Enigma Cipher Research Articles

Adagrasib in KRYSTAL-12has Broken the KRAS G12C Enigma Code in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma.

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) G12C-mutant non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 10-13% of advanced nonsquamous NSCLC cases in Western populations, presenting a significant therapeutic challenge owing to the difficulty of directly targeting KRAS. Adagrasib, an oral small-molecule covalent inhibitor, irreversibly and selectively targets KRASG12C in its inactive state. It received accelerated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval on December 12, 2022, following the KRYSTAL-1 Phase II trial. The Phase III KRYSTAL-12 trial demonstrated that adagrasib significantly improved median progression-free survival (mPFS) compared with docetaxel (HR, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.45-0.76; P<0.0001) and increased the intracranial objective response rate (ORR) to 40% in the central nervous system (CNS) evaluable population. This paper evaluates the clinical efficacy of adagrasib in KRAS G12C-mutated advanced NSCLC discussing its potential advantages over other inhibitors such as sotorasib. Despite not reaching the 6-month mPFS benchmark, adagrasib offers significant clinical benefits, particularly for the management of CNS metastases. In this pros and cons debate, we argue that adagrasib has broken the KRAS G12C enigma code in NSCLC.

The Battle of Advantage between Stealing and Decrypting the German Naval Enigma Key in the Battle of the Atlantic (1940-1941)

The Battle of Advantage between Stealing and Decrypting the German Naval Enigma Key in the Battle of the Atlantic (1940-1941)

Advancements in Machine Learning Technologies for Detecting and Addressing Harmful Behaviours in Online Platforms

Abstract: Social engineering attacks, which take use of psychological manipulation rather than technical flaws, represent a serious threat to people, organizations, and society at large. This research paper explores the field of social engineering detection and provides a thorough analysis of current approaches, their efficacy, and the difficulties encountered in spotting and countering these misleading techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the use of machine learning and deep learning technologies to detect and address harmful behaviours such as hate speech, cyberbullying, phishing, and spam on social media and communication platforms. It covers a range of studies and methods, including the application of various algorithms such as Enigma Cipher, Rail Fence Cipher, Convolutional Neural Networks, BiLSTM, decision trees, Logistic Regression, SVM, Naive Bayes, and others. The document highlights ongoing endeavours to tackle the issues posed by harmful activities online through innovative technological advancements, showcasing the continuous evolution in this dynamic field.

Development and validation of Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) simulation capability in the ENIGMA fuel performance code for zirconium-based cladding materials

Loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) modelling forms a pivotal element in the licensing of light water reactor technologies. Within this context, the National Nuclear Laboratory has further developed its ENIGMA fuel performance code to accurately simulate fuel behaviour during limiting design-basis accidents. The enhanced ENIGMA code now incorporates models for high-temperature cladding creep, cladding oxidation and hydriding at elevated temperatures, cladding phase change, and cladding failure. A detailed examination of existing LOCA-capable models relevant to industrial-standard fuel performance codes was conducted, which led to the introduction of an industrial state-of-the-art capability within ENIGMA for modelling uranium dioxide fuel in various zirconium alloy cladding materials. The efficacy of the enhanced ENIGMA code was validated using data from the IFA-650.10 LOCA experiment carried out as part of the OECD Halden Reactor Project. ENIGMA’s predictions were compared with both the experimental data and predictions of other fuel performance codes from the International Atomic Energy Agency’s Fuel Modelling in Accident Conditions (FUMAC) coordinated research project. The comparison generally showed good agreement, highlighting the effectiveness of the improved ENIGMA code.

TPC2 gating: Trying to break the enigma code

TPC2 gating: Trying to break the enigma code

Enigma Code of “The Secret Sharer”

Enigma Code of “The Secret Sharer”

The Secret Life of I. J. Good

I. J. (“Jack”) Good was a leading Bayesian statistician for more than half a century after World War II, playing an important role in the post-war Bayesian revival. But his graduate training had been in pure mathematics rather than statistics (one of his doctoral advisors at Cambridge had been the famous G. H. Hardy). What was responsible for this metamorphosis from pure mathematician to applied and theoretical statistician? As Good himself only revealed in 1976, during the war he had initially served as an assistant to Alan Turing at Bletchley Park, working on the cryptanalysis of the German Naval Enigma, and it was from Turing that he acquired his life-long Bayesian philosophy. Declassified and other documents now permit us to understand in some detail how this came about, and indeed how many of the ideas Good explored and papers he wrote in the initial decades after the war, in fact, gave in sanitized form, results that had their origins in his wartime work. Drawing on these sources, this paper discusses the daily and very real use of Bayesian methods Turing and Good employed, and how this was gradually revealed by Good over the course of his life (including his return to classified work in the 1950s).

CodeBreak 200: Sotorasib Has Not Broken the KRASG12C Enigma Code.

Thirteen percent of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients are estimated to have the KRAS G12C mutation. Sotorasib is a novel KRAS G12C inhibitor that has shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies, granting its conditional approval by the FDA in May 2021. The phase I clinical trial resulted in a confirmed response of 32% and progression free survival (PFS) of 6.3 months while the phase II trial resulted in a confirmed response of 37.1% and a PFS of 6.8 months. It was also shown to be tolerable with most subjects experiencing grade one or two adverse events, most commonly diarrhea and nausea. The CodeBreaK 200 phase III trial data have recently resulted and showed an improved PFS with the use of sotorasib at 5.6 months compared to that of standard docetaxel of 4.5 months in locally advanced or unresectable metastatic KRAS G12C NSCLC previously treated with at least one platinum-based chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitor. The lower than expected PFS of sotorasib from the phase III trial opens up opportunities for other G12C inhibitors to join the field. Indeed, adagrasib, another G12C inhibitor just recently gained FDA accelerated approval in NSCLC patients based on the KRYSTAL-1 study where the response rate was 43% with a median duration of response of 8.5 months. With novel agents and combinations, the field of KRAS G12C is quickly evolving. While sotorasib was an exciting start, there is more to do to break the KRAS G12C Enigma code.

Things Behind Bayes’ Theorem A review of Sharon Bertsch McGrayne’s The theory that would not die: How Bayes' theorem allowed to decipher the enigma code, to pursue the Russian submarines and to emerge triumphant from two centuries of controversy from a statistics education perspective

A feeling emerges from reading McGrayne’s book expressed as a paraphrase of a verse from Hamlet: There are more things behind Bayes’ theorem, Horatio, than dreamt of in your philosophy. The book tells a story of the birth and survival of an idea around which social enterprises, personal odysseys, and human passions are masterfully woven by the author. The book has 17 chapters distributed in five parts and two annexes. These parts reveal a narrative structure worthy of Propp: The hero of the story (Bayes’ theorem) is born and raised normally but rejected later. It is forced to act in secret but returns to the light and is submitted to several tests. The hero emerges triumphant from all of them. The above is just an outline of a complex but accessible chronicle that includes many brilliant and fascinating figures and extraordinary situations. We recommend the following three reviews that undoubtedly motivate you to immerse yourself in reading the book: Paulos (2011), Wainer & Savage (2012) and McGrayne (2015).

Enigma Machine Structure and The Mathematical Principle of The Introduction and Self-experiment

The Enigma machine is a kind of advanced mechanical encryption system used by the Nazi German military during World War II, with the rotor structure as the main structure. Cryptographic machines generally take the form of a boxed structure. When encrypting a string of characters, the user enters the information into a machine or system and gets ciphertext. The original information can be obtained by reverse operation of the ciphertext. As the operator enters the message to be encrypted, a sequence of plain-length passwords can be recorded based on the sequence of letters lit up on the lamp board. This article will focus on the simple structure of the Enigma machine and the mathematics behind it, thus illustrating its importance and security in the history of human encryption. Then, to further explore the working principle of the Enigma machine and help to better understand its internal nature, the essay has provided a simple code that can realize the simple function of the Enigma, and also shows a simply equipped Enigma machine.

Reflections on the criminalisation of sex between men in England and Wales

Reflections on the criminalisation of sex between men in England and Wales

The Caribbean War Front in World War II: The Untold Story of U-boats, Spies, and Economic Warfare

The Caribbean War Front in World War II: The Untold Story of U-boats, Spies, and Economic Warfare

A SYNOPSIS OF PURE AND APPLIED CRYPTOGRAPHY

The literature of cryptography has a curious story. Secracy, of course , played a central role ,but until the rst World war , important developments appeared in print in a more or less timely fashion. After the rst world war ,however things began to change.US. Army and Navy organizations working entirely in secret. In the “imitation Game “ we see that Allen turing build a machine called “The Enigma Machine “. And using statistical method he inspired to win The world war . This was an extraordinary example of the application of mathematics to see how math works in every section of life. I am going to write a series of paper of cryptology for everyone . It will be a good reading for anyone interest in cryptology and want to know more !!

Gustave Bertrand: the Cooperation of British Intelligence with an Officer in Vichy France

This paper investigates the little-known yet crucial part that cooperation with French cryptanalysts played in the remarkable British success in cracking Enigma codes during World War Two. On the French side, the central figure of this alliance was the head of the French army codebreaking unit, Gustave Bertrand. Shortly before the war, he had put British and Polish cryptanalysts in contact with each other, and this became instrumental in allowing the British to decode Enigma messages. After the fall of France in 1940, Bertrand chose to remain in France and, with the support of some leading Vichy officials, kept on working on German codes and cooperated with the British, on a clandestine basis. This entailed huge risks for the two partners. The Allied landing in North Africa all but put an end to this alliance, although a few exchanges did take place after that date. This cooperation paved the way for the massive expansion of the British codebreaking centre, which became a world leader in the field.

Enigma Machines: Deep Learning Algorithms as Information Content Providers under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act

Enigma Machines: Deep Learning Algorithms as Information Content Providers under Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act

X Y and Z: The Real Story of How the Enigma Code Was Broken

Book Review| October 01 2021 X Y and Z: The Real Story of How the Enigma Code Was Broken Dermot Turing, X Y and Z: The Real Story of How the Enigma Code Was Broken, (London: The History Press, 2018), 320 pp., index, bibliography, photographs, maps, illustrations. ISBN 978-0750987820. John T. Pienkos John T. Pienkos Attorney in Intellectual Property Milwaukee, Wisconsin Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google The Polish Review (2021) 66 (3): 129–130. https://doi.org/10.5406/polishreview.66.3.0129 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation John T. Pienkos; X Y and Z: The Real Story of How the Enigma Code Was Broken. The Polish Review 1 October 2021; 66 (3): 129–130. doi: https://doi.org/10.5406/polishreview.66.3.0129 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressThe Polish Review Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright 2021 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois2021 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Enigma Machines of WWII and Oral Implantology Research Papers.

Enigma Machines of WWII and Oral Implantology Research Papers.

Z działalności polskiego radiowywiadu na kierunku niemieckim w latach trzydziestych XX w.

The article discusses the organisation and effects of Polish radio intelligence operations on the German direction in the 1930s. It presents the inside story of the breaking of Enigma codes by Polish mathematicians. Thanks to this significant success, the Second Department of the Polish General Staff obtained a great deal of valuable information about the military and political situation of the Third Reich. Also, the cooperation between the Polish military intelligence and special services of France and Great Britain in radio intelligence is depicted. The text systematises and clarifies our knowledge of the work of the Polish Cipher Bureau in the field of Enigma decryption.

Engineering Places: Bletchley Park [engineering research

The introduction of electro-mechanical encoding machines with billions of permutations at the end of the First World War brought a new challenge to code-breakers. Perhaps the greatest threat was the German Enigma machine and its far more complex big brother, the Lorenz machine. Not that this seemed to bother the British government, who were aware Polish intelligence had managed to `break' an Enigma during its testing with the German army. It did, however, bother Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair, head of the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS/MI6) and all cryptanalysts who realised that the Polish Enigma was only `broken' until the Germans changed the machine's rotor settings, which at the time they rarely did. With some prescience, Admiral Sinclair decided to set up a joint physical base for SIS and the Government Code and Cipher School (GC&CS), settling on Bletchley Park as their new home.

Enigma, the XYZ period (1939–1940)

In July 1939, at the dawn of the Second World War, Polish cryptologists revealed their mastery of the Enigma encryption machine to their French and British counterparts. The Enigma machine was the main encryption method used by the German armed forces at the time. An alliance was born: XYZ (the letters are codes identifying each of the allies: X represents the French, Y represents the English, and Z represents the Polish). The Poles transmitted their methods to their allies, starting with the sheets invented by Zygalski. These sheets were made by the English, who then sent copies to the French and the Polish. These joined the French after the Polish defeat. With these sheets, from January 1940 onward, the allies were able to read the messages of the enemy. Unfortunately, in May 1940, the Germans changed their system, and the Zygalski sheets became obsolete. Only the English managed to continue breaking the Enigma keys via manual methods. In all, thousands of messages were read. In June, France capitulated, and consequently, the triple alliance ended. This story has been told before, but recently declassified French archives have allowed us to clarify several points, particularly the central place of the Cyclometer.