Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers Research Articles

Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs) can reduce nitrous oxide emissions and maintain high grain yields in a rain-fed spring maize cropping system

ContextEnhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs) have provided opportunities for the simultaneous mitigation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and increases in crop productions. However, the practice of combining EENFs with optimal fertilization under conditions of misaligned water and fertilizer inputs in rain-fed spring maize systems remains inadequately understood. ObjectiveThis study aims to determine the factors controlling N2O emissions under the soil climatic conditions in rain-fed plastic mulching cropping systems treated with different nitrogen (N) fertilization rates and EENFs, and to determine the most effective N fertilization measure to reduce N2O emissions while maintaining crop yields. MethodsA 3-year field experiment was conducted in a spring maize system located in the semiarid rain-fed region of the Loess Plateau, applying two types of EENFs: a nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and a slow-release fertilizer (SRF). It comprised five fertilization treatments: unfertilized (CK), conventional N rate (CON, 200 kg N ha−1), optimal N rate (OPT, 160 kg N ha−1), OPT with the addition of DCD (OPT+DCD), and OPT using SRF (OPT-SRF). ResultsThe average annual cumulative N2O emissions over the 3-year experimental period ranged from 0.74 to 1.87 kg N2O-N ha–1. Fertilizer N contributed 26−60% to annual N2O emissions. The highest N2O fluxes (50–161 μg N2O-N m–2 h–1) typically occurred within the initial 10 days following fertilization, likely induced by strong nitrification processes, constituting 12–19% of the annual N2O emissions during this brief period. In comparison to the CON treatment, the OPT, OPT+DCD, and OPT-SRF treatments resulted in significant reductions in annual N2O emissions of 24%, 46%, and 34%, respectively, without causing any significant decrease in maize grain yields. The application of DCD led to increased ammonium (NH4+-N) concentrations while reducing nitrate (NO3–-N). Conversely, using SRF resulted in a decrease in both NH4+-N and NO3–-N concentrations. ConclusionsUsing EENFs at the ideal fertilization rate significantly curtailed yearly N2O emissions without adversely affecting maize yields in a rain-fed plastic mulching spring maize system prevalent in the Loess Plateau. Most N2O emissions occurred post-fertilization, with rainfall events further influencing these emissions. ImplicationsOur findings recommend the incorporation of nitrification inhibitors, such as DCD, as the most effective fertilizer measure for reducing N2O emissions in the rain-fed region of the Loess Plateau.

Assessing fertilizer nitrogen sources and application timing for water‐seeded rice systems

AbstractIn California's water‐seeded rice systems, both high yields and nitrogen (N) use efficiency are achieved when the pre‐plant N fertilizer (usually aqueous‐ammonia [aqua‐N]) is injected into a dry seedbed before flooding and planting. However, there are situations where applying N fertilizer in this manner is not possible. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative N management practices by testing different N sources and application times. In 2020, we tested 13 treatments and in 2021, six more treatments were added. The following N sources were evaluated: urea, ammonium sulfate, and three enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs). Application times for the EENFs, urea, and ammonium sulfate were one day after flooding and 2 weeks after flooding. Urea and ammonium sulfate were also applied in a four‐way split. In 2021, additional treatments were added with aqua‐N, ammonium sulfate, and urea applied before flooding, and urea applications at 3, 4, and 5 weeks after flooding. Grain yield and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) were used for comparison. All fertilizer N treatments increased grain yields relative to the zero‐N control, which averaged 5093 kg ha−1. Applying aqua‐N or urea preplant to a dry soil resulted in the highest yields and ANUE. The EENF fertilizers performed similarly to or worse than urea applied alone. If the field was already flooded, splitting urea applications was the best option. Only one split N treatment was evaluated in this study; this warrants further research on fine‐tuning the best N splits for these systems.

Evaluating How Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers Improve Agricultural Sustainability: Greenhouse Multi-Phase Tracking System

The vast consumption of nitrogen-based fertilizers is a significant source of environmental pollutants in all phases. While enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs) improve N-use efficiency and reduce environmental impact, their performance depends on local conditions. Here, we present a relatively simple soil–fertilizer–plants greenhouse setup for the multi-phase tracking of N species of the effects of EENFs. We compared the environmental and agronomic performance of three urea-based EENFs (urea embedded with urease inhibitors, 2-month, and 4-month controlled release urea) and the common split surface application of the granulated urea. We tested the fertilizer applications on basil seedlings for three consecutive growing cycles. The analyses carried out included nitrogen recovery in plant biomass, soil, drainage, and NH3 and N2O emissions. This multi-phase research indicates that tested EENFs perform better than the standard surface-applied urea. The four-month controlled-release urea fertilizer matched the basil N demand the best, significantly increasing yield and improving nitrogen use efficiency while reducing NO3− leaching and NH3 and N2O emissions. The presented soil–fertilizer–plants experimental setup provides a relatively easy-to-handle system for the comprehensive tracking of N dynamics, including plant response. It allows stakeholders to estimate and improve fertilization sustainability.

Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers Coated with Sulfur, Inhibitor, and Epoxy Resin: Preparation and Effects on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Utilization

Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers Coated with Sulfur, Inhibitor, and Epoxy Resin: Preparation and Effects on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Utilization

Nitrogen inhibitors improve soil ecosystem multifunctionality by enhancing soil quality and alleviating microbial nitrogen limitation

Soil quality (SQI) is a comprehensive indicator reflecting the agricultural productivity of soil, and soil ecosystem multifunctionality (performing multiple functions simultaneously; EMF) can reflect complex biogeochemical processes. However, the effects of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs; urease inhibitors (NBPT), nitrification inhibitors (DCD), and coated controlled-release urea (RCN)) application on the SQI and soil EMF and their relationships are still unclear. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment to study the effects of different EENFs on the SQI, enzyme stoichiometry and soil EMF in semiarid areas of Northwest China (Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shanxi). Across the four study sites, DCD and NBPT increased SQI by 7.61–16.80 % and 2.61 %–23.20 % compared to mineral fertilizer, respectively. N fertilizer application (N200 and EENFs) alleviated microbial N limitation, and EENFs alleviated microbial N and C limitations to a greater extent in Gansu and Shanxi. Moreover, nitrogen inhibitors (Nis; DCD and NBPT) improved the soil EMF to a greater extent than N200 and RCN, DCD increased by 205.82–340.00 % and 145.00–215.47 % in Gansu and Shanxi, respectively; NBPT increased by 332.75–778.59 % and 364.44–929.62 % in Ningxia and Shanxi, respectively. A random forest model showed that the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and soil water content (SWC) of the SQI factors were the main driving forces of soil EMF. Moreover, SQI improvement could alleviate microbial C and N limitations and promote the improvement of soil EMF. It is worth noting that soil EMF was mainly affected by microbial N limitation rather than C limitation. Overall, NIs application is an effective way to improve the SQI and soil EMF in the semiarid region of Northwest China.

Ammonia Volatilization and Marandu Grass Production in Response to Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers

The objective of this study was to evaluate dry matter (DM) production of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu and ammonia volatilization in response to rates and sources of enhanced-efficiency N fertilizers. The experiment was took place in a pasture area, two growing seasons. A randomized block design with four replications was used, in a 4 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement, consisting of four N sources (Urea—UrConv; Ammonium nitrate—AN; Urea + NBPT—UrNBPT; Urea + Duromide—UrDuromide) and two nitrogen rates (100 and 200 kg ha−1 year), plus a treatment without nitrogen fertilization (control). At both N rates, ammonia volatilization from UrConv100/200 was greatest. Ammonia volatilization was less after UrNBPT and UrDuromide application, with values similar to AN. Ammonia losses from UrDuromide tend to be lower than from UrNBPT. The N use efficiency in dry matter production of Marandu was influenced by the N sources and rates. At both N rates, the efficiency of UrDuromide and UrNBPT was greater than that of UrConv. With regard to total DM and leaf percentage in response to N rates, DM production increased after 200 kg N ha−1 rates in response to all sources, in both years. The UrDuromide reduce N losses by volatilization compared to UrNBPT and Urconv, and resulted in greater total DM production and relative leaf production of Marandu, in comparison to UrNBPT, AN and Urconv.

Nitric Oxide Emissions from Chinese Upland Cropping Systems and Mitigation Strategies: A Meta-analysis

Agroecosystems are a significant source of nitric oxide (NO), a potent atmospheric pollutant. It has been well documented that the NO emissions from upland cropping systems and their emission factors are large relative to those from paddy fields. However, a clear understanding of their uncertainty and regulating factors is still lacking. To date, various field experiments have been conducted to investigate NO emissions and mitigation, providing an opportunity for a Meta-analysis. The aims of this study were to 1 investigate the uncertainty and regulating factors of NO emissions and emission factors from maize-winter wheat rotations, non-waterlogging period in rice-winter wheat rotations, vegetable fields, tea plantations, and fruit orchards across China by extracting data from peer-reviewed publications, and 2 quantify the mitigation potential of management practices, such as reducing nitrogen fertilizer input, organic substitution with chemical fertilizers, and application of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers or biochar by performing a pairwise Meta-analysis. A total of 49 references (published from 2006 to 2021) were collected. The results showed that annual NO emissions from the maize-winter wheat rotations, tea plantations, and fruit orchards averaged 1.44, 7.45, and 0.92 kg·hm-2, respectively, with significant differences among the three cropping systems (P<0.05). The seasonal NO emissions from the non-waterlogging period in rice-winter wheat rotations and vegetable fields within a single growth period averaged 2.13 kg·hm-2 and 2.09 kg·hm-2, respectively. The NO emissions positively related to nitrogen inputs in the maize-winter wheat rotations, non-waterlogging period in rice-winter wheat rotations, and tea plantations (P<0.01) but not in the vegetable fields and fruit orchards. The emission factors averaged 0.31%, 0.71%, 0.96%, 1.74%, and 0.13% in the maize-winter wheat rotations, non-waterlogging period in rice-winter wheat rotations, vegetable fields, tea plantations, and fruit orchards, respectively, with significant differences among the cropping systems (P<0.01), except between the maize-winter wheat rotations and non-waterlogging period in rice-winter wheat rotations or vegetable fields (P>0.05). Considering the substantial differences in emission factors among the cropping systems, a specific emission factor for each system should be applied when estimating an agricultural NO budget at a regional or national scale. Reducing nitrogen input only mitigated NO emissions (by 36%) at a reducing nitrogen ratio above 25% but did not impact emission factors. An optimal reducing nitrogen ratio has to be further evaluated without crop productivity penalties. Organic substitution in soils with organic carbon content<15 g·kg-1 or pH<7 and application of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers in the maize-winter wheat rotation simultaneously mitigated NO emissions (by -46%- -38%) and emission factors (by -62%- -45%). By contrast, biochar amendment had no significant effects on either NO emissions or emission factors. These findings highlight a possibility of choosing an effective NO mitigation strategy under specific field conditions.

Effects of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers on CH4 and CO2 emissions in a global perspective

It is widely recommended that enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs; urease inhibitors, nitrification inhibitors, urease and nitrification inhibitors combined, coated controlled-release urea) be applied to croplands to improve N use efficiency and crop yield via regulating N transformations. However, EENFs may inevitably affect soil C dynamics for the coupled relationship between soil carbon (C) and N biogeochemical cycles. Yet, a comprehensive assessment of the effects of EENFs on soil C dynamics is lacking. Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis using 67 publications to assess the overall effects of EENFs on soil CH 4 production, CO 2 emission, organic C (SOC) content, dissolved organic C (DOC) content, microbial biomass C (MBC) content under different environmental and management conditions (climate conditions, soil properties and fertilizer management practices). Our results showed that on average, compared to conventional N fertilizer, EENFs with the same amount of N fertilizer have a non-significant impact on CH 4 emission, which further depended on environmental and management conditions. Best scenarios for CH 4 reduction included: paddy field (25.8%), urease inhibitor (26.9%) and medium N application rate (150–300 kgN ha −1 ; 23.6%), mainly due to the decreased stimulation of NH 4 + on CH 4 production; acid soil (33.7%), which was attributed to the enhanced methanotrophic communities' activities. The positive effect was also amplified by the increased mean annual precipitation and soil clay content that facilitated CH 4 production. Contrarily, EENFs significantly reduced CO 2 emission by 9.3%. The greater reduction was observed for the conditions producing more CO 2 after fertilization, i.e. field experiment, alkaline soils, low soil inorganic N content and high N application rate (≥300 kgN ha −1 ). Nitrification inhibitors and coated N fertilizer were the best available options as they can reduce inorganic C dissolution in calcareous soil and SOC mineralization, respectively. Besides, EENFs application did not significantly alter SOC, DOC and MBC contents. Our findings highlighted the role of EENFs played in decreasing soil C emission in agroecosystems. • Global use of EENFs did not significantly affect SOC, DOC, MBC contents. • EENFs succeed in reducing CO 2 emission (9.3%) rather than CH 4 emission. • EENFs provide a viable solution for decreasing soil C emissions in global agroecosystems.

Productivity of corn and beans as affected by season and source of nitrogen

Enhanced-efficiency fertilizers, which provide a reduction in nitrogen (N) losses, can be a viable alternative for the anticipation of topdressing for the moment of sowing, besides reducing operations for the rural producer. This study aimed to determine the effect of the period of application of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers on the grain yield of corn and common bean in the Cerrado region in the direct seeding system. The experiment was carried out during two crop seasons (2019/2020 and 2020/2021), under field conditions. The completely randomized blocks experimental design was used, being arranged in a 2x4+1 factorial, with four replicates. Treatments consisted of the combination of the following two periods of nitrogen application: at sowing and recommended (four open leaves of corn and third trefoil in beans); and of the four following types of nitrogen fertilizers: 1. urea + NBPT + Zeolite; 2. urea + B + Cu + Zeolite; 3. Super N; and 4. Urea. Additionally, a control treatment (without N) was included. Nitrogen values for application in the treatments were adjusted so that 150 kg ha-1 N was applied to the corn, cultivated in summer, and 90 kg ha-1 N was applied to the common bean, cultivated in winter. It was concluded that nitrogen sources and period of nitrogen application did not affect corn grain yield, yield components, and common bean grain yield. The application of nitrogen in corn or common bean provided significant increases in crop grain yield.

Coated, Stabilized Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers: Preparation and Effects on Maize Growth and Nitrogen Utilization.

Coated, slow/controlled release, or stabilized enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs) are effective in improving nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) and crop yield. Better performance is expected from coated, stabilized EENFs where urease and nitrification inhibitors are treated in coated fertilizers. Firstly, five coated EENFs with different mass proportions of nature rubber (NR) in coating were prepared: CU0, CU1, CU2, CU3, CU4, and CU5 (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% of NR in coating). The controlled release performance of CU was tested by hydrostatic release test and the microstructure of controlled release urea, so as to screen the optimal addition ratio of NR (ER: NR = 7:3, CU3). Secondly, two coated, stabilized EENFs, CSU1 and CSU2, were prepared with natural rubber-modified epoxy resin (ER: NR = 7:3) as coating material. Seven treatments of different N fertilization were set up: CK (no N fertilization), urea, CU3, SU1, and SU2 (urease and nitrification inhibitors-treated urea fertilizers), CSU1 and CSU2 (urease and nitrification inhibitors-treated natural rubber-modified epoxy resin-coated urea fertilizers). Ammonia volatilization experiment and column leaching experiment showed that compared with conventional urea, NH3 volatilization loss was reduced by 20% and inorganic N leaching loss was reduced by 26% from CSU2, respectively. In the pot experiment, maize grain yield of 162.92 and 206.96 g/pot was achieved by CSU1 and CSU2, respectively, 41 and 79%, respectively, higher than that achieved by conventional urea. SUs treatments were more effective than conventional urea treatment in improving maize grain yield and NUE, but lower than in CSUs. The NUE, nitrogen fertilizer apparent utilization efficiency, partial factor productivity of applied N, and nitrogen utilization efficiency were 46, 30, 46, and 32%, respectively, higher in CSU1 and 58, 62, 58, and 29%, respectively, higher in CSU2 than in the conventional urea treatment. Compared with CSU1, CSU2 had better agronomic effectiveness with a higher NUE. It is recommended that urease and nitrification inhibitors be sandwiched between urea prill and the coating for preparation of novel, environmentally friendly coated, stabilized EENFs with high agronomic effectiveness, high NUE, and low N loss.

Performance of conventional and enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers on potato tuber mineral composition and marketability.

Potato is an essential crop for global food security, and its cultivation requires a significant amount of readily available nitrogen (N) to ensure tuber quality. Therefore, managing N with enhanced-efficiency fertilizers becomes a potential strategy to meet the seasonal potato N demand. A 3 site-years (SYs) study was conducted to assess the marketable attributes and mineral composition of table-stock potato in response to N rates and fertilizers urea, ammonium sulfate and ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) with nitrification inhibitor dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP). At 75% of recommended N rate (RNR), ammonium sulfate and ASN+DMPP ensured marketable tuber yields equivalent to that observed at 100% of RNR. Urea promoted greater tuber K and Mg concentrations than ammonium sulfate and ASN+DMPP. Although inconsistent across SYs, ASN+DMPP generally reduced starch and reducing sugars contents and increased pulp pH and protein content than other fertilizers. Increasing N rates from 50% up to 75% and 100% of RNR increased marketable tuber yields and protein content, whereas soluble solids increased from 50% to 100% of RNR. Conversely, increasing N rates from zero to 75% of RNR reduced tuber firmness, whereas N application reduced tuber P concentration, regardless of N rates. Although ASN+DMPP showed potential for increasing marketable tuber yield and protein content, potatoes receiving ammonium sulfate and ASN+DMPP lowered tuber K and Mg concentrations compared to those receiving urea. Overall, potato tuber quality improvements are N source-specific, demanding strategies under which these fertilizers can ensure/improve tuber nutritional composition along with size quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Application of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers reduces mineral nitrogen usage and emissions of both N2O and NH3 while sustaining yields in a wheat-rice rotation system

The application of nitrification and urease inhibitors with urea can increase the residence time of ammonium (NH4+) in soils and thus reduce nitrogen (N) losses to the environment. We therefore hypothesized that these inhibitors would perform better in enhancing crop yield and lowering nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions in rice preferring NH4+ than in wheat preferring nitrate (NO3–). Additionally, a biostimulant (BS) when co-applied with urea would improve N uptake and thus reduce N loss as well. Thereby, the objective of this two-year field experiment was to evaluate the effects of urease inhibitor (UI) N-(n-butyl) thiophosphorictriamide (NBPT), the new nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole succinic acid (DMPSA), dual inhibitors (UI + NI) (NBPT + DMPSA), and a BS on crop yield and soil N2O and NH3 emissions in a wheat-rice rotation system. Treatments comprised no N fertilizer (Zero-N), urea under conventional practice (CN), and urea at a reduced rate by 20% either alone (RN) or combined with UI, NI, UI + NI, or BS. Averagely, RN treatment decreased N2O and NH3 emissions by 29.9% and 21.7%, respectively, but reduced grain yield and N use efficiency by 13.1% and 16.3%, respectively, compared with the CN treatment, although not always significantly. However, the combined use of RN and UI, NI, UI + NI, or BS resulted in comparable grain yield and N use efficiency but with lesser N2O and NH3 emissions by 56.4% and 36.1%, respectively averaged across treatments compared with CN treatment. We demonstrated that both inhibitors performed better in reducing N2O and NH3 emissions in rice than in wheat. Overall, we propose that the application of NBPT, DMPSA, and BS could be an effective strategy to mitigate gaseous N pollution while sustaining crop yields in the wheat-rice rotation system.

Maize production and nitrous oxide emissions from enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers

Maize production and nitrous oxide emissions from enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers

Modeling nitrous oxide mitigation potential of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers from agricultural systems

Agriculture soils are responsible for a large proportion of global nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions—a potent greenhouse gas and ozone depleting substance. Enhanced-efficiency nitrogen (N) fertilizers (EENFs) can reduce N2O emission from N-fertilized soils, but their effect varies considerably due to a combination of factors, including climatic conditions, edaphic characteristics and management practices. In this study, we further developed the DayCent ecosystem model to simulate two EENFs: controlled-release N fertilizers (CRNFs) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and evaluated their N2O mitigation potentials. We implemented a Bayesian calibration method using the sampling importance resampling (SIR) algorithm to derive a joint posterior distribution of model parameters that was informed by N2O flux measurements from corn production systems a network of experimental sites within the GRACEnet program. The joint posterior distribution can be applied to estimate predictions of N2O reduction factors when EENFs are adopted in place of conventional urea-based N fertilizer. The resulting median reduction factors were − 11.9% for CRNFs (ranging from −51.7% and 0.58%) and − 26.7% for NIs (ranging from −61.8% to 3.1%), which is comparable to the measured reduction factors in the dataset. By incorporating EENFs, the DayCent ecosystem model is able to simulate a broader suite of options to identify best management practices for reducing N2O emissions.

Nitrous oxide emissions from enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers applied to annual crops in a subtropical ecosystem

Nitrous oxide emissions from enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilizers applied to annual crops in a subtropical ecosystem

Effects of Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers on Soil Microbial Biomass and Respiration in Tropical Soil Under Upland Rice Cultivation

While over-use of N fertilizers can suppress microbial biomass, application of urease inhibitors is known to be a potential way to rebuilt microbial diversity and improve soil functions. However, the hypothesis of this study is that the application of N fertilizers regardless of the source would increase soil microbial biomass and reduce soil respiration. A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of enhanced-efficiency N sources on soil microbial biomass, and soil respiration. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design in a 3 &amp;times; 4 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Treatments comprised three sources (conventional uncoated urea, NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide)-treated urea, and polymer-coated urea) and four rates (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1) of N, in addition to a control treatment (no fertilizer application). Microbial biomass C (MBC) and microbial biomass N (MBN), and soil respiration (C-CO2 and qCO2) were determined in upland rice rhizosphere in each crop season. Responses of soil microbial properties to N fertilization were dependent on the N rates, but no significant effect of the N sources was observed. All measured parameters, except MBC in the first season and C-CO2 in the second season, were increased with increasing N rates. However, the application of N higher than 60 kg ha-1 suppressed soil microbial biomass, as well as soil respiration. &amp;nbsp;Therefore, the lack of response by added urease inhibitors to the N sources indicate that optimizing N rates for upland rice production is a far more effective option for improving soil microbial community than using enhanced-efficiency N sources.

Modelling of N2O emissions from a maize crop after the application of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilisers

ABSTRACT Emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) can be reduced using enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EEFs), such as urease inhibitors and coating technologies. In this study, we evaluated the potential of EEFs to reduce N2O emissions in maize in a clayey Inceptisol subjected to no-till management under summer subtropical conditions, in southern Brazil. The EEF sources used included urea containing N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (UR-NBPT), polymer-coated urea (UR-pol), in addition common urea (UR), nitrate (CN) and control treatment without the application of nitrogen fertilizer. N2O emissions were assessed using the static chamber method during one maize season and analyzed through non-linear regression, using a logistic model. The accumulated emission was 0.817, 0.613, 0.457 and 0.393 kg N2O ha−1, for CN, UR, UR-pol and UR-NBPT, respectively. The maximum daily emission of N2O did not vary between amidic forms, however for CN it occurred on the 4th day after application (DAA), while for urea forms it occurred on average at 5.3 DAA. The average N2O emission factor (FE-N2O) was 0.51%, approximately half the standard factor proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is 1%. The application of nitrogen increased the maize yield in relation to the control, but the sources of nitrogen did not differ, with an average yield of 10,455 kg ha−1. Based on our findings, the use of UR-NBPT and UR-pol in subtropical agroecosystems provides environmental benefits, by reducing N2O emissions in comparison with conventional nitrogen fertilizers (CN and UR), however, the EEFs did not offer agronomic advantages in maize yield.

Reducing N2O emissions with enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs) in a high-yielding spring maize system.

Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers (EENFs), including nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and slow-release fertilizer (SRF), are considered promising approaches for mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions while improving crop yield. This study investigated the combined application of EENFs with improved water and fertilizer management in an intensively irrigated spring maize rotation over five years in Northwestern China. High-frequency measurements of N2O fluxes were made throughout each year (both during crop growth and the fallow season) in five treatments: no N fertilizer as a control (CK), conventional N fertilization and irrigation (Con), optimum N fertilization and irrigation (Opt, 33% reduction in N fertilizer and 25% reduction of irrigation water), optimum N fertilization and irrigation with nitrification inhibitor (Opt+NI), and optimum N fertilization and irrigation with slow-release fertilizer (Opt-SRF). Annual mean cumulative N2O emissions reached 0.31±0.07, 3.66±0.19, 1.87±0.16, 1.23±0.13, and 1.61±0.16kg N2O-N ha-1 for CK, Con, Opt, Opt+NI, and Opt-SRF, respectively, with annual mean nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of 36, 54, 61 and 59% for Con, Opt, Opt+NI, and Opt-SRF, respectively. The Opt, Opt+NI and Opt-SRF treatments significantly reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 49%, 66%, and 56% (P<0.05), respectively, and increased NUE by 51%, 70%, and 66% (P<0.05), respectively, relative to Con. However, mean above-ground N uptake (288-309kgN ha-1) and mean grain yields (12.7-12.8Mgha-1) did not differ significantly between the Con, Opt, Opt+NI, and Opt-SRF treatments during the five-year study. High N2O emissions mainly occurred within a few days of fertilization with irrigation, which could have been produced by microbially-mediated nitrifier or nitrifier denitrification processes. The fallow seasons had significantly lower cumulative N2O emissions, which were mainly attributed to the low temperature, low N inputs of crop residues, and low soil moisture conditions. Our study clearly indicated that the combined application of EENFs with optimum N fertilization and irrigation management can reduce environmental impacts while maintaining high crop yields in dryland regions such as Northwest China.

Yield Response of Upland Rice as Influenced by Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilizers in the Brazilian Cerrado

Nitrogen (N) fertilizers have their use efficiency adversely affected by the rate and source of N. A two-year field experiment was conducted to examine the yield response of upland rice by using NBPT (urease inhibitor), PCU (polymer-coated urea) and uncoated urea under different N application rates. It was hypothesized that either NPBT or PCU may result in increased yield components of upland rice when compared to conventional urea. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design in a 3 &amp;times; 4 + 1 factorial scheme, with four replicates. Treatments comprised three sources (conventional uncoated urea, NBPT-treated urea, and polymer-coated urea) and four rates (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1) of N, in addition to a control treatment (no fertilizer application). Nitrogen fertilizers were applied in two split doses: 50% at the seedling stage, and 50% at the tillering stage (~80 days after planting). The results revealed that the use of enhanced-efficiency N sources increased the productivity and plant height of upland rice crop when compared to conventional urea. As compared to when it is untreated or polymner-coated, treating urea with NBPT resulted in increased 100-grain weight.

Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers were not effective in reducing N2O emissions from a drip-irrigated cotton field in arid region of Northwestern China

Drip irrigation is an effective water-saving strategy for crop production in arid regions. However, limited information is available on how fertilizer nitrogen (N) management affects soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission under drip irrigation. A two-year (2017–2018) field experiment was conducted in arid northwestern China to test management options of fertilizer N to reduce N2O emission and improve NUE of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under drip irrigation. Treatment included a factorial design of rate (120, 240 kg N ha−1) and source of N fertilizer (Urea, polymer-coated urea-ESN, stabilized urea with nitrification and urease inhibitors-SuperU), and an unfertilized Control. Urea was split-applied with irrigation water (fertigation) whereas ESN and SuperU were all side-banded at pre-plant. Crop yield and N uptake, soil mineral N concentrations, soil temperature and moisture, and N2O fluxes were determined. Across the two growing seasons, a single pre-plant application with ESN or SuperU significantly increased growing season cumulative N2O emissions (ƩN2O) by 29–47% and applied N-scaled emission factor (EF) by 57–83% compared to urea fertigation, irrespectively of application rate. In contrast, cotton yield, agronomic NUE, apparent N recovery (ANR), and yield-based N2O emission intensity (EI) were not affected by N source. Reducing N rate from 240 to 120 kg N ha−1 significantly decreased ƩN2O by 35% in 2017 and 36% in 2018 while simultaneously reduced cotton yield in both years. The increased N2O emissions with ESN and SuperU were attributed to greater availability of inorganic N resulted from one-time application at pre-plant and higher soil temperature. We concluded that fertigation with urea at the recommended rate is the best option to ensure agronomic productively and agronomic NUE with minimal risk of N2O emissions. In contrast, the benefit of enhanced efficiency N fertilizer is limited and recommendation on using of these products is challenging for arid croplands under drip irrigation.