Enhydra Fluctuans Research Articles

Presumption of Herbicide Resistant Weeds and Yield of Boro Rice as Influenced by Pre- and Post-emergence Herbicides

In Bangladesh, weed infestation is a leading problem in rice cultivation and the sole dependency on post-emergence herbicides is ineffective. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh from December 2021 to May 2022. The study was done to determine the relative effectiveness of different pre-emergence herbicides and to presume the herbicide-resistant weeds and yield of boro rice as influenced by pre-and post-emergence herbicides. Four rice varieties: BAU dhan3 (V1), BRRI dhan28 (V2), BRRI dhan81 (V3), BRRI dhan96 (V4) and six herbicide managements: Control (H1), Hand Weeding at 30 DAT (H2), Bensulfuron methyl @ 980 g ha-1 (H3), Pretilachlor @ 2 L ha-1 (H4), Carfentrazon ethyl @ 208 mL ha-1 (H5), Ethoxisulfuron @ 200 g ha-1 (H6) were used in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The most dominant weed species in the experimental plots were Echinochloa crussgalli, Scirpus mucronatus, Monochoria hastata, Enhydra fluctuans and Oxalis europaea. This study found Ethoxisulfuron (H6) and Carfentrazon ethyl (H5) were the most effective weed management treatments for weed suppression and grain yield at twice the recommended doses. In this study, the highest grain yield (5.40 t ha-1), straw yield (6.80 t ha-1) and biological yield (12.20 t ha-1) were obtained from BRRI dhan81 (V3) with hand weeding (H2) and highest harvest index (45.60%) were obtained from BAU dhan3 (V1) with Pretilachlor (H4). Therefore, this result is useful for farmers at field level cultivation of boro rice.

Organic Matter and Indigenous Vegetables in Sack under Waterlogged in Southwest Bangladesh

A study on the prospect and profitability of indigenous vegetables (Kalmi, Helencha and Malancha Shak) was conducted in Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district in waterlogged conditions from September 2020 to May 2021. In the study, three indigenous vegetables (Ipomoea aquatica, Enhydra fluctuans and Jussiaea repens) were tested with four levels of growing media viz., T0, control (no organic matter); T1, 75% organic matter+ 25 % soil; T2, 50 % organic matter +50% soil; T3, 25% organic matter+ 75% soil. Results show a significant difference among the treatments and different indigenous marshy leafy vegetables. The maximum yield, gross and net income and BCR in all the vegetables were observed in T1. In the case of comparative analysis of different vegetables, the highest yield, gross and net income and BCR were also recorded from Helencha Shak and that was the lowest in Kalmi Shak.

A further Contribution to the Flora of Jammu and Kashmir State

The paper describes the salient features of the vegetation of the Siwalik range, the Chenab valley, the high uplands of Batote, Kistawar and Bhadrawah of Jammu province, the Pir Panjal range, Lolab valley and the mountain spurs of north-eastern portion of Kashmir province. A systematic census of 687 species of which 660 are Angiosperms, 6 are Gymnosperms and 21 are Pridophytes is included in the paper.Among plants of interest collected were two endemic species, viz., Viola falconeri Hook. f. & Thoms and Hedysarum cachemirianum Benth., seven new records, viz., Onopordon acanthium L., Callianthemum rutaefolium C. A. Mey., Enhydra fluctuans Lour., Merendera persica Boiss., Luzula pallescens (Wg.) Bess., Asperula odorata L., and Conrum maculatum L. and new areas of distribution for Thesium himalense Royle, Hippuris vulgaris L., Menyanthes trifoliata L., and Lathraea squamaria L. which are previously unrecorded in the published literature on the flora of this area.

Ameliorative Effect of Enhydra fluctuans on Liver Damage in Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance cause harm to the liver. In this study, ameliorative effect of Enhydra fluctuans on liver damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats were examined.
 Thirty acclimatized male albino rats divided into six groups (n = 5). Normal rats were fed a standard diet (Group 1); diabetic rats were provided standard feed (Group 2); diabetic rats were fed standard feed and glibenclamide (Group 3); and diabetic rats were fed standard food and fractions of n-hexane E. fluctuans 57.03, 114.06, and 171.09 mg/kg, respectively (Group 4, 5 and 6). For 21 days, rats were fed the n-hexane fraction orally. On day 1 and day 21 of treatments, blood sugar levels were measured. The histophatology of the liver, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) level were estimated.
 At a dosage of 57.03 mg/kg was substantially (p < 0.05) beneficial in decreasing blood sugar and SGOT. The n-hexane fraction of E. fluctuans ameliorated liver damage in diabetic rats and avoided diabetes complications, according to our findings. As a result, E. fluctuans has a considerable amount of potential as a novel diabetic therapy.
 
 Keywords: Diabetes, Enhydra fluctuans, Insulin resistance, Liver cells regeneration.

A Green Approach to Valorizing Abundant Aquatic Weeds for Nutrient-Rich Edible Paper Sheets Production in Bangladesh

The rapid and unprecedented expansion of the global population highlights concerns about the sufficiency of food resources to sustain this growth. This study investigates and substantiates the feasibility of renewable food resources in order to meet the nutritional requirements of consumers. Three edible aquatic weeds, helencha (Enhydra fluctuans), malancha (Alternanthera philoxeroides), and kalmi (Ipomoea aquatica), were used to produce edible paper sheets. The composition of the raw aquatic weeds and paper sheet samples was analyzed, including the proximate composition, amino acid content, minerals and heavy metal contents, and bioactive compounds. The dried raw aquatic weeds and paper sheets showed similar proximate compositions, with carbohydrates being the highest component (50.38–64.63%), followed by crude protein (15.25–19.13%), ash (9.30–15.88%), and lipid (1.55–3.43%). The raw weeds and paper sheets were rich in essential minerals like Na, Ca, and Zn with contents ranging from 27.7 mg/100 g to 30.4 mg/100 g, 126.8 mg/100 g to 489.65 mg/100 g, and 4.5 mg/100 g to 16.3 mg/100 g, respectively. Acceptable levels of heavy metals, including Ni, Pb, and Cu, were found. The paper sheets contained seven essential and eight non-essential amino acids. Among the essential amino acids, the phenylalanine content was the highest at 2735.9 mg/100 g in E. fluctuans paper sheets, followed by methionine at 2377.29 mg/100 g in the raw E. fluctuans and histidine at 1972.6 mg/100 g in E. fluctuans paper sheets. A. philoxeroides sheets showed the highest total amino acid content (16,146.81 mg/100 g), while I. aquatica showed the lowest (13,118.67 mg/100 g). The aquatic weed paper sheets were rich in bioactive compounds, and the numbers in E. fluctuans, A. philoxeroides, and I. aquatica paper sheets were 31, 33, and 40, respectively. There were no significant changes in the nutritional content of the aquatic weeds in paper sheet form compared with the raw weeds, which suggests promising prospects for their production and consumption as a source of nutrition and bioactive compounds.

Flavour enhancement strategy for herbal beverages and kinetic modelling of their antioxidant and sensory properties in accelerated storage conditions

Herbal infusions and beverages are part of culinary practices and home remedies of many ethnic groups globally. Centella asiatica, Enhydra fluctuans, Eryngium foetidum and Marsilea minuta are four important herbs that used to be consumed in different East and South Asian countries due to their health benefit. The herbs are not very acceptable by the millennials due to their off flavour and bitterness. In this study, Centella asiaitica was found to be an appropriate candidate for herbal beverages among the said four herbs. A Centella based beverage was developed that can deliver high antioxidant activity together with acceptable sensory properties. Out of the two common methods of herbal beverage preparation (i.e., infusion and decoction), infused beverage was adopted owing to its better sensory acceptance. The grassy flavour of the Centella infused beverage was masked with Khasi mandarin (Citrus reticulata) peel powder (90% Centella asiatica powder with 10% Khasi mandarin peel powder). Further, the accelerated storage study revealed that Centella asiatica powder was stable during ambient storage conditions (RH 61% and 32 °C), whereas the sensory acceptability, physicochemical properties, and the antioxidant potential of the powder degraded significantly at higher temperature (45 °C and RH 82%) especially with UV exposure. The impact of storage conditions on the most critical quality parameters i.e., colour, pH, and antioxidant capacity was estimated with a first-order degradation model. All the antioxidant capacity values showed different intrinsic rates of decay and the half-life of lipid peroxidation values was shortest among the four antioxidant capacity values. This work reports a unique accelerated stability study protocol to screen the packaging and storage conditions for herbal powders. Additionally, the results suggested, Citrus peel blending is a novel approach to make herbal beverages more acceptable to consumers due to better sensory perception and enhanced stability of the herbal powder.

Review on Pharmaco-therapeutic potential of wetland herb Enhydra fluctuans Lour (Hilamochika)

Enhydra fluctuans Lour, commonly known as the Indian Marshweed or Raktakarabi, holds an important place in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. This medicinal herb has gained attention for its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential. Traditional Ayurvedic remedies for a variety of health issues, including fever, inflammation, wound healing, digestive disorders, and respiratory ailments, use Enhydra fluctuans L. Recent scientific studies have validated its traditional uses, revealing the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, and essential oils that contribute to its medicinal properties. Moreover, Enhydra fluctuans L. exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-cancer effects. This article aims to give a substantial overview of Enhydra fluctuans L., highlighting its botanical characteristics, historical usage, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological activities. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic actions of Enhydra fluctuans L. involve its ability to modulate various molecular targets and signaling pathways, contributing to the regulation of immune responses, lowering oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammatory mediators, and promoting tissue regeneration. Enhydra fluctuans L. has also demonstrated promising anti-cancer potential through apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and inhibition of angiogenesis and metastasis. This review critically assesses the preclinical and clinical studies on Enhydra fluctuans L., emphasizing its safety profile and potential adverse effects. Furthermore, it explores the prospects and challenges in developing Enhydra fluctuans L. as a mainstream therapeutic agent, including the need for standardized extraction techniques, identification of active compounds, formulation optimization, and rigorous clinical trials.

Elemental content in under-utilized green leafy vegetables of urban waterbodies in Kolkata, India and their associated health risk

The study reports the micronutrient content of some underutilized and lesser-known aquatic plants from urban water bodies that have enormous potential for contributing to improving food security and diversifying diets. Naturally growing plants were sampled from 21 small waterbodies in Kolkata, India. Based on traditional knowledge about their uses and their yield estimates from these water bodies Alternanthera philoxeroides, Ipomoea aquatica, Commelina benghalensis, Enhydra fluctuans & Ludwigia adscendens, were selected for elemental analysis. The two commonly occurring plants, A. philoxeroides and I. aquatica, were a good source of Mn, Fe and Se contributing > 25% of the recommended intake for Mn and > 10% for Fe and Se. The Target Hazard Quotient was <1 for all plants, indicating no health risk from consumption of these plants from urban sites. The ubiquitous and climate resilient A. philoxeroides had a higher mean content of Mn, Fe, Se, Cu, Ca and K than the more popular, I. aquatica. Promoting the consumption of A. philoxeroides, an invasive weed in many countries, would help to keep its rampant growth in check ensuring better protection of the environment.

Enhydra fluctuans Lour. aqueous extract inhibited the growth of calcium phosphate crystals: An in vitro study

Enhydra fluctuans Lour. is consumed by various tribes in their ethnomedicinal practices for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary problems. However, no scientific studies were conducted to evaluate its effect on crystal growth. Hence, the present study proposed to investigate the effect of aqueous extract of whole plant of standardized E. fluctuans (AEEF) on the growth of calcium phosphate (brushite) crystals. Attempts were also made to evaluate the effect of in vitro free radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of AEEF. In vitro studies indicated that AEEF (50, 100, and 200 µg/mL) exhibited an inhibitory role on brushite crystal growth. The average length of the deposited brushite crystals was decreased by citric acid (1molL−1) and AEEF (200, 100, and 50 µg/mL) till day 8. Results showed that AEEF (200 and 100 µg/mL) and citric acid significantly (P<0.001) decreased the crystal bed as compared to the control on day 8 of the study. AEEF showed an antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and exhibited antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of the whole plant of Enhydra fluctuans was found effective in the inhibition of brushite crystals. Further, in vivo studies along with molecular studies and bioactivity-guided fractionation are required to strengthen its antilithiatic effect along with identifying the bioactive compounds and the mechanism of action involved therein.

Network pharmacology and molecular modelling study of Enhydra fluctuans for the prediction of the molecular mechanisms involved in the amelioration of nephrolithiasis

In view of the ethno medicinal use of Enhydra fluctuans for the treatment of kidney stones; the present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in the amelioration of nephrolithiasis through a network pharmacology approach. The phytoconstituents were queried in DIGEP-Pred to identify the regulated proteins. The modulated proteins were then enriched in the STRING to predict the protein-protein interactions and the probably regulated pathways were traced in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Further, the network was constructed using Cytoscape ver 3.5.1. Results showed that β-carotene was found to be regulating maximum targets i.e. 26. In addition, 63 proteins were triggered by the components in which the vitamin D receptor was targeted by the maximum phytoconstituents i.e. 16. The enrichment analysis identified the regulation of 67 pathways in which fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis-associated pathways (KEGG entry hsa05418) regulated ten genes. Further, protein kinase C-α was traced in 23 different pathways. In addition, the majority of the regulated genes were identified from the extracellular space via the modulation of 43 genes. Also, nuclear receptor activity had the maximum molecular function via the regulation of 7 genes. Likewise, the response to organic substance was predicted to trigger the top genes i.e. 43. In contrast, Stigmasterol, Baicalein-7-o-glucoside, and Kauran-16-ol were found to have a high affinity to bind with the VDR receptor confirmed by the molecular modelling and the dynamics. Hence, the study elucidated the probable molecular mechanisms of E. fluctuans in managing nephrolithiasis and identified the lead molecules, their targets, and possible pathways. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Inhibitory activity of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. on calcium oxalate crystallisation through in silico and in vitro studies.

The decoction of the whole plant of Enhydra fluctuans is used ethno medicinally by various tribes for the treatment of kidney stones and urinary problems. However, no scientific studies were carried out to delineate its influence on urinary stone formation and crystallisation. Hence, the present study is proposed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Enhydra fluctuans extract on in vitro crystallisation of calcium oxalate. The present study also evaluated. in silico studies of the metabolites with the target proteins present in the renal calcium oxalate stone matrix. The plant material was subjected to decoction to obtain an aqueous extract. The effect of the extract on calcium oxalate crystallization was evaluated by in vitro nucleation and aggregation assays. Further, the metabolites present in E. fluctuans were mined from the existing literature and their number was found to be 35. The selected 35 metabolites of E. fluctuans were subjected to molecular docking with the 5 proteins which are known to be responsible for calcium oxalate crystal growth. Results of in vitro studies indicated that the extract (50, 100, and 200μg/mL) and standard drug cystone (1,000μg/mL) exhibited an inhibitory role in the nucleation process where the percentage inhibitions were 52.69, 43.47, 21.98, and 31.67μg/mL respectively. The results of molecular docking studies revealed that 2 out of 35 metabolites i.e. Baicalein-7-O-diglucoside and 4',5,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy isoflavone-7-O-beta-D- galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)- O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside showed modulatory effects on the four renal stone matrix-associated protein (Human CTP: Phosphoethanolamine Cytidylyltransferase (Protein Data Bank ID: 3ELB), UDP glucose: glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 2 (Gene: UGGT2) (AlphaFold) and RIMS-binding protein 3A (Gene: RIMBP3) (AlphaFold), and Ras GTPase activating-like protein (PDB: 3FAY) based on their docking scores which indicates that they may inhibit the crystallization process. Findings from this study show that Enhydra fluctuans may be effective in the prevention of the crystallization of calcium oxalate. However, further, in vivo studies as well as molecular studies are needed to be conducted to confirm and strengthen its anti-urolithiatic activity and to elucidate the possible mechanism of action involved therein.

Enhydra flutuans lour with its pharmacological application: a review

Enhydra Fluctuans Lour a medicinal plant commonly known as halencha belonging to family asteraceae. It played an important role since ancient times in treating various kinds of diseases. It enlarging great important for its therapeutic potential. Enhydra Fluctuans is one such plant which is semiaquatic herbaceous vegetable plant with serrate leaves which is available abundantly in India especially in the North Estern states. It has immense potential as medicinal plant and also has many benefiacial effect. The leaves are slightly bitter, cure inflammation, skin diseases, laxatives, bronchitis, leucoderma, billiousness and good in small pox. It also reported having anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, hepatoprotective even neuropharmaco-logical effect. These acivities can be attributed mainly to presence of phytochemicals such as flavonoid, alkaloid, saponins, tannins, phenols, and carbohydrates and nutritional value including βcarotene, enhydrin, and so on. This review aims at compling the potential benefits of Enhydra Fluctuans Lour based on its pharmacological activity.

Investigation of aquatic vascular flora at Sadullapur Upazila of Gaibandha District, Bangladesh

The present article focused on aquatic vascular plants diversity and their conservation status in natural and manmade wetlands habitats of Sadullapur Gaibandha. The study was conducted in between May 2019 to June 2020. A total of 52 aquatic plant species was recorded from Sadullapur Gaibandha in the present study. These are assigned to 35 genera under 30 families. For each species scientific name, local name, family, division, habit, habitat, use and status are provided. Ecological habitats analysis of aquatics shows variations. Among them, 37% species prefers to grow near the edge of water, 13% submerged, 11% as emergent, 11% as free floating and 28% as rooted floating in the aquatic habitat. In case of submerged species, they produce flowers on surface of the water. After pollination fruits remain under water up to maturation. Among them, 49% species used as fodder, 22% as medicinal, 4% as aquarium purpose, 9% as vegetable, 6% as edible, 10% as fish food in the study area. The population number of different aquatic plant species in habitats is not uniform. Overall analysis showed that 46% aquatic plant species in the study area found to be rare, 44% species found common and 10% species found as abundant. This status of aquatic plant species is very preliminary. Based on field observations and discussion with local people we are able to identify a good number of rare aquatic plants and also pointed some conservation measures for them in future. The investigation recorded a number of rare aquatic plant species from the study area. These are Trapa bispinosa (Singara), Nelumbo nucifera (Paddo), Nymphaea pubescens (Sada shapla), Oenanthe javanica (Panidhone), Nymphaea rubra (Lal shapla), Ottelia alismoides (Panikola), Enhydra fluctuans (Titidata) and Centrostachys aquatica (Thuash). Populations of such species in the wild are very rare because of local demand for the use. These species need to be cared for conservation.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING OF Enhydra fluctuans Lour.

The study was aimed to evaluate pharmacological activities of the leaves of Enhydra fluctuans Lour. (Family-Asteraceae). The interesting reported pharmacological activities, coupled with the use of the plant in traditional medicine qualify E. fluctuans Lour. for possible analgesic, antidiarrhoeal and antioxidant activities. These activities were investigated on animal model like Swiss albino mice. Phytochemical analysis using standard screening methods indicated the presence of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, gums, glycosides, saponins and flavonoids in the ethanolic plant extract. The ethanolic extract obtained by cold extraction method, showed anti oxidant activity of IC50 = 197 µgm/ml in DPPH assay while that of the standard ascorbic acid was observed to be IC50 = 18 µgm/ml. In Folin-Ciocalteau assay total phenolic content was found to be 157 mg GAE/100 gm of dry powder. This extract when applied at 250 and 500 mg/kg exhibits significant inhibition of writhing reflex 25.43% (p&lt; 0.02) and 40.67 % (p&lt; 0.05) respectively while with that of the standard drug diclofenac sodium inhibition was observed to be 68.82% (p&lt;0.001) at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. In castor oil induced method the extract produced 23.81 and 47.62 % (p&lt;0.02 and p&lt;0.01) inhibition of diarrhoea at the doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively while standard loperamide showed 85.72 % (p&lt;0.001) inhibition at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight.

Protective effect of Enhydra fluctuans DC. aerial against insulitis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Protective effect of Enhydra fluctuans DC. aerial against insulitis in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Effect of Enhydra fluctuans on Kidney Function in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

AIM: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of n-hexane fraction of Enhydra fluctuans aerial on kidney function in alloxan induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Five groups of diabetic Wistar rats were studied: Group 1 was given 0.5% Na-CMC (G0), group 2 was given glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg (G1), groups 3, 4, and 5 were given a dose of n-hexane fraction 57.03, 114.06, and 171.09 mg/kg respectively. The experiment was completed in 21 days. Blood glucose was estimated on day 0 and day 21 of treatment. Histology of kidney, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was examined. ANOVA was used to evaluate quantitative data, which was then followed by Duncan's new multiple range test (p &lt; 0.05). RESULTS: Our results demonstrate that n-hexane fraction dosages of 57.03 mg/kg and 114,06 mg/kg significantly improved blood glucose profile, BUN, and creatinine in diabetic rats. Moreover, the dosage of 57.03 mg/kg is effective to counteract necrosis and fibrosis of kidney cells. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that the administration of the n-hexane fraction of E. fluctuans aerial improved the kidney function of diabetic rats, especially at the dosage of 57.03 mg/kg. Therefore, E. fluctuans can be relied upon to be a drug to prevent the development of diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy.

Review on Enhydra Fluctuans

Medicinal plants have played an important role since ancient times in treating various kinds of diseases. Increased drug resistance and side effects of pharmaceutical drugs have led to more research-based study on traditionally available plants. Enhydra fluctuans is one such plant which is available abundantly in India especially in the North-Eastern states. It has immense potential as a medicinal plant and also has many beneficial effects such as anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-diarrheal, hepatoprotective and even neuropharmacological effects. These activities can be attributed mainly to the presence of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols and carbohydrates. The aim of this paper is to summarize the importance of this plant possessing potent medicinal value and the research work being carried out till now.

Herbicide in Weed Management of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Rainy Season Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Conservation Agricultural System

Conservation agriculture (CA) based practices are gaining popularity in smallholder farming systems recently because they ensure soil quality and soil health, and they also reduce the total cultivation costs. However, weeds are a major hinderance to achieving the desired yield of crops in cereal-based cropping systems under CA-based practices. Proper weed management is a big challenge for crop growers to reduce the labor demand and cost of production. Considering these burning issues, a field study was done with a CA-based rice–wheat–mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) cropping pattern in two consecutive years (2017–2018 and 2018–2019). The study aimed to understand the types and distribution of weeds in non-puddled rice fields and also in strip-planted wheat fields in sandy loam textured soil with low organic matter (0.87%) content. Furthermore, we also tried to discover the most economic and effective ways to manage weeds in both cereals of the cropping pattern. The performance of two herbicides—pendimethalin (as pre-emergence) and carfentrazone–ethyl + isoproturon (as post-emergence)—for strip-planted wheat and three herbicides—two pre-emergence herbicides pretilachlor and pyrazosulfuron–ethyl as well as one post-emergence herbicide, bispyribac–sodium—for non-puddled rainy season rice were evaluated, where the ‘weedy check’ and ‘weed free’ treatments were considered as a control. In a two-year field experiment, eight weed species in the strip-planted wheat field during the first year and fourteen species in the second year were identified. Among them, three grasses such as Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and Echinochloa colona (L.) Link and one broadleaf weed Physalis heterophylla (L.) Nees, were found to the dominant in both years. During the first season, the dominant weed species in strip-planted wheat was Physalis heterophylla (L.); Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop was dominant in the second year. In a non-puddled field of rainy season rice, eleven weed species were found in the first year and twelve species were found in the second year. Among the weed species, four types of grasses (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees, Echinochloa colona (L.) Link and Leersia hexandra (Sw.), one sedge (Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl) and four broadleaf weed species (Ludwigia decurrens (Walter), Jussiaea repens (L.), Enhydra fluctuans (Lour) and Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC.) were found the common in both years. The most dominant weed in non-puddled rainy season rice was Leptochloa chinensis (L.) for the first year and Alternanthera sessilis (L.) for the second year. The study revealed that the sequential application of pendimethalin as pre-emergence treatment followed by carfentrazone–ethyl + isoproturon as post-emergence treatment were most effective and economically viable for weed control in strip-till wheat because they achieved the highest grain and straw yields. For weed management in non-puddled rainy season rice, the herbicide pyrazosulfuron–ethyl applied as pre-emergence treatment and bispyribac–sodium as the post-emergence application were found to be the most effective combination to obtain a desirable yield.

Development and Validation of TLC of Flavonoid from the Ethanolic Extract of Plant Enhydra fluctuans

Thin layer chromatography is a technique or an analytical tool to separate the bioactive compound from the mixture of components. In current research work special attention was given to develop specific solvent system and to validate the principle of separation of Flavonoid. The ethanolic extract of plant namely Helencha (in Bengali) was selected for such purpose. After several trials, the presence of Flavonoid which was confirmed by qualitative evaluation and was sepahjvvrated successfully under this study and the process was validated under the circumstances of ICH Guideline. The plant not only contained Flavonoid but there were the presence of little quantity of Alkaloid, Saponin and Tannins also. Due to presence of Flavonoid the ethanolic fraction of the plant may be evaluated for Anti-inflammatory and Anthelmintic activity for further research. The plant Helencha is known as Enhydra fluctuans belongs to the family Astereceae. According to folklore claim the plant is useful for nutrition purpose. Not only that the plant is also useful in Dropsy, anasarca and snake bite. As per the literature survey, the plant has Antioxidant and Analgesic activity. Here the total attention was given to separate Flavonoid from the mixture of Components present in the ethanolic fraction of the leaves of the plant.&#x0D; Keywords: Flavonoid, Alkaloid, ICH Guideline, Enhydra fluctuans, Dropsy, Anaasrca.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Phytochemicals in Methanolic Extracts of Five Underutilized Leafy Vegetables

Leafy vegetables are important for their nutritive and medicinal values. However, many of them are less explored and underutilized. The present study evaluates the antioxidant and antibacterial activities present in five underutilized leafy vegetables such as Alternanthera philoxeroides, Boerhavia diffusa, Enydra(=Enhydra) fluctuans, Glinus oppositifolius and Suaeda maritima. Methanolic extracts from leafy edible parts of these plants possessed diverse phytochemicals. Of these plants, the polyphenol contents like total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total tannin (TTC) were the highest in E. fluctuans with significant variations concerning other plants. Also, the antioxidant activities of E. fluctuans were greater comparing other plants; the parameters were the total antioxidant activity (TAA), ferric reducing power assay and ability to scavenge DPPH, ABTS and superoxide radicals. The effect of varying extract-quantities revealed the highest antibacterial activity of the E. fluctuans extracts with substantial inhibition zones against six bacterial strains. Accordingly, the E. fluctuans extracts showed the lowest MIC (2.75±0.35 mg ml-1) and MBC (3.50±0.71 mg ml-1), albeit with significant variations with ampicillin. The study highlights that these plants are the untapped repertoires of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials for dietary and therapeutic uses.