Enormous Water Research Articles

An Analysis of Water Used and Wasted at Operating Room (OR) Scrub Sinks and Call to Action for Reducing Water Waste.

To model the volume of water used and wasted during wet scrubs at operating room (OR) scrub sinks and identify factors for reducing water waste. Wasteful consumption of water by US healthcare systems has not been well characterized. This is a two-component observational study. The first was an observational study of handwashing practices and water usage at scrub sinks in the OR at a single medical center. The second component was a series of two anonymous surveys of surgeons and OR staff to assess hand scrub practices and perspectives. Data from both components were used to estimate the volume of water used and wasted annually at OR scrub sinks. The median total volume of water wasted at OR scrub sinks for 34,554 cases over one year is 337,595.6 L (interquartile range 139,010.0;911,210.5). This represents approximately 34.2% of the total volume of water usage associated with wet scrubs (i.e.,water used during scrubbing and wasted after the conclusion of the scrub). Other pertinent findings are that attending surgeons and OR staff perform water scrubs in 25.9% of cases; there are significant differences in scrub type preferences among OR users; the median volume of water wasted in a single wet scrub at timer-controlled sinks is 10 L; and significantly more water is wasted at timer-controlled sinks than knee-operated sinks. OR wet scrubs are a source of enormous water waste. We identified scrub sink characteristics and OR user beliefs and behaviors as modifiable factors for water waste reduction. We encourage all institutions and OR users to carefully examine their facility characteristics and practices to implement plans that will conserve water without compromising patient safety.

Assessment of Water Resources Potential of Ogun River for Irrigation Purposes at Middle Ogun Irrigation Project

The Middle Ogun Irrigation Project (MOIP) was conceived by the Federal Government of Nigeria to boost agricultural food production in the southwestern part of the country using modern irrigation facilities. However, water supply from the Ikere Gorge dam has been intermittent, particularly at the intake weir of this project, despite the enormous water resources on the dam. Therefore, this project assessed the water resources potential at the Odo Ogun intake weir guage station of the Middle Ogun Irrigation Project and evaluated the seasonal irrigation requirements on irrigation fields. The Flow Duration Curve (FDC) was derived at the gauge site for streamflow discharge from four quartiles and percentage reliability of Q95%, Q75%, Q50% and Q25%, which gave 32.40, 55.01, 60.00 and 90.00 m3/s, respectively. Hydrological modelling of the catchment was carried out using the MapWindow Soil and Water Assessment Tool (MWSWAT) for ten delineated sub-basins on the catchment and the average annual yield from the catchment was 10,094.00 mm/year. The net seasonal irrigation requirement of crops grown was evaluated using CROPWAT 8.0 and gave 428.46 mm per planting season.

ОБОРОННА СТРАТЕГІЯ США ТА ПАРТНЕРІВ ПО НАТО У ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМУ РЕГІОНІ ПІВНІЧНОАТЛАНТИЧНОГО АЛЬЯНСУ (1949 – 1969 рр.)

This article delves into the crucial issue of the formation and evolution of the defense strategy of the Central region of the Alliance from 1949 to 1968. This region, being one of the most priority areas of NATO’s defense throughout the Cold War, holds significant importance for understanding the overall defense strategy. The article aims to evaluate the North Atlantic Alliance’s defense strategy in relation to its eastern borders, trace its evolution during the first decades, and discuss the means used to increase its effectiveness. The scientific novelty of the study lies in creating a holistic picture of the evolution of NATO’s defense strategy in relation to the Central region of a certain period of the Cold War, its components, and methods of strengthening. The article’s methodological basis is general scientific (logical, synthesis, and analysis) and special historical (comparative-historical, chronological, periodization) methods. The following general scientific methods of research were used: historical analysis, comparative analysis, complex analysis, generalization, and systematization. Conclusions. Over twenty years, the defense strategy of the Central region has undergone a significant transformation. At first, in the early 1950s, it relied exclusively on conventional forces, which had the task of delaying the invasion troops at the line of enormous water obstacles. But later, at the end of the decade, the strategy evolved to rely on nuclear forces, which were supposed to cause irreparable damage to the enemy. Which, as it became known later, did not live up to expectations. This factor forced the military leadership of the Alliance to balance both components of defense and change the strategy to be able to respond to a wide range of threats, from regional crises to military invasions. These threats could be solved by a large arsenal of means, starting with conventional defense forces and ending with strategic nuclear weapons.

Policy Review of the Effectiveness of the Submarine Technology Transfer Roadmap between Indonesia and South Korea

Indonesia is a country with enormous water areas with maritime security threats that require high security in their territorial waters including by using submarines, but the number of fleets is not optimal yet because Indonesia is required to have 12 submarines to protect their waters from threats of law violations. Indonesia took steps to build a strong defense posture by procuring submarines technology transfer cooperation with South Korea, this decision was made by Indonesia because of their limited knowledge and ability to design and produce submarines. This study is about a policy review of the effectiveness of the submarine technology transfer roadmap between PT PAL Indonesia and DSME Korea. This study aims to analyze the policy effectiveness of submarine technology transfer policies within the framework of Indonesia's maritime defense and security. Data obtained from interviews and literature were then analyzed using qualitative analysis methods. The research's results show first the batch submarine technology transfer policy had been implemented ineffective in supporting Indonesia's ability to produce its submarines, and there was a gap between the target to be achieved and the technology transfer knowledge that had been obtained, the effectiveness of technology transfer could be increased by improvements in the next cooperation contract to maximize the quality of the submarine. This research concludes that the knowledge of the submarine transfer of technology in the firstbatch is ineffective in supporting the ability to produce submarines, it is necessary to continue technology transfer to the second batch to support Indonesia's target in the ability to build its submarines with still consider the evaluation of the 1st batch to improvements in the next batch of transfer technology and also engage the educational institution, Indonesia Defense University as a knowledge base thus facilitate better output in future technology transfer cooperation.

Illuminating plant water dynamics: the role of light in leaf hydraulic regulation.

Light intensity and quality influence photosynthesis directly but also have an indirect effect by increasing stomatal apertures and enhancing gas exchange. Consequently, in areas such as the upper canopy, a high water demand for transpiration and temperature regulation is created. This paper explores how light intensity and the natural high Blue-Light (BL) : Red-Light (RL) ratio in these areas, is important for controlling leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) by BL signal transduction, increasing water permeability in cells surrounding the vascular tissue, in supporting the enormous water demands. Conversely, shaded inner-canopy areas receive less radiation, have lower water and cooling demands, and exhibit reduced Kleaf due to diminished intensity and BL induction. Intriguingly, shaded leaves display higher water-use efficiency (compared with upper-canopy) due to decreased transpiration and cooling requirements while the presence of RL supports photosynthesis.

An Experimental Catalyst for the Future Living and Working Environment: The WaterSchool

In the times of climate crisis, cities face acute challenges. Over 80 per cent of all climate change emergencies and disasters are water-related: floods and drought, pollution, water conflicts, rapid urbanization, a growing demand for food and energy, and migration. Many of these have historic roots in our lifestyle choices, our preference for specific kinds of technology, and energy usage. The omnipresence of water challenges and the way in which we have addressed them in the past give us the opportunity to treat water as leverage for comprehensive changes.The WaterSchool M4H+ in Rotterdam responds to this opportunity by raising awareness of our enormous water footprint and the ways we can reduce it through possibilities and solutions offered by design.

Long-Term Dynamics of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Water Bodies of the Aral Sea–Syrdarya Basin

The huge decrease in water volume in the Aral Sea, which was caused predominately by enormous water withdrawals from the Aral Sea tributaries, has changed the former world’s fourth-biggest inland lake into a new desert called Aralkum. Due to its long-term use in agriculture, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) play a special role in the pollution of the Aral Sea tributaries and in the Aral Sea itself. For the first time, POPs, OCPs, and PCBs were studied in the Large Aral Sea, Small Aral Sea, and the Syrdarya River. PCBs and OCPs in the collected water samples were analyzed using gas chromatography. The results of long-term and inter-annual analyses of POPs in water resources of the Kazakh part of the Aral Sea–Syrdarya Basin are presented. The analyses covered the Large and Small Aral Seas, the Syrdarya River, reservoirs, lakes of the river delta, and drainage water of the collectors from irrigation areas. The inflow to the Syrdarya River that came from the collector–drainage water was the main cause of water pollution. The pollution levels of toxic compounds, including the trends of temporal and spatial changes in pollutant concentrations, were analyzed and assessed. The latest studies from 2021 and 2022 show a decrease in pesticide concentrations by tens and hundreds of times.

Biodegradation on the Removal of Dyes from Textile Effluent

Due to the emission of coloured and toxic effluents into water bodies, the textile industry is one of the most polluting sectors. One of the primary contaminants in textile effluent is dye.Alternative approaches, like biodegradation, are being investigated since standard treatment procedures fall short of totally removing colours from textile wastewater. An approach that has shown promise for dye removal is biodegradation. Biodegradation is an economical, environmentally responsible, and long-lasting technique for dye removal from textile effluent. The scope of the study is to remove the dye from textile effluent. The review focuses mostly on bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common bacterium found in soil and water) to eliminate two synthetic commercial colours. According to the findings, P. aeruginosa could effectively remove the maximum number of colours from wastewater after five days of aerobic growth. The presence of carbon and nitrogen sources significantly improved the degradation efficiency. According to the study, P. aeruginosa may be employed in the bioremediation of textile wastewater contaminated with synthetic colours. To optimize the procedure for use in large-scale applications, more research is required. Textile wastewater should be carefully treated before being discharged into water bodies or the environment on land since colours are the most noticeable pollutant and are immediately recognisable in textile wastewater. Numerous microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae, are employed to remove dyes. In this review, the primary focus is on bacteria that remove colour from textile effluent. The review focuses on the removal of two synthetic dyes, RO16 and RB5. Because of the enormous water pollution caused by textile effluent, human health is at risk and the environment is harmed.

Gradience Free Nanoinsertion of Fe3O4 into Wood for Enhanced Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting.

Hydrovoltaic energy harvesting offers the potential to utilize enormous water energy for sustainable energy systems. Here, we report the utilization and tailoring of an intrinsic anisotropic 3D continuous microchannel structure from native wood for efficient hydrovoltaic energy harvesting by Fe3O4 nanoparticle insertion. Acetone-assisted precursor infiltration ensures the homogenous distribution of Fe ions for gradience-free Fe3O4 nanoparticle formation in wood. The Fe3O4/wood nanocomposites result in an open-circuit voltage of 63 mV and a power density of ∼52 μW/m2 (∼165 times higher than the original wood) under ambient conditions. The output voltage and power density are further increased to 1 V and ∼743 μW/m2 under 3 suns solar irradiation. The enhancement could be attributed to the increase of surface charge, nanoporosity, and photothermal effect from Fe3O4. The device exhibits a stable voltage of ∼1 V for 30 h (3 cycles of 10 h) showing good long-term stability. The methodology offers the potential for hierarchical organic-inorganic nanocomposite design for scalable and efficient ambient energy harvesting.

A bio-inspired fractal microchannel heat sink with secondary modified structure and sub-total-sub fluid transmission mode for high heat flux and energy-saving heat dissipation

With the rapid integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, thermal management has become one of the key factors restricting the development of microelectronic devices. The existing cooling methods consume enormous water and energy and destroy the environment and ecology. Therefore, a new heat dissipation technology is needed to meet the dual requirements of high heat flux heat dissipation capacity (HFHDC) and low power consumption. Inspired by the natural mass and energy transport ability of fractal structure, a composite microchannel with fractal microchannel serving as the main structure and secondary modified structure is proposed in this work to maintain high HFHDC and greatly reduce energy consumption of heat dissipation. Furtherly, a fluid guided layer providing high fluid distribution and lower pressure drop is designed to re-collect the distributed fluid at the end of the microchannel and discharge the cooling water. Compared with traditional design with single outlet, the temperature uniformity distribution can be improved and the pressure drop can be reduced by 46%. The simulation results show that under the temperature rise of 60 K, the heat flux of 577 W cm−2 (total heat power of 57.7 W) can be extracted by using the pumping power of 1.3 mW, and the coefficient of performance is as high as 43,465. This optimized design is fabricated by micro-machining processes, and the experiment data matches well with the simulation results. This work possesses high HFHDC, guarantees the trend of miniaturization of electronic system and greatly reduces the energy consumption for heat dissipation, providing a reference for low-power heat dissipation methods.

Experimental comparison of solar thermal desalination systems based on energy, exergy and economic (3‐E) analysis

AbstractWith rapid increase in human population, the demand of fresh water has been increased significantly and the world will encounter enormous water crisis by 2040. The sea contains nearly 97% of available water on earth. To fulfill the demand of fresh water, desalination of sea water can be best solution. As desalination process can be performed by using low grade energy, the use of solar energy for desalination is very popular. The most popular solar thermal desalination system is conventional solar still but its productivity is very low. In the present study, a new desalination system based on evacuated tube collectors (ETC) is developed and its performance is compared with conventional solar still experimentally. The present system consists of 15 evacuated tubes, an insulated storage tank, a heat exchanger, a condenser, and a thermic fluid as working medium. The performance of both systems is compared on the basis of daily productivity, energy and exergy efficiency, and economic viability. It is observed that the ETC‐based desalination system performed better as compared to the solar still. The average energy and exergy efficiency, productivity and produced fresh water cost of desalination systems based on ETC and conventional solar still are 43.74%, 9.52%, 4.2 L/m2/day, 0.022 $/L and 19.23%, 1.4%, 1.975 L/m2/day, 0.024 $/L respectively. Further, the pay‐back time for ETC based desalination system is also less (104 days) as compared to solar still (113 days).

Water Stress, Peri-Urbanization, and Community-Based Water Systems: A Reflective Commentary on the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

With a population of over 22 million, Mexico City's metropolitan area is facing enormous water security challenges. Its supply heavily relies on overdraft of groundwater and import from neighboring basins, leading to problems such as subsidence and raising concern over its sustainability. The impacts of the water stress in Mexico City are highly unequal across the metropolitan area and particularly severe in low-income peri-urban neighborhoods. This paper will first review the current water stress in Mexico City, its impacts on vulnerable communities, as well as some existing technical and institutional approaches aiming to tackle these challenges. We will then focus on the community-based water management systems in Mexico City's peri-urban areas, based on the case of Tecámac, one of the 59 municipalities that form the conurbation area. We will discuss the local water politics in the municipality, the historical evolution of the community-based water system, SAPTEMAC, as well as its current agenda. This essay highlights the importance of incorporating the community-based water systems in the development toward a solution to the water crisis in megacities like Mexico City: not only do they serve as provider of potable water to a considerable number of households, but they also represent a collective resistance against the speculation-driven (peri) urbanization and can make substantial contribution to the promotion of a comprehensive water reform in the country.

Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete by Carbon Dioxide Curing

The global gas emission is keeping on increasing for which cement industry alone contributes 5%. The enormous water is required for curing of concrete in construction industry which can effectively be used for various purposes. The accelerated carbonation curing shows a way to reduce these emissions in a very effective way by sequestering it in concrete elements. In this paper the effect of accelerated carbonation curing was reviewed on non-reinforced concrete elements (cubes) and reinforced concrete elements (prisms). The CO2 curing showed 60% in strength of cubes and prisms, respectively when compared to water cured specimens. This early age strength through waste gas proves beneficial in terms of reducing in atmospheric pollution and saving the water which is a critical resource now-a-days.

Sediment Load Concentration and Resultant Channel Planform in the Lower Gandak Plain

Erosion, transportation and deposition by running water are closely related and these works are performed in association and not in isolation. One cannot be performed without others. These works are determined on other factors like topography, geology, structure and composition of rocks, slope, amount of water availability and its characteristics, climate etc. Huge catchment area of the Gandak River is lying in the Himalayan mountainous region. This region is receiving good amount of rainfall concentrated in four months of monsoonal period June to September (JJAS). This period has also high temperatures leading to large amount of glacial ice melt. Hence, enormous water is drained off the mountain steep slope. The Himalaya is very young and has fragile rocks and ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities in those areas are primary cause, apart from natural weathering, for generation of more and more shattered materials which are brought by running water downstream much easily. Therefore, highly sediment concentrated water brings large quantity of loads. It is deposited in suitable conditions along its paths in the plain and with flood water. It results the formation of flood plain. According to the erosion and deposition, different types of major and minor features are formed. In other words, water and sediment determine the layout of the plain appearance. In this background, it is attempted to (i) study sediment concentration in discharged water and (ii) illustrate the channel planform of the Gandak River in the plain. To achieve these aims, secondary data has been collected and analyzed. It is expected that this study will help in executing an integrated development plan for the flood affected area of Lower Gandak River Plain. Keywords: sediment load, channel bars, channel planform, meandering, braiding, slope/gradient and channel cutoff.

GEOMORPHOLOGY AND ITS DIFFERENT PARAMETERS IN THE FLOOD PRONE LOWER GANDAK PAIN

The physical appearance of any area is the outcome of geomorphological interactions between endogenic and exogenic processes. Endogenic processes are very slow while the exogenic are quite obviously observable operating at or from above the surface of the area. They may be included like - wind, fluvial, glacio-fluvial, glacier, permafrost, karst etc. They sculpture the concerned area and people use the same for their own needs. Land use may be seen in two ways - natural or human induced use of land. The Lower Gandak Plain is characterized by flooding in the monsoon period when torrential rain associated with glacier melt water occupy the low lying area in the region. But this huge amount of water is brought by numerous tributaries of Gandak from upper Himalayan catchment. Therefore, enormous water from Himalayan catchment is to be drained through the Lower Gandak Plain. The Gandak flood plain is highly populated and anthropogenic activities are prominent. So, most of the areas have human sign and less as natural. Flooding is, therefore, more due to anthropogenic factors. Hence, an attempt has been made here to (i) evaluate the geomorphological characteristics, (ii) elaborate the flood plain forming processes on the basis of planforms, and (iii) explain various geomorphological parameters in the Lower Gandak Plain. This study is expected to help in systematic and integrated plan preparation for overall development of the Lower Gandak Plain on the basis of detail characteristics of the area explained.

Design and Development of Smart Portable System for Underground Pipeline Leakage Monitoring Based on IoT

Water is arguably the world’s most important resource. Enormous water is lost around the world due to leakages of water pipelines. Wisely wasting water should be stopped in order to exploit this advantage. This article suggests a safer approach in which the pipeline controls water pressure, and the leaking of the pipeline is observed. Observatory package with Raspberry Pi and a water quality sensor pair are connected throughout the pipeline. Continuously uploads the sensor data to the cloud server. If the pressure is below the specified threshold and the processor sends the warning message to the workers concerned amid persistent stress, the water quality disrupts. In order to post to the server, we need Internet access. However, warning messages can also be sent via SMS services that operate with the GPRS in the absence of the internet. This article further clarifies tentative steps to minimize leakage. The flow of water through the valves located at the link between the pipelines is supplied and controlled. The control valve location is controlled to mitigate water loss due to the leakage generators so that water flow is decreased into the same pipeline resulting in lower water loss.

Fisheries resources of Bangladesh: A review

Fisheries sector plays a significant role in national food security, empowerment and foreign exchange earnings in the national economy of Bangladesh. At the same time, Bangladesh is blessed with enormous water resources of inland culture (8,21,923 ha), inland capture (38,90,282 ha) and marine (1,18,81,300 ha), having great potentials of fisheries production. Inland culture, inland capture and marine fisheries provides 56.76%, 28.19% and 15.05% fisheries production, respectively. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive overview on fisheries resources of Bangladesh, those are underutilized and/or need emphasis to enhance more fish production. Recently, inland culture fisheries production has increased rapidly due to adoption of improved farming practices by the farmers. However, inland capture and marine fisheries production has not yet been attained to its optimum level due to over exploitation, fish habitat degradation, siltation of water bodies and water pollution. Therefore, to increase inland capture fisheries production and conserve biodiversity, various approaches such as community-based fisheries management, beel nurseries, stocking fingerlings of endangered species, establishment of fish sanctuaries, cage and pen culture systems can be adopted. Additionally, existing banning rules and regulations of catching fish during breeding season from inland capture water bodies like rivers, haors, baors, beels etc. should be implemented properly for conserving biodiversity and increasing fish production, as banning of 22-days in rivers and 65-days in marine water have significantly increased hilsha fish production. In addition, blue economy has recently gained impressive attention in Bangladesh due to getting huge marine water resources from Myanmer in 2012 and India in 2014. Therefore, marine aquaculture systems for example farming of seaweed, sea bass, mullets, promfrets, mud crab etc. should be adopted for achieving the United Nations agenda on sustainable development goal 14 on conservation, sustainability and use of oceans, seas and marine resources for increasing economic benefits.

High-resolution <sup>14</sup>C bomb peak dating and climate response analyses of subseasonal stable isotope signals in wood of the African baobab – a case study from Oman

Abstract. The African baobab, Adansonia digitata L., has great paleoclimatological potential because of its wide distributional range and millennial length life span. However, dendroclimatological approaches are hampered by dating uncertainties due to its unique, parenchyma-dominated stem anatomy. Here, securely dated time series of annual wood increment growth and intra-ring stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen of cellulose for a baobab tree from Oman covering 1941 to 2005 were established and tested for relationships to hydroclimate variability. Precise dating with the atomic bomb peak (ABP) using highly resolved 14C measurements confirmed the annual character of the baobab's growth rings. F14C values of tree-ring cellulose were found up to 8.8 % lower than in the corresponding atmospheric CO2 for the period around the ABP, which in conjunction with a considerable autocorrelation of the δ13C series points to the incorporation of previous year's carbon contributing to the average age of intra-ring wood samples. F14C of terminal parenchyma bands, marking the tree-ring boundaries, were found to be considerably younger than their corresponding tree ring, indicating that parenchyma tissue is alive for many years, probably undergoing cell division and structural reorganization and contributing to secondary growth. In contrast to the δ13C time series, no significant autocorrelation was found in the δ18O series of tree-ring cellulose despite the enormous water storage potential of this stem-succulent tree species. Year-to-year variability in tree-ring width and stable isotope ratios revealed radial stem growth and the geochemistry of wood cellulose are influenced by fluctuations in the hydroclimate. In particular, δ18O was found to be a good climate proxy, followed by tree-ring width and δ13C. Tree-ring width and intra-ring δ18Omin correlated well with each other and with precipitation amount for the period from pre-monsoon May to the end of the monsoon season in September/October. Intra-annual stable isotope courses were found to be rather similar for both δ13C and δ18O. Years with particularly low monsoon rain were reflected by increased stable isotope values in the mid-section of intra-annual courses. Distinct patterns with low subseasonal isotope values seem indicative for years with heavy rainfall events from pre-monsoonal cyclones. Rain events from post-monsoonal cyclones may also be recorded; however, only 2 years of observation prevented a more conclusive evaluation.

Natural-Gas-Foam Fluid Reduces Water Needed for Fracture Stimulations

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 201450, “Reducing the Volume of Water Needed For Hydraulic Fracturing by Using Natural-Gas-Foamed Stimulation Fluid,” by Raj Malpani, SPE, Chris Daeffler, and Sandeep Verma, SPE, Schlumberger, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Denver, Colorado, 5–7 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Using natural-gas (NG) -foam fracturing fluids reduces the enormous water requirements for stimulation by as much as 60 to 80% and poses benefits for productivity in water-sensitive formations. The study outlined in the complete paper aims to characterize hydraulic-fracture geometry and quantify the expected production when using an NG-foam fracturing fluid. Using validated models, the authors provide a comparative analysis to determine the advantages of using NG foams relative to conventionally used slickwater, linear gel, and crosslinked fluid. NG-Foam Fluids Although foamed fluids were first used in the 1960s, the use of nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) foams has not been widely practiced because of cost, complexity, and unproven production benefits. The use of NG-foam fracturing fluid is not widespread either, but this study attempts to identify specific regions and reservoirs where the use of these fluids may lead to economic and long-term production benefits. The authors write that using NG foams is likely to provide long-term sustainable benefits in areas where water procurement and disposal costs are high, where natural gas may be available from a central processing facility through pipelines, and where the reservoir is relatively shallow and contains clay-bearing minerals. This work is inspired by a program sponsored by the US Department of Energy to investigate NG as an alternative to N2 and CO2 in foamed fracturing fluids. Initially, the project focused on identifying a thermodynamic path-way to use NG obtained from producing wells and processing plants. The study later extended into laboratory-scale experiments to measure NG-foam-fluid rheology, which was found to be comparable to foams based on N2 and CO2. The first step in the work flow is to build a static geological model to capture the reservoir description. The subsequent step is to use the rock characterization to simulate the induced hydraulic fractures. The hydraulic-fracture simulator also predicts the proppant distribution and its conductivity and treating pressure. The simulated treating pressure is matched with observed pressure during stimulation treatment to calibrate the hydraulic-fracture model. The hydraulic fractures are then gridded in the static geological model to generate the reservoir model for flow modeling. This is a critical step in the process because the static model is linked to the dynamic simulator without losing the details of the hydraulic fractures. The reservoir simulator is used to match the historical production performance to calibrate the reservoir model and forecast future production profiles. This hydraulic-fracture modeling, followed by the flow-modeling process, is repeated for various pumping schedules and recipes to perform a sensitivity analysis, which is detailed in the complete paper.

Seismic Response Control of Elevated Water Tank using Base Isolation

A water tank is a raised design developed at a stature productive to give crisis stockpiling to fire assurance and to compress a water supply framework for the dissemination of consumable water. The raised water tank can be separated into two kinds in light of size, shape, materials and motivation behind utilize Elevated water stockpiling tank and Ground upheld tank. [4, 8] Among different design raised storagereservoir are the constructions which need to stay useful after serious quake occasion for help activity and to control fire breakouts and so forth consequently, the seismic conduct of raised tank ought to be known and perceived, and they ought to be plan to be tremor safe. [1, 17] Water is human essential need for everyday life. Raised water tank comprises of a enormous water mass at the highest point of thin organizing which are most significant thought for the disappointment of the tank during seismic tremor, raised water tanks are basic and key constructions and harm of these structures during quake may jeopardized drinking water supply. Enormous quantities of papers have been distributed till date identified with seismic reaction of raised water tank. Specialists utilize various sorts of model and scientific and test strategies to discover the seismic reaction of these constructions. Such examinations are being use to give rules and proper techniques to guarantee wellbeing of raised water tanks quite far in the occasion earthquake.[7] Elevation of the repository is given through organizing. Arranging by and large has underlying framework packing of segment and level supports which sends the heap to establishment. Water tank conduct on organizing is significant and should be assessed. In this examination, assessed seismic execution of raised water stockpiling tank by putting base confinement framework utilizing SAP2000. [19] The investigation of raised storage is performed on incautious mode and convective mode utilizing the code IS 1893(part2) and furthermore, we considered the powers in both tank full conditions and tank void condition. From this examination the powers dealing with raised water tank because of seismic powers are determined for zone IV. [18].