Enormous Information Research Articles

Parallel Algorithms in a Physically-Based Hydrologic Soil Model

Enormous river basin information has been collected by for high resolution of the physically-based distributed hydrological model, while the scales of computational domain are often restricted by the intensive calculation. The parallel algorithms of physically-based regional hydrologic soil model (P-RHSM) in OpenGeoSys are brought forward in this paper. The object-oriented C++ programming in the model approaches the two objectives: one is data structure organizations including the spatial discretization of the computation domain with nodes density arrangement and solutions communication of temporal variables, the other is computational efficiency by parallel computing. The Message passing interface (MPI) communication is implemented in P-RHSM which is carried out on Linux supported symmetric multiprocessing computers. P-RHSM is applied to Heihe basin in the northwest China. The high-resolution results of temporal soil moisture content distribution, front movement and parallel performance is presented.

주성분 분석과 k 평균 알고리즘을 이용한 문서군집 방법

컴퓨터의 발전과 인터넷의 급속한 발전으로 정보의 양이 폭발적으로 증가하게 되었고 이러한 방대한 양의 정보들은 대부분 문서 형태로 관리되기 때문에, 이들을 효과적으로 검색하고 처리하는 방법의 연구가 필요하다. 문서 군집은 문서간의 유사도를 바탕으로 서로 연관된 문서들을 군집화하여 대용량의 문서들을 자동으로 분류하고 검색하고 처리하는데 효율과 정확성을 증대시킨다. 본 논문은 특징 벡터 공간 상의 벡터들로 표현되는 문서들을 K 평균 알고리즘으로 군집화할 때, 주성분 분석을 사용하여 초기 시드점들을 선정함으로써 군집의 효율을 높이는 방법을 제안한다. 실험 결과를 통하여 제안하는 기법이 기존의 K 평균 알고리즘보다 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있음을 보였다. The amount of information is increasing rapidly with the development of the internet and the computer. Since these enormous information is managed by the document forms, it is necessary to search and process them efficiently. The document clustering technique which clusters the related documents through the similarity between the documents help to classify, search, and process the large amount of documents automatically. This paper proposes a method to find the initial seed points through principal component analysis when the documents represented by vectors in the feature vector space are clustered by K-means algorithm in order to increase clustering performance. The experiment shows that our method has a better performance than the traditional K-means algorithm.

Molecular Characterization of Clostridium botulinum Isolates from Foodborne Outbreaks in Thailand, 2010

BackgroundThailand has had several foodborne outbreaks of botulism, one of the biggest being in 2006 when laboratory investigations identified the etiologic agent as Clostridium botulinum type A. Identification of the etiologic agent from outbreak samples is laborious using conventional microbiological methods and the neurotoxin mouse bioassay. Advances in molecular techniques have added enormous information regarding the etiology of outbreaks and characterization of isolates. We applied these methods in three outbreaks of botulism in Thailand in 2010.Methodology/Principal FindingsA total of 19 cases were involved (seven each in Lampang and Saraburi and five in Maehongson provinces). The first outbreak in Lampang province in April 2010 was associated with C. botulinum type F, which was detected by conventional methods. Outbreaks in Saraburi and Maehongson provinces occurred in May and December were due to C. botulinum type A1(B) and B that were identified by conventional methods and molecular techniques, respectively. The result of phylogenetic sequence analysis showed that C. botulinum type A1(B) strain Saraburi 2010 was close to strain Iwate 2007. Molecular analysis of the third outbreak in Maehongson province showed C. botulinum type B8, which was different from B1–B7 subtype. The nontoxic component genes of strain Maehongson 2010 revealed that ha33, ha17 and botR genes were close to strain Okra (B1) while ha70 and ntnh genes were close to strain 111 (B2).Conclusion/SignificanceThis study demonstrates the utility of molecular genotyping of C. botulinum and how it contributes to our understanding the epidemiology and variation of boNT gene. Thus, the recent botulism outbreaks in Thailand were induced by various C. botulinum types.

Application of Association Rule Mining Theory in Sina Weibo

A user profile contains information about a user. A substantial effort has been made so as to understand users’ behavior through analyzing their profile data. Online social networks provide an enormous amount of such information for researchers. Sina Weibo, a Twitter-like microblogging platform, has achieved a great success in China although studies on it are still in an initial state. This paper aims to explore the relationships among different profile attributes in Sina Weibo. We use the techniques of association rule mining to identify the dependency among the attributes and we found that if a user’s posts are welcomed, he or she is more likely to have a large number of followers. Our results demonstrate how the relationships among the profile attributes are affected by a user’s verified type. We also put some efforts on data transformation and analyze the influence of the statistical properties of the data distribution on data discretization.

Information needs and information seeking behavior of parliamentarians in South Africa

Parliamentarians have an incessant need for timely, authoritative, and current information because of the enormous social responsibility bestowed on them by the electorates or society. A strong information accessibility that empowers them to fulfill this responsibility effectively is therefore very significant. Essentially and traditionally, parliamentary libraries are expected to provide legislators with most of the information they need. The study aimed at determining the information sources, service and systems used in South Africa by the parliamentarians, and also to investigate the role of the parliamentary libraries in the information provision process. A survey was conducted by use of questionnaires targeting all parliamentarians in South Africa and a response rate of 23% (167) was received. This study has revealed that parliamentary libraries are underutilized because parliamentarians use other equally competing information sources largely accessed through the internet. Further, South Africa has enormous information sources and services that legislators can access and exploit and the use of electronic sources of information is growing rapidly, almost reaching the level of use of print sources. Unexpectedly, oral sources of information are used less. Parliamentary libraries have a potential to offer a variety of services to parliamentarians, yet they are not well-utilized, perhaps because of reasons such as poor marketing and innovative information services. Wilson's model on information seeking has been extended by a new model proposing and explaining information-seeking strategies popular to parliamentarians in South Africa.

Comprehensive transcriptomic study on horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum): De novo assembly, functional characterization and comparative analysis in relation to drought stress

BackgroundDrought tolerance is an attribute maintained in plants by cross-talk between multiple and cascading metabolic pathways. Without a sequenced genome available for horse gram, it is difficult to comprehend such complex networks and intercalated genes associated with drought tolerance of horse gram (Macrotyloma uniflorum). Therefore, de novo transcriptome discovery and associated analyses was done for this highly drought tolerant yet under exploited legume to decipher its genetic makeup.ResultsEight samples comprising of shoot and root tissues of two horse gram genotypes (drought-sensitive; M-191 and drought-tolerant; M-249) were used for comparison under control and polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress conditions. Using Illumina sequencing technology, a total of 229,297,896 paired end read pairs were generated and utilized for de novo assembly of horse gram. Significant BLAST hits were obtained for 26,045 transcripts while, 3,558 transcripts had no hits but contained important conserved domains. A total of 21,887 unigenes were identified. SSRs containing sequences covered 16.25% of the transcriptome with predominant tri- and mono-nucleotides (43%). The total GC content of the transcriptome was found to be 43.44%. Under Gene Ontology response to stimulus, DNA binding and catalytic activity was highly expressed during drought stress conditions. Serine/threonine protein kinase was found to dominate in Enzyme Classification while pathways belonging to ribosome metabolism followed by plant pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction were predominant in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. Independent search on plant metabolic network pathways suggested valine degradation, gluconeogenesis and purine nucleotide degradation to be highly influenced under drought stress in horse gram. Transcription factors belonging to NAC, MYB-related, and WRKY families were found highly represented under drought stress. qRT-PCR validated the expression profile for 9 out of 10 genes analyzed in response to drought stress.ConclusionsDe novo transcriptome discovery and analysis has generated enormous information over horse gram genomics. The genes and pathways identified suggest efficient regulation leading to active adaptation as a basal defense response against drought stress by horse gram. The knowledge generated can be further utilized for exploring other underexploited plants for stress responsive genes and improving plant tolerance.

English

Disappearance of Commiphora wightii (synonym-Commiphora mukul) over larger areas due to crude and destructive tapping for obtaining more and more oleo-gum resin in the Indian arid zone has attracted the attention of researchers and planners alike. Consequently, placing it in ‘Data Deficient’ category of International Union for Conservation of Nature requires detailed information on its spatial distribution and other related aspects. Many researchers in the recent past have generated enormous information on almost all aspects of C. wightii covering taxonomy, ultrastructure, tapping, regeneration, survival and spread. This information is scattered and needs to be related to the conservation efforts. Hence, we have attempted to review the entire gamut of information in this paper. This has revealed that genus Commiphora has worldwide distribution in tropical-subtropical climates and its other species besides C. wightii also yield oleo-gum resin of export value. Whether this oleo-gum resin has same medicinal properties, as that from C. wightii is yet to be confirmed. Source and location of oleo-gum resin in plant system is well understood: it is synthesized in leaves but placed in phloem. Cuts deeper than phloem injure the plant vasculature, ultimately killing the plant. All research so far has been directed to know how to save it while extracting oleo-gum resin and also increase its population in nature. This review presents a synthesis of all this information to have deeper understanding of the issues concerning sustained yield of oleo-gum-resin as well as its conservation.   Key words: Commiphora wightii, conservation, data deficient, ole-gum-resin, spatial distribution, tapping.

Measuring Health Gaps between the Rich and the Poor: A Review of the Literature and its Implications for Health Research in Africa.

Measuring variations and gaps in health and wellbeing across individuals, social groups and societies is a critical issue confronting social scientists in their quest to explain why gaps in health between the rich and the poor persist within and across societies. This article provides a systematic review of the measurement of inequalities and their implications on rural and remote health. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using online databases and other collections of published research on measuring health gaps between the rich and the poor in order to trace the development of this field of inquiry. Despite the enormous information on the subject area, it is not always easy to disentangle the independent effects of social class or socio-economic status (SES) on health inequalities from genetic or biological differences when analyzing racial/ethnic, gender or age gaps in mortality and morbidity. The meaning of SES or social class also varies from one culture to the other. Despite decades of work in this field, it is not clear what it is about SES or social class that is associated with inequalities in health. Is it simply a question of access to resources? And on the issue of measurement, studies from various disciplines have shown that it is important to employ a raft of measures in order to measure and present the distributions fully from various angles and value judgments. In the rural African context, tackling vertical and horizontal inequalities in health requires tackling the root causes of poverty and promoting social policies that empower individuals and communities. Hence, the review discusses recent methodological developments that hold promise for addressing the knowledge gap that remain. We hope that researchers will reflect on the dynamics in measures of inequalities discussed in this paper as they continue to assess the status of health in Africa’s contemporary and largely dominated rural population.

The Roles of Privacy Assurance, Network Effects, and Information Cascades in the Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Location-Based Services with Mobile Applications

Location-based services (LBS) are increasingly combined with new forms of mobile and ubiquitous based computing such as music players, cameras, email and internet access, and thousands of other mobile applications (a.k.a., “apps”). LBS features present both new and interesting benefits as well as new forms of privacy risk. Recent headlines have brought attention to the enormous privacy information available to mobile application developers and providers such as Apple and Google. As risks and benefits increase in LBS apps, it is unknown how users tradeoff between these converged risks and benefits — particularly in the market for mobile apps. This paper uses a unique theoretical model based on privacy calculus and network theory to empirically examine the effects of the risk/benefits tradeoff on the adoption of new and emerging forms of LBS apps. Through two experiments involving 1588 mobile application users, we examine how institutional privacy assurances — including app quality and network size — influence users' perceptions of location privacy risk and app benefits, in turn, affects their adoption intentions and willingness-to-pay. This research contributes to theory by demonstrating how network size affects not only perceived benefits, but also the perceived risks of IS in the absence of perfect information. Concerning practice, we provide evidence that (1) LBS privacy risk is of great concern to consumers, (2) that privacy assurance is particularly important when an app’s network size is low or if its quality cannot be verified, and (3) and improved standards for institutional privacy assurance at the app level could provide greater value/profit to consumers/providers.

High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins.

High-sensitivity analytical approaches for the structural characterization of glycoproteins.

A new approach to improving the responsiveness to price fluctuations of the range estimating model through autocorrelation time-series analysis

Dynamic and volatile characteristics are the most significant factors that distinguish the construction industry from other fields. Many researchers have endeavored to deal with uncertainty caused by the above factors, and significant outcomes have been obtained, owing to the innovative methodologies of data handling. With the help of powerful data processing, enormous information, which is effective in coping with uncertainty, could be gained. During the last three decades, the housing industry in Korea has boomed, resulting in huge data generation. More precise estimation is required at the initiative phase to support decision-making on the possibilities of realization of projects. For more accurate estimation, a Range Estimating Model based on time series analysis is developed and suggested. This paper is organized into three main sections. In the first section, unit prices of residential building projects turn out to be time-dependent, from analysis of the Durbin-Watson ratio. The second section explores i) analysis of stationarity, ii) model development, and iii) model validation and application. In this process, this paper suggests appropriate time series models, such as the ARIMA, and Monte Carlo Simulation using the predicted unit prices. In order to validate the proposed model, priced bills of quantities of 150 housing projects are analyzed, and the results of a t-test on relative accuracies indicates that the proposed model is more accurate than the conventional range estimating technique, using historical cost data, and ignoring price fluctuations.

Parallel approximation algorithms for minimum routing cost spanning tree

With the popularity of internet, more and more data is transferred in the network. With the enormous information, the network bandwidth is still a bottleneck. The internet must provide high quality of service to ensure that the information can be transferred fluently. There are some common factors that can affect the quality of services, such as delay time, building cost, routing cost, loss probability, and bandwidth. Estimation of some factors, such as building cost, can be solved in polynomial time, but the estimations of other factors, such as finding the minimum routing cost spanning tree MRCT, are NP-hard problems. In this paper, we focus on improving two MRCT approximation algorithms 2 and 15/8 approximation with parallel-computing methods and obtain the impressive experiment results with reduced calculation time.

Multi-Resolution Mosaicing

High-resolution image mosaics construction is one of the significant topics of research in the fields of computer vision, image processing, and computer graphics. Video mosaics contain enormous valuable information but when analyzing, searching or browsing a video, redundancy between frames creates problem. Therefore it is more suitable to bring together all the frames of a shot into one single image called a mosaic. The idea of Mult i-resolution mosaics comes when it is needed to handle large variations in image resolution. As the camera zooms in and zoo ms out changes in image resolution occur within the video sequence. So me frames wh ich are zoo med in are at higher resolution and contain mo re detail. If the mosaic image is constructed in low resolution it results in loss of high frequency informat ion in the regions of mosaic that corresponds to high resolution frames. On the other hand if the mosaic image is constructed at the highest resolution it will result in over samp ling the low resolution frames. Varying image resolutions can be handled by mult i-resolution mosaic data structure Zooming informat ion of each pixe l is recorded in a mu lti resolution data structure. In a mult i resolution mosaic user can view the actual zoo ming informat ion and can distinguish the region with and without zooming information.

Dynamic Scheduling Using Immune Genetic Algorithm for Agile MES

As a bridge links the upper enterprise planning system and the lower shop floor control system, enormous real-time information interact in shop floor, which poses great difficulty for scheduling of manufacturing execution system(MES). To meet the requirement of MES agility in the volatile information environment, dynamic scheduling becomes one of most widely used methods. In this paper, a modified immune genetic algorithm which incorporates artificial immune mechanism into genetic algorithm is presented to solve dynamic job shop scheduling problems. Owing to its good solving capability and computing speed, the algorithm could utilize real-time production information to generate predictive and reactive scheduling solutions. At last, the algorithm is applied in a MT10×10 job shop proved to be effective in obtaining better solutions than traditional genetic algorithm.

Efficient GF(256) raptor code decoding for multimedia broadcast/multicast services and consumer terminals

The past few years have seen a tremendous growth in the network connectivity in the consumer electronics market leading to unprecedented increase on the Internet data traffic. The main service contributing to that enormous information flow is mobile multimedia delivery for consumer devices. The fountain codes and their derivative Raptor code in particular, are a preferred coding technology for forward error correction (FEC) at the application layer of Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) systems. Currently, a next generation Galois Field GF(256) Raptor code has been specified for these services. The new rateless code aims at further reducing to a minimum the redundant FEC information compared with its well-established predecessor - Raptor code. However, this comes at the expense of increased decoding complexity. The main contribution of this manuscript is a new, optimized version of the inactivation decoding Gaussian elimination algorithm (IDGE) over GF(256) finite field, which offers significant decoding performance improvement. To prove and demonstrate the efficiency of the newly proposed algorithm, the manuscript analyzes and compares the complexity and the performance of the GF(256) Raptor code with respect to Raptor code. The simulation experiments are performed on both personal computer and embedded system platform ends of the consumer electronics market. Various memory mapping schemes are considered. Additionally, the manuscript demonstrates the behavior of the GF(256) Raptor code in a real time MBMS system scenario.

Mechanical Break Junctions: Enormous Information in a Nanoscale Package

Mechanical break junctions, particularly those in which a metal tip is repeatedly moved in and out of contact with a metal film, have provided many insights into electronic conduction at the atomic and molecular scale, most often by averaging over many possible junction configurations. This averaging throws away a great deal of information, and Makk et al. in this issue of ACS Nano demonstrate that, with both simulated and real experimental data, more sophisticated two-dimensional analysis methods can reveal information otherwise obscured in simple histograms. As additional measured quantities come into play in break junction experiments, including thermopower, noise, and optical response, these more sophisticated analytic approaches are likely to become even more powerful. While break junctions are not directly practical for useful electronic devices, they are incredibly valuable tools for unraveling the electronic transport physics relevant for ultrascaled nanoelectronics.

NESH Regulates Dendritic Spine Morphology and Synapse Formation

BackgroundDendritic spines are small membranous protrusions on the neuronal dendrites that receive synaptic input from axon terminals. Despite their importance for integrating the enormous information flow in the brain, the molecular mechanisms regulating spine morphogenesis are not well understood. NESH/Abi-3 is a member of the Abl interactor (Abi) protein family, and its overexpression is known to reduce cell motility and tumor metastasis. NESH is prominently expressed in the brain, but its function there remains unknown.Methodology/Principal FindingsNESH was strongly expressed in the hippocampus and moderately expressed in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and striatum, where it co-localized with the postsynaptic proteins PSD95, SPIN90 and F-actin in dendritic spines. Overexpression of NESH reduced numbers of mushroom-type spines and synapse density but increased thin, filopodia-like spines and had no effect on spine density. siRNA knockdown of NESH also reduced mushroom spine numbers and inhibited synapse formation but it increased spine density. The N-terminal region of NESH co-sedimented with filamentous actin (F-actin), which is an essential component of dendritic spines, suggesting this interaction is important for the maturation of dendritic spines.Conclusions/SignificanceNESH is a novel F-actin binding protein that likely plays important roles in the regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis and synapse formation.

Study on a New Extraction Method of Statistical Information of Urban Buildings Based on High Resolution Remote Sensing Images in Earthquake Damage Prediction

How to get the enormous statistical information of target buildings has long been a very significant subject in urban earthquake disaster prevention planning. However, the traditional methods to extract the statistical information of urban buildings are complex and time consuming, proved to be difficult in application. This paper presents a new practical method to extract statistical information of urban buildings through rotating high resolution remote sensing images and scanning the pixels, and then compares the data from high resolution remote sensing images with measured data to verify the precision of the method. With this method, some buildings in a county in Henan province are analyzed as an illustrative example, the encouraging results of which demonstrate that this simple and practical method is not only theoretically correct but also precise enough to satisfying the demands of fast extraction of building information on in urban earthquake disaster prevention planning.

On the Business Information Safety under the Context of E-Commerce

With the continuous development of information technology and widespread of the Internet, e-commerce has become the mainstream business mode in the world economy. Under the context of e-commerce, enterprises are faced with enormous information resources, and the competition among the enterprises is also built on the basis of informatization, while business information safety is the essence of business informatization. The paper has conducted profound researches on the business information safety from three aspects: collection, application and management of information.

Applications of Infrared and Raman Microspectroscopy of Cells and Tissue in Medical Diagnostics: Present Status and Future Promises

This paper summarizes the progress achieved over the past fifteen years in applying vibrational (Raman and IR) spectroscopy to problems of medical diagnostics and cellular biology. During this time, a number of research groups have verified the enormous information content of vibrational spectra; in fact, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic information can be deduced by decoding the observed vibrational spectra. This decoding process is aided enormously by the availability of high‐power computer workstations and advanced algorithms for data analysis. Furthermore, commercial instrumentation for the fast collection of both Raman and infrared microspectral data has rendered practical the collection of images based solely on spectral data. The progress in the field has been manifested by a steady increase in the number and quality of publications submitted by established and new research groups in vibrational biological and biomedical arenas.