Enhanced Fire Safety Research Articles

A Hyperbranched Phosphorus/Nitrogen/Silicon-Containing Polymer as a Multifunctional Additive for Epoxy Resins.

High-performance, versatile epoxy resins (EPs) are used in a variety of fields, but the manufacture of transparent, fireproof, and strong EPs remains a major challenge. The hyperbranched, multifunctional flame retardant (DSi) is prepared by using diethanolamine, polyformaldehyde, diphenylphosphine oxide, and phenyltrimethoxysilane as raw materials in this work. When the additional amount of DSi is only 2 wt.%, the EP-DSi2 sample reaches a vertical burning (UL-94) V-0, and its limiting oxygen index (LOI) is 32.8%. When the content of DSi is 3 wt.%, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP-DSi samples are 43.8% and 21.4% lower than those of EP. The good compatibility of DSi and EP endows EP-DSi with high transparency, and the hyperbranched structure of DSi makes EP-DSi have obviously enhanced mechanical strength and toughness. The enhanced fire safety of EP-DSi is mainly due to the promoting carbonization and radical quenching effects of DSi. This paper offers a comprehensive design concept aimed at creating high-performance epoxy resins with good optical, mechanical, and flame-retardant properties, which have broad application prospects.

A facile biomass-based coating for flax fabric toward plant fiber/biobased epoxy composite with enhanced fire safety

The natural abundance, biodegradability, and low density of plant fibers, together with biobased epoxy thermoset resin, have driven the increasing popularity of plant fiber/polymer composites (PFRPs) to wider applications in various industries. However, the striving for biomass-based flame retardants (FRs) treatment for PFRPs remained a bottleneck due to polymers’ inherent vulnerability against fire and the increasing environmental awareness. In this work, a facile two-step aqueous solution coating process was proposed for fabric surface treatment of flax fabric using fully biobased phytic acid and chitosan from polysaccharides. The treated flax fabric demonstrated self-extinguishing behavior when ignited and showed a decrease in peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 58% under combustion. The laminate produced by this treated flax fabric and biobased epoxy resin showed a decrease of PHRR by 36% and an increase of more than 200% for the time of torch fire burn-through, demonstrating intriguing flame retardance brought by only FRs treatment on flax fabric reinforcements. Various measurements were done to elaborate on the role of treated flax fabric in the flame retardancy of polymer composites.

Lignin-derived core-shell flame retardants for fire-safety rigid polyurethane (RPU) insulations

How to ensure the fire safety of rigid polyurethane (RPU) insulation materials remains a challenge. Herein, alkali lignin (AL) and 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) were used as raw materials to construct bio-based cross-linked polyurethane structures on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to obtain APP@AL flame retardants. APP@AL was combined with expandable graphite (EG) in varying proportions and applied to rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam to modify its flame retardancy and physico-mechanical characteristics. Compared with untreated RPU, the high interfacial compatibility increased the compressive strength of the flame-retardant RPUs by 10.8%, and the thermal insulation coefficient reached 22.8mW·m−1·K−1. The addition of flame retardant for each flame-retardant RPU was 30wt% of the polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate. Owing to the P/C/O hybridized char layer in the combustion residues and the capture of gas by EG after expansion, APP@AL/EG not only reached the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 27.1% but reduced the mean heat release rate and smoke release rate by 70.3% and 58.9%, respectively. This work presented a novel approach to designing environmentally friendly flame retardants for RPU foams with enhanced fire safety and superior overall performance. Additionally, it offers a novel strategy for the high-value conversion of lignin.

Fabrication of Functionalized Graphene Oxide-Aluminum Hypophosphite Nanohybrids for Enhanced Fire Safety Performance in Polystyrene.

To enhance the fire safety performance in polystyrene (PS), a novel organic-inorganic hybrid material (FGO-AHP) was successfully prepared by the combination of functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) via a chemical deposition method. The resulting FGO-AHP nanohybrids were incorporated into PS via a masterbatch-melt blending to produce PS/FGO-AHP nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscope images confirm the homogeneous dispersion and exfoliation state of FGO-AHP in the PS matrix. Incorporating FGO-AHP significantly improves the thermal behavior and fire safety performance of PS. By incorporating 5 wt% FGO-AHP, the maximum mass loss rate (MMLR) in air, total heat release (THR), and maximum smoke density value (Dsmax) of PS nanocomposite achieve a reduction of 53.1%, 23.4%, and 50.9%, respectively, as compared to the pure PS. In addition, thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) results indicate that introducing FGO-AHP notably inhibits the evolution of volatile products from PS decomposition. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy were employed to investigate the char residue of PS nanocomposite samples, elaborating the flame-retardant mechanism in PS/FGO-AHP nanocomposites.

Sustainable lignin-based high-efficiency flame-retardant epoxy resins with excellent mechanical properties

As an abundant natural aromatic polymer, how to realize the high-value utilization of lignin (LA) is still a difficult problem. Herein, a sustainable flame retardant (LA@APP) was synthesized through hydrogen bonding interactions between LA and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), then flame retarded alone epoxy resin (EP/LA@APP). With loading of 6 wt% LA@APP, the LOI of EP/LA@APP6 rose to 27.9 % and achieved UL-94 V0 rating. Meanwhile, EP/LA@APP6 presented a 63.5 % reduction in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and an 51.3 % decrease in peak of smoke production rate (pSPR). LA@APP could promote the EP composites to form the denser and more continuous expanded charring residuals than APP during the combustion process, effectively shielding the underlying epoxy substrate and thus enhancing fire safety. Additionally, the shell layer of LA@APP, abundant in hydroxyl groups and methoxy groups, effectively improved the compatibility and interfacial interaction with EP. Therefore, the tensile, flexural and impact strength of EP/LA@APP6 reached 50.8 MPa, 86.1 MPa and 7.81 kJ/m2, higher than those of pure EP at 48.3 MPa, 81.5 MPa and 7.45 kJ/m2. This flame retardant with simultaneously enhanced fire safety and mechanical properties of epoxy resin was expected to realize the high-level utilization of lignin.

Flexible and Flame Retardant Cotton Fiber-reinforced CS/CNF/EP Composites For a Sensitive Fire Warning

Enhancing fire safety performance in resin-based composites is critical for mitigating fire hazards. Composites that provide early warnings during initial fire stages and maintain prolonged alarm capabilities under flame exposure are essential for minimizing injuries and property damage. This study employs chitosan (CS) as a cross-linking and char-forming agent, while carbon nanofiber (CNF) acts as a flame retardant and conductive component. Cotton fiber-reinforced chitosan/carbon nanofiber composites with varying epoxy and CNF contents (CS/CNF/EP) were prepared through a straightforward low-temperature curing process (40 °C, 4 h). Crosslinking polymerization between chitosan and epoxy was confirmed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The presence of the tough structure of CS and the rigid structure of EP results in a synergistic toughening and reinforcement effect in the CS/CNF/EP composites. Additionally, due to the carbon facilitating properties of CS and the enhanced conductivity of CNF, the composites exhibit a sensitive fire alarm functionality. At 35 % epoxy content, the CS/CNF/EP composites demonstrated exceptional properties, including mechanical flexibility (tensile strength of 7.09 MPa and breaking elongation of 129.05 %) and outstanding flame retardancy (LOI of 32.3 % and UL-94 V-0 rating). These composites provided a rapid alarm (∼1 s), sustaining a 263 s warning under flame exposure and over 35 min post-flame removal. These findings indicate that CS/CNF/EP composites, integrating mechanical flexibility, flame retardancy, and superior fire warning properties, present significant potential applications in fire safety engineering.

Enhancing Fire Safety Knowledge among Underwater Road Tunnel Users: A Survey in China

In recent years, the number of underwater road tunnels in Chinese cities has increased. However, the current situation of personal fire safety literacy as it pertains to these tunnels remains unclear. To address this gap, a questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate people’s awareness of escape slides, evacuation signs, and the correct evacuation paths for fire escape. A total of 1049 respondents in Changsha, China, were surveyed, with 791 valid questionnaires collected and analyzed. The findings revealed that a significant proportion of respondents (81.80%) were unaware of the presence of escape slides in underwater road tunnels, while 87.86% could not recognize them and 93.05% could not use them. Only 42.04% of respondents could identify evacuation signs in underwater road tunnels. In the event of a fire, just half of the respondents could select the appropriate escape or evacuation path. Additionally, demographic differences among respondents also influenced their level of fire safety literacy. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the government and relevant organizations should enhance the dissemination of knowledge regarding escape slides and evacuation signs in underwater road tunnels.

Enhancing Fire Safety and Softness: Efficacy of Ethanolamine Polyphosphate as a Fire Retardant for Textiles.

The rising awareness of fire safety among consumers has driven the demand for fire retardants (FRs) that are both cost-effective and efficient across various industries, particularly in textiles. Traditional FRs often compromise fabric softness, resulting in undesirable tactile texture and stiffness changes. While the external addition of softeners can mitigate the stiffness, it may introduce issues such as a greasy texture and increased flammability. This study introduces ethanolamine polyphosphate (EAPP), an innovative organic polyphosphate, as an effective fire retardant that preserves the softness of textiles. Comprehensive evaluations are conducted on EAPP-treated textiles, revealing significant improvements in fire retardancy without compromising fabric quality. EAPP treatment (15wt.% aqueous solutions) increases the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of pure cotton textiles from 17% to 36% and significantly reduces the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke rate (TSR) as measured by cone calorimetry. Unlike conventional FR products that form FR-salt crystal particles on the fabric surface after drying, EAPP forms a smooth FR protective layer on the fabric, enhancing mechanical fastness and maintaining tactile qualities. These findings highlight EAPP's potential as a non-washing durable, spray-on fire retardant solution for textiles, combining safety with user comfort.

Enhancing fire safety and thermal performance: Wood composites with bio‐based phase change materials and fire retardants for building applications

AbstractThis work explores the elaboration of wood particle‐based composites incorporating bio‐based phase change materials, with epoxidized linseed oil or clay as a binder. Fire performance evaluation of the novel composites includes an assessment to determine the impact of the addition of boric acid as a fire retardant, as well as the incorporation of recycled paper fibres containing boric acid, and the application of trimethoxymethylsilane coating. The study employs thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry under uniform external irradiance, with a T‐history method to analyse thermal behaviour. Results indicated that fire retardants do not compromise the energy functionality of bio‐based phase change material composites, exhibiting a latent heat of approximately 50 J/g. The density ranges from 750 to 875 kg/m3. The use of clay as a binder improves fire performance, leading to a 60% decrease in total heat release and 52% of the composite mass remaining after analysis. Although enhancing fire performance presents challenges, incorporating wood particles in clay demonstrates a promising potential approach for safe use in building applications, contributing to energy efficiency in indoor heating and cooling. The findings contribute valuable insights into these materials for creating safer and more efficient building solutions, particularly in terms of thermal regulation and fire safety.

Enhanced Fire Safety of Energy-Saving Foam by Self-Cleavage CO2 Pre-Combustion and Phosphorus Release Post-Combustion.

Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is widely utilized in construction and rail transportation due to its lightweight properties and low thermal conductivity, contributing to energy conservation and emission reduction. However, the inherent flammability of RPUF presents significant challenges. Delaying the time to ignition and preventing flame spread post-combustion is crucial for ensuring sufficient evacuation time in the event of a fire. Based on this principle, this study explores the efficacy of using potassium salts as a catalyst to promote the self-cleavage of RPUF, generating substantial amounts of CO2, thereby reducing the local oxygen concentration and delaying ignition. Additionally, the inclusion of a reactive flame retardant (DFD) facilitates the release of phosphorus-oxygen free radicals during combustion, disrupting the combustion chain reaction and thus mitigating flame propagation. Moreover, potassium salt-induced catalytic carbonization and phosphorus derivative cross-linking enhance the condensed phase flame retardancy. Consequently, the combined application of potassium salts and DFD increases the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and reduces both peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). Importantly, the incorporation of these additives does not compromise the compressive strength or thermal insulation performance of RPUF. This integrated approach offers a new and effective strategy for the development of flame retardant RPUF.

Enhancing fire safety through IoT-enabled flame detection systems: A cost-effective and scalable approach

The Internet of Things (IoT), which connects and automates numerous systems and gadgets, has completely changed how we live and work. One such application of IoT technology is in fire detection systems, which can help prevent and mitigate the devastating effects of fires on different types of facilities. The research presents a n IoT architecture for a fire detection system using small, low-cost cameras to collect surveillance feeds from large buildings. The data is uploaded to the cloud, where a Machine Learning algorithm detects fires in digital images. The proposed architecture consists of cameras, cloud, and clients, using an inexpensive camera for surveillance feeds and a convolutional neural network for image classification based on large datasets. However, the architecture's cloud component processes surveillance feeds and runs a Machine Learning (ML) model, utilizing computing resources for real-time data processing and continuous training for improved accuracy. Clients can subscribe to the data from the cloud and receive alerts in real-time when the ML model detects a fire in the surveillance feeds. There are significant benefits in comparing the proposed design to conventional fire detection systems. First and foremost, it is economical since the cameras used are compact, affordable, and simple to install around the building without the need for elaborate wiring or infrastructure. Secondly, it is scalable, as the cloud provides the necessary computing resources and storage capacity to handle large amounts of data, making it possible to monitor large structures with many cameras.

Copper oxide decorated one-dimensional mineral nanorods: Construction of strengthened gas-phase and condensed-phase coupled intumescent flame retardant

Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (PC/ABS) features superior mechanical properties but suffers from high flammability, presenting a grand challenge in enhancing its flame retardancy with halogen-free additives. Herein, we developed an efficient flame-retardant system (BH/CuATP) by incorporating phosphazene additive (HP), copper oxide modified attapulgite (CuATP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenyl phosphate) (BDP). This system achieves a UL-94V-0 rating without melt-dripping and leads to reductions in the peak heat release rate (43.1 %), total heat release (29.8 %) and total smoke production (5.7 %). The strength effect of CuATP in both gas-phase and condensed-phase significantly contributes to its enhanced fire safety. Additionally, the mechanical properties of PC/ABS/B1H1/CuATP1 are improved due to the rod-like CuATP, showing enhanced comprehensive properties superior to other reported systems. This work presents valuable insights into the effectiveness of mineral-strength intumescent flame retardancy for PC/ABS, offering practical guidance for the development of high-performance PC/ABS composites.

Highly Efficient Phosphazene-Derivative-Based Flame Retardant with Comprehensive and Enhanced Fire Safety and Mechanical Performance for Polycarbonate.

Polycarbonate (PC) as a widely used engineering plastic that shows disadvantages of flammability and large smoke production during combustion. Although many flame-retardant PCs have been developed, most of them show enhanced flame retardancy but poor smoke suppression or worsened mechanical performance. In this work, a novel nitrogen-phosphorus-sulfur synergistic flame retardant (Pc-FR) was synthesized and incorporated into PC with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The extremely low content of PC-FR (0.1-0.5 wt%) contributes significantly to the flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical performance of PC. PC/0.3 wt% Pc-FR/0.3 wt% PTFE (PC-P0.3) shows the UL-94 V-0 and LOI of 33.5%. The PHRR, THR, PSPR, PCO and TCO of PC-P0.3 decreased by 39.44%, 14.38%, 17.45%, 54.75% and 30.61%, respectively. The impact strength and storage modulus of PC-P0.1 increased by 7.7 kJ/m2 and 26 MPa, respectively. The pyrolysis mechanism of PC-P0.3 is also revealed. The pyrolysis mechanism of PC-P0.3 is stochastic nucleation and subsequent growth and satisfies the Aevrami-Erofeev equation. The reaction order of PC-P0.3 is 1/2. The activation energy of PC-P0.3 is larger than PC-0, which proves that the Pc-FR can suppress the pyrolysis of the PC. This work offers a direction on how to design high-performance PC.

Facile and rapid synthesis of core-shell structured MXene@Ag@PA hybrids for enhanced fire safety and radiation cross-linking in EVA/MH composites

In this study, MXene@Ag@PA hybrids were synthesized using radiation methods and chelation, aiming to enhance the key properties of EVA/MH composites, particularly their flame retardancy. The test results demonstrated that the addition of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids effectively reduced the amount of heat and smoke released during the combustion process of EVA composites. When 2 parts of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids were added, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of the EVA/MH/2.0MXene@Ag@PA composite was reduced to 233 kW/m², representing a decrease of 78.5% and 63.3% compared to pure EVA and EVA/MH composites, respectively. Additionally, the time to reach the peak heat release rate was delayed to 300–400 s. Moreover, the MXene@Ag@PA hybrids further reduced the total smoke production (TSP) of the EVA composites to 3 m², which is 50% and 38.7% lower than that of pure EVA and EVA/MH composites, respectively. Besides providing significant flame-retardant enhancement to EVA/MH composites, the MXene@Ag@PA hybrids also acted as a radiation sensitizer. At an irradiation dose of 100 kGy, the addition of MXene@Ag@PA hybrids enhanced the cross-linking effect of EVA composites, thereby strengthening their mechanical properties.

Enhancing Fire Safety Education Through Immersive Virtual Reality Training with Serious Gaming and Haptic Feedback

Over the past decades, China has faced an increasingly severe fire issue, resulting in significant human and financial losses. Consequently, the importance of enhancing fire safety education for citizens has become more pronounced. However, due to safety risks in actual fire scenes, the practical use of firefighting equipment was often learned passively through text or video resources, posing challenges in ensuring users can proficiently operate actual equipment. Virtual reality (VR) emerged as a promising technology to provide users with a low-risk environment to gain hands-on experience with firefighting equipment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a specially designed VR game-based firefighting extinguishing equipment training (FEET) that integrated VR with serious gaming elements. The study evaluated the effectiveness of FEET through a comparison between high (HI) and low (LI) immersiveness VR and a non-immersive (NI) setting as a baseline. The study incorporated haptic feedback mechanisms, such as audio and vibration, to enhance user immersiveness within the HI setting. The focus of the study was on evaluating knowledge acquisition, user experiences, and interaction preferences for the proposed FEET design. The study adopted three distinct learning sequences to mitigate the VR halo effects. The results of the study indicated that both VR-based learning methods yielded outstanding user experiences that significantly surpassed the NI setting. Furthermore, the study showed that haptic feedback with richer game contents further enhanced user experiences, underscoring the importance of simulating realistic sensing in improving learning outcomes.

Flame-retardant reinforced halloysite nanotubes as multi-functional fillers for PEO-based polymer electrolytes

High ionic conductivity, fire safety, and broad electrochemical windows are crucial considerations for the next generation of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) employed in solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Based on these factors, we design a novel nanohybrid filler by loading a phosphazene-based flame retardant into halloysite nanotubes (HNT@FPPN). A 36 % reduction in the peak heat release rate (pHRR) confirms the enhanced fire safety of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based PEO-5HNT@FPPN SPE. Besides, the PEO-5HNT@FPPN electrolyte exhibits an enhanced ionic conductivity of 1.82 × 10-4 S cm−1 at 45 °C. The improved ionic conductivity is attributed to the plasticization effect of nanohybrids, which reduces the crystallinity and aids the motion of PEO chains. After 100 cycles, the as-fabricated Li/PEO-5HNT@FPPN/LiFePO4 cell shows stable cycling at 0.1C with a specific discharge capacity of 145 mAh/g. These findings demonstrate the unique properties of modified PEO SPEs, which may open new pathways for designing safer electrolytes.

Literature Review: Human Behaviour and Evacuation Fire System

Human behavior during fire emergencies significantly influences evacuation processes and overall safety outcomes. This literature review synthesizes findings from various research journals to explore the complexities of human behavior and evacuation dynamics in fire incidents. Key factors such as decision-making, evacuation timelines, and the impact of environmental factors on evacuation efficiency are examined. The study underscores the critical role of understanding human behavior in formulating effective fire safety strategies, particularly in residential settings where behavioral responses differ from those in public, commercial, or industrial spaces. Insights from this review emphasize the need for further research into the interplay between spatial planning, demographic factors, and infrastructure in optimizing evacuation procedures for enhanced fire safety in urban environments.

A macromolecular flame retardant for polyamide 6 and its filaments with enhanced fire safety, tensile and UV-blocking performance

In the pursuit of enhancing the fire safety of polyamide 6 (PA6), the addition of flame retardants generally leads to hydrogen bond dissociation, which results in detrimental effects on the mechanical properties of PA6 composites and impedes processing and application in the textile field. In this study, a macromolecular flame retardant, PPB, designed with hydrogen bond donor-acceptor spacing aligned with PA6, was synthesized to increase the number of hydrogen bonds. The addition of 10 wt% PPB to the PA6 matrix (PA6/PPB10) endowed the composite with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased to 31.6 % and V-0 rating in the vertical burning (UL-94) test. PA6/PPB10 also exhibited significant enhancement in tensile strength by 12.6 % compared to pure PA6 and demonstrated a superior ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value of 573, greatly exceeding the value of 3 for PA6. The quenching effect, diluting effect in the gas phase, and hydrogen bond interactions between PPB and PA6 backbones imparted PA6/PPB composites with satisfactory flame retardancy and mechanical properties. As a representative example, PA6/PPB10 was melt-spun into filaments with a pleasing tenacity of 3.6 cN/dtex and self-extinguishing capability within 5 s after ignition, confirming the sustained comprehensive properties after spinning and drawing into filaments.

Enhancing the protective performance of anti-impact, corrosion resistant and flame retardant polyurea coatings using bio-based supramolecular decorated montmorillonite

Developing bio-based nano-additives for enhancing mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and flame retardancy in polyurea (PUA) coatings at low loading levels is crucial for human well-being and environmental preservation. In this study, montmorillonite (MMT) was first exfoliated by ball milling with the aid of chitosan, and then further co-assembled with phytic acid and urea to form a nanohybrid (CPN@MMT). The resulting CPN@MMT nanohybrid exhibited good compatibility and dispersibility within matrix and endowed PUA composites with improved anti-impact, corrosion resistant and flame retardant properties. Remarkably, the addition of CPN@MMT improved the mechanical and impact protection properties of PUA coatings. Electrochemical and salt spray tests confirmed that the excellent anti-corrosion performance of PUA composite coating stemmed from the dispersed nano-sheets forming a protective nano-barrier. CPN@MMT in the PUA matrix formed a compact char layer, reducing heat release and smoke by inhibiting heat diffusion and volatile gas evaporation, as evidenced by cone calorimeter and TG-FTIR tests. The enhanced fire safety was primarily attributed to the physical barrier, catalytic charring and dilution effect of CPN@MMT. Hence, a green and feasible method was developed to create bio-based nano-additive in PUA coatings with anti-impact, corrosion resistant and flame retardant performance.

Interface engineering of multi-component core-shell flame retardant towards enhancing fire safety of thermoplastic polyurethane and mechanism investigation

Polymeric materials usually present substantial hazards to human health and the environment as a consequence of their flammability which leads to the emission of a great deal of heat and toxic fumes. To address this issue, it is imperative to urgently enhance the flame retardancy of polymer materials. This study focuses on the synthesis of a novel gel-silica/polydopamine double-layer microencapsulated cobalt ions (Co2+) modified ammonium polyphosphate (APP-Co@PDA@Si) and its utilization in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites. The resulting TPU composite, containing 10.0 wt% APP-Co@PDA@Si, exhibited excellent flame-retardant properties, i.e. achieving a limiting oxygen index of 30.0 % and the V-0 grade in the UL-94 test. Furthermore, peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke production rate, and total smoke release of the TPU composite were decreased by 88.51 %, 66.06 %, 61.73 %, and 74.01 %, respectively, in comparison to those of pure TPU. The enhanced fire safety of the TPU composite was attributed to the synergistic effect among Co2+ catalytic carbonization, the free radicals capture effect of APP, and the flame-retardant functions of PDA and silane. This innovative strategy proposed in this work holds great promise for improving the fire-resistance of TPU.