition, it was found that marital satisfaction can both directly (β = -0.36, p = 0.0001) and indirectly affect postpartum depression through resilience (β = -0.22, p = 0.009).
 Conclusion: Resilience can be considered an anti-depressant factor in the postpartum period. Psychological interventions aimed at increasing resilience, social support and marital satisfaction, can play a significant role in preventing postpartum depression.

Appraisal Support Dynamics for Protestant Clergy and Their Spouses on Marital Satisfaction in Dagoretti South Sub-County Nairobi, Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine appraisal support dynamics for protestant clergy and their spouses on marital satisfaction in Dagoretti South Sub-County Nairobi, Kenya.
 Methodology: This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed method design. The study used a sample size of 273 protestant clergy and their spouses, chosen using a simple random sampling technique for quantitative, and 12 participants who were purposefully selected for qualitative, low and high performance on levels of marital satisfaction. The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS) and the Scales of Perceived Social Support were used to collect quantitative data, with the former having a reliability coefficient of 0.834 and the latter of 0.954, respectively. The researcher used both standardized questionnaires and an in-depth interview guide questionnaire to obtain data. Descriptive analysis and thematic analysis were used to examine the data. The data was presented in form of tables. SPSS version 23 for the social sciences was for inferential analysis.
 Findings: The results of this study showed a small but statistically significant negative correlation between appraisal support dynamics and marital happiness. The dynamics of appraisal support had little effect on marital happiness. Couples whose feedback-giving styles are more combative tend to report lower levels of happiness in their marriages. On the other hand, this could mean that accessing appraisal support is difficult for protestant clerics and their spouses because of their positions in society as religious authorities who are expected to showed highest standards of moral values, which could further strain their relationships.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was anchored on The Family Stress Theory which was propounded by McCubbin & Patterson in 1983. The study recommends that the protestant clergy and their spouses set up peer to peer support groups that will enable them to overload their marital challenges. This study recommends that the counselling psychologists board should develop a clergy centered psychotherapy that elevates appraisal support in areas of marital relationship.

Levels of Marital Satisfaction of Protestant Clergy and Their Spouses in Dagoretti South Sub-County Nairobi, Kenya

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the levels of marital satisfaction among protestant clergy in Dagoretti South Sub-County
 Methodology: This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed method design. The study used a sample size of 273 protestant clergy and their spouses, chosen using a simple random sampling technique for quantitative, and 12 participants who were purposefully selected for qualitative, low and high performance on levels of marital satisfaction. The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMSS) and the Scales of Perceived Social Support were used to collect quantitative data, with the former having a reliability coefficient of 0.834 and the latter of 0.954, respectively. The researcher used both standardized questionnaires and an in-depth interview guide questionnaire to obtain data. Descriptive analysis and thematic analysis were used to examine the data. The data was presented in form of tables. SPSS version 23 for the social sciences was for inferential analysis.
 Findings: The results of this study show that most protestant clergy and their spouses have optimistic views and feelings about their relationships. However, marital contentment is a multifaceted and intricate phenomenon. This is due to the fact that stress is present in every marriage and that clergy and their wives face additional stresses from ministry work. According to the results, a moderate level of marital happiness was reported by 47.6% of the protestant clergy and their spouses in Dagoretti South Sub- County, Nairobi County, Kenya.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was anchored on the dynamic goal theory of marital satisfaction. The study also recommends that the policymaker’s plan and strategize to engage counselling psychologists with the intent to deal with specific issues that married couples present. It is high time for the government to stop being reactive to issues pertaining marital and family and engage the mental health professionals on the best prevention intervention for marriage and family in general.