Enlargement Of Mammary Glands Research Articles

Co-Occurrence of Pseudopregnancy, Pyometra, and Bacterial Parasitic Anaplasmosis in a Persian Cat

An intact female tabby Persian cat, 26-month-old, was brought to IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital on the 21st of February, 2023, due to vaginal discharge, inappetence, and lethargy. Physical examination revealed a distended abdomen, mammary gland enlargement, and fever (40.1 °C). The heart and respiratory rates were 128 beats per minute and 32 times per minute, respectively. The patient body weight was 3.87 kg. The veterinarian palpated masses inside the abdominal cavity and observed obvious purulent and haemorrhagic vaginal discharge. Haematology showed leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and the eosinophil percentage of white blood cells was increased (eosinophilia). Blood chemistry analysis showed hyperglycaemia. Ultrasonography showed two hyperechoic masses inside two hypoechoic pouches in the queen’s uterus, suspected as two dead foetuses (no heartbeat). Roentgen revealed abnormalities in the vena cava caudalis, bronchial pattern in the lung, radioopaque masses in the ventral abdomen, radio-opacity changes in the small and large intestines, and abnormalities in the spleen. The patient’s diagnosis was pyometra, and ovariohysterectomy surgery was performed on the patient. The patient was treated with additional medicines (antibiotics and others) according to the symptoms. The patient’s symptoms disappeared, except for the fluctuating febrile and pale mucous membrane. A blood smear performed on the 1st of March 2023 revealed Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) in the white blood cells, and immediately doxycycline treatment (10 mg/kg body weight, twice daily) was given. The patient was discharged from the hospital on the 14th of March, 2023, with no febrile or other symptoms reported. This case is the first report of open cervix-type pyometra and anaplasmosis co-occurrence in a Persian cat from IPB University Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Indonesia.

Unilateral right mammary gland enlargement in a multiparous, pregnant 14-year-old American Quarter Horse mare.

Unilateral right mammary gland enlargement in a multiparous, pregnant 14-year-old American Quarter Horse mare.

A Scoping Review of the Apparent Phenomenon of the Improvement in Hypoparathyroidism in Pregnant and Postpartum Females.

Hypoparathyroidism requires management with both calcium supplementation and active vitamin D to avert a state of hypocalcemia. During late gestation and the postpartum period (specifically lactation), there is an under-recognized, yet intriguing occurrence of apparent 'pseudohyperparathyroidism', whereby supplementation dosages may need to either be reduced or discontinued, to prevent hypercalcemia. The explanation for this apparent phenomenon of improved parathyroid status ('remission' or 'resolution') is incompletely understood; the purpose of this review is to analyze the case reports of this enigma within the medical (and grey) literature, providing an overall pathophysiological explanation and recommendation for the management of such patients. A literature search was conducted through PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library Database, Scopus, UpToDate, Google Scholar, and the grey literature without a time-restricted period, analyzing all available articles within the literature describing an apparent improvement in parathyroid status in late-gestation and postpartum (lactating) females. Non-hypoparathyroid case reports were also included to further analyze and synthesize an overall likely pathophysiological explanation. Through the literature search, 24 papers were identified covering such a phenomenon in patients with hypoparathyroidism, alongside multiple additional reports of a similar occurrence in patients without underlying hypoparathyroidism. The pathophysiology is believed to occur due to the placental production of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) during gestation, with further production from the lactating mammary glands during the postpartum period. A typical pattern is observed, with increased PTHrP and suppressed PTH throughout both gestation and lactation (present in both normal and hypoparathyroid subjects). The concept of PTHrP-induced hypercalcemia is further demonstrated in patients without hypoparathyroidism, including subjects with placental hypersecretion and mammary gland enlargement. It is evident that patients with hypoparathyroidism may require a dosage reduction during late gestation and lactation, due to the risk for hypercalcemia. In addition to patients with hypoparathyroidism, this pathophysiological phenomenon occurs in unsuspecting patients, demonstrating the need for all clinicians in contact with pregnant females to be aware of this uncommon - yet perilous - occurrence.

Strongyloides papillosus causes sudden death in weaned calves on New York dairies.

Outbreaks of sudden death in apparently healthy weaned dairy calves due to Strongyloides papillosus parasitism were diagnosed on 2 separate and independent New York (NY) dairies. Most calves were found dead; however, 1 calf observed while dying showed signs of tachycardia, tachypnea, vocalization, and convulsions shortly before death. In 6 affected heifers that underwent post-mortem examination, precocious bilaterally symmetric mammary gland enlargement was seen. A portion of their parasitized living cohorts also demonstrated similar mammary gland enlargement. A diagnosis of S papillosus hyperinfection was made based upon the presence of high numbers of S papillosus ova in feces, and confirmation by S papillosus-specific PCR assays. Consistent histopathological findings in affected calves included generalized mammary gland vascular congestion, interstitial edema and hemorrhage with ductal hyperplasia. Mild multifocal cardiomyocyte degeneration was found in 5 of 14 calves examined. Factors believed to contribute to the parasite's environmental amplification and host hyperinfection included group housing on wood shavings and high environmental temperatures and humidity. Treatment of calves with doramectin pour-on stopped mortality and resolved the udder enlargement. Similar outbreaks have previously been described in Japan and South Bohemia (Czech Republic), where researchers hypothesized that sudden death may be due to fatal arrhythmia caused by a parasite-associated cardiotoxin. This report highlights the importance of including S papillosus among the differential diagnoses for sudden death alone or together with precocious udder enlargement in calves kept in confinement housing.

Severe mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia due to single injection of medroxyprogesterone acetate in two male cats

ABSTRACT: Thirty and forty days after a 50 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate injection, respectively, two mixed-breed, 7 and 8-month-old entire male cats presented diffuse enlargement of thoracic and abdominal mammary glands, with ulceration, abscessation and necrosis. One patient was treated with 10 mg/kg aglepristone, antibiotic therapy, analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compound; however a worse enlargement of mammary glands, necrosis and clinical condition was noted two days after antiprogestin injection. The second patient was submitted to surgical procedure without previous medical treatment. A partial bilateral mastectomy and conventional orchiectomy were performed, and both patients presented no clinical abnormalities 10 days after surgical treatment. In the male cat, the interruption of progesterone associated mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia cannot be based in gonadectomy, being antiprogestin treatment the primary approach. Mastectomy can be a treatment option in selected cases, such as the two cases presented here, in case of antiprogestin treatment failure or in case of extensive ulceration, necrosis and risk of sepsis.

Gynecomastia in canine due to sertoli cell tumour

A nine year old GSD cross bred male dog were presented at Peripheral TVCC Bhoiguda (Hyderabad) with complaint of fluid filled structure observed by owner on abdominal region. Dog exhibited feminine behaviour like attraction towards male dog and different posture while urination. The clinical observation revealed that alopecia around thigh region, enlargement of mammary glands, dullness pendulous prepuce and unilateral cryptorchidism. Per rectal examination revealed enlargement of prostate gland. The haematology, fine needle aspiration and abdominal ultrasound scanning revealed sertoli cell tumour. Surgery was done to remove the tumorous structure. Histopathology showed vacuolated and polymorphic with mitotic figures in many cells confirmed Sertoli cell tumour. Elective orchiectomy was performed to prevent further complication on normal testis.

Gynecomastia in two young men with histories of prolonged use of anabolic androgenic steroids

The aim of this report is to highlight the risk of anabolic androgenic steroid-induced gynecomastia in young men involved in nonagonistic sports and the role of ultrasonography in its diagnosis. The authors describe two cases of gynecomastia in nonprofessional weight lifters with histories of AAS use. In both cases, the diagnosis was based on patient history and clinical findings, but the sonographic examination confirmed the clinical suspicion and excluded the presence of other types of disease associated with mammary-gland enlargement in men.

Onset of Male Gynaecomastia in a Patient Treated with Sunitinib for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Sunitinib is an orally administered multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has demonstrated substantial antitumour activity in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. The more common grade 3 or 4 adverse effects of sunitinib include hypertension, fatigue, hand-foot syndrome, elevated lipase and lymphopenia. We report the case of a 69-year-old patient with metastatic renal clear-cell carcinoma, treated with nephrectomy and three lines of therapy (interleukin-2 plus interferon-alpha2a, vinorelbine plus gemcitabine, and capecitabine), who started a fourth-line therapy with oral sunitinib because of disease progression. At the end of his fifth cycle of sunitinib therapy, the patient complained of the development of abnormally large mammary glands associated with pain and peri-areolar erythema. After 2 weeks' off therapy, a partial reduction in mammary gland enlargement, local pain and erythema was observed. However, re-initiation of sunitinib treatment was followed by bilateral breast enlargement again. The mechanism by which sunitinib induces gynaecomastia is thought to be associated with an unknown direct action on breast hormonal receptors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between sunitinib and gynaecomastia.

Incidental finding of uterine adenomyosis in a bitch with reproductive disorders: a case report

Uterine adenomyosis, a disease not widely addressed in dogs, is characterised by the progressive penetration of endometrial glands and stroma into the myometrium, together with smooth-muscle hyperplasia. This report describes a case of adenomyosis in an 8-year-old German Shepherd bitch with mammary tumours, concomitant with cystic ovarian disease and endometrial cystic hyperplasia. Clinical signs included presence of small nodules and enlargement of mammary glands, and bloody uterine discharge. Ultrasonography confirmed the uterine and ovarian abnormalities, while the diagnosis was later confirmed by histopathological examination. The findings are discussed as possibly related to the reproductive disorders observed, and a hypothetical participation of hormonal factors, as has been described in woman, is suggested. However, further studies must be realized.

Gynaecomastia in a tom-cat caused by cyproterone acetate: a case report

The contribution demonstrates gynaecomastia in an adult, noncastrated tom-cat, caused by an antiandrogenic preparation Androcur tablets (Schering AG, BRD), administrated at the dose of 5 mg/day for one week. Two months after the treatment, the enlargement of all mammary glands was apparent and one month later (i.e. three months after the end of drug administration) the mammary chains reached the size of 30 × 15 × 20 cm. The general health state of the animal was altered due to the conspicuous enlargement and inflammation of mammary glands. Radical mastectomy was done under general anaesthesia using Isoflurane Rhone-Poulenc inh. The weight of the extirpated mammary chains was 1.75 kg. The healing of operative wounds and convalescence occurred without complications. Fibroepithelial hyperplasia of mammary glands was diagnosed histologically.

MYCOTOXINS IN FOODS AND FEEDS 3-ZEARALENONE السموم الفطرية فى الأغذية والأعلاف 3- الزيرالينون

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin occurring in corn, wheat, barley, sorghum and oats as well as other foods and feeds; when these substrates especially corn have contaminated by zearalenone producing fungi. I t i s p r o d u c e d b y n u m e r o u s s p e c i e s a n d subspecies of Fusarium in the presence of high humidity and low temperatures (10-15°C). Zearalenone is suspected to cause human disease, including premature puberty syndrome, as well as hyperestrogenism in farm animals. Swine are the most sensitive of large domestic animals and most frequently affected on the farm. Cattle and sheep seem to be more resistant to ZEN toxicity. High concentration of ZEN in feeds of cattle have been associated with infertility, enlargement of the mammary gland, reduced milk production, vaginitis and vaginal secretions especially in immature dairy heifers. In gilts, there are swelling of the vulva, vaginal prolapse, enlargement of the uterus, enlargement of the mammary gland, infertility, embryonic death and reduced litter size. While, in young boars the effects include testicular atrophy, swollen prepuce, mammary gland enlargement and decreased libido. Poultry species are found to be less susceptible to the estrogenic effects of ZEN. A possible effect on the health of turkeys and young chicks may include vent enlargement and secondary sex characteristics, when very large concentrations are fed.

Treatment of fibroepithelial hyperplasia (FEH) of the mammary gland in the cat with the progesterone antagonist Aglépristone (Alizine)

Three cases of fibroepithelial hyperplasia (FEH) of the mammary gland in the cat are reported. A one year old female cat had a distinct enlargement of the middle mammary glands, one on each side, 5 days after the first estrus. One week later the cat was treated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Promone). The affected glands, along with the remaining glands, increased further in size. A five year old female cat was treated with Proligeston (Covinan) for the suppression of estrus. Two weeks later fibroepithelial hyperplasia occurred in two glands, one with a well demarcated ulceration. A seven months old male cat was treated with delmadinon acetate (Tarden) because of urine spraying. Two months later he had enlargement of all mammary glands. All three cats were treated with the progesterone antagonist Aglépristone (Alizine). Within 5 to 11 weeks the mammary glands had regressed to normal.

Oestrogen‐induced alopecia in a bitch

ABSTRACTAn 8‐year‐old, spayed female Labrador Retriever, which had been treated with oestrogens for urinary incontinence, developed non‐pruritic, bilaterally‐symmetrical alopecia and skin hyperpigmentation, with enlargement of mammary glands and vulva. Skin biopsy changes were consistent with an endocrine alopecia, hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism were excluded by hormonal tests. Oestrogen‐induced alopecia was suspected and hormonal treatment withdrawn. Two months later, hair regrowth was almost complete and genital changes were lessened.