EGPRS Research Articles

Development of PCCNN-Based Network Intrusion Detection System for EDGE Computing

Intrusion Detection System (IDS) plays a crucial role in detecting and identifying the DoS and DDoS type of attacks on IoT devices. However, anomaly-based techniques do not provide acceptable accuracy for efficacious intrusion detection. Also, we found many difficulty levels when applying IDS to IoT devices for identifying attempted attacks. Given this background, we designed a solution to detect intrusions using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Computing. We created two separate categories to handle the attack and non-attack events in the system. The findings of this study indicate that this approach was significantly effective. We attempted both multiclass and binary classification. In the case of binary, we clustered all malicious traffic data in a single class. Also, we developed 13 layers of Sequential 1-D CNN for IDS detection and assessed them on the public dataset NSL-KDD. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was implemented to decrease the size of the feature vector based on feature extraction and engineering. The approach proposed in the current investigation obtained accuracies of 99.34% and 99.13% for binary and multiclass classification, respectively, for the NSL-KDD dataset. The experimental outcomes showed that the proposed Principal Component-based Convolution Neural Network (PCCNN) approach achieved greater precision based on deep learning and has potential use in modern intrusion detection for IoT systems.

Bluetooth/GSM Based Android Controlled Robot

The project aims in designing a robot that can be operated using Android Apps. The controlling of the Robot is done wirelessly through Android smart phone using the Bluetooth module feature present in it. Here in the project the Android smart phone is used as a remote control for operating the Robot. Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Android boasts a healthy array of connectivity options, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and wireless data over a cellular connection (for example, GPRS, EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), and 3G). Android provides access to a wide range of useful libraries and tools that can be used to build rich applications. Bluetooth is an open standard specification for a radio frequency (RF)-based, short-range connectivity technology that promises to change the face of computing and wireless communication. It is designed to be an inexpensive, wireless networking system for all classes of portable devices, such as laptops, PDAs (personal digital assistants), and mobile phones. The controlling device of the whole system is a Microcontroller. Bluetooth module, DC motors are interfaced to the Microcontroller. The data received by the Bluetooth module from Android smart phone is fed as input to the controller. The controller acts accordingly on the DC motors of the Robot. The robot in the project can be made to move in all the four directions using the Android phone. The direction of the robot is indicated using LED indicators of the Robot system. In achieving the task, the controller is loaded with a program written using Embedded ‘C’ language.

Single Antenna Interference Cancellation for GSM/VAMOS/EDGE Using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="TeX">$L_{p}$</tex-math></inline-formula>-Norm Detection and Decoding

Different schemes for single antenna interference cancellation (SAIC) in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) have been proposed so far. Most of these schemes work best in synchronous interference environments and are limited to Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) modulation. In this paper, we propose several modifications of the conventional GSM receiver, which target the harmful effects of asynchronous co-channel interference (ACCI). Based on the observation that the impairment caused by ACCI cannot be modeled as additive Gaussian noise, which was assumed for the derivation of the metric used in state-of-the-art receivers, we propose modeling the impairment as Generalized Gaussian noise (GGN). This leads to modifications of the conventional branch metrics of the reduced-state equalizer and the decoder employed at the receiver. Both proposed modifications are applicable to any linear modulation alphabet and do not require any modification of the GSM air interface. Hence, the proposed novel branch metrics are also applicable in Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) systems which employ 8-ary phase-shift keying (8-PSK) modulation and where the SAIC algorithms tailored for GMSK cannot be used. Furthermore, we show that the proposed branch metric modifications also improve the performance of the new Voice Services over Adaptive Multiuser channels on One Slot (VAMOS) extension of GSM in ACCI environments. Based on simulation results, the performance of the proposed schemes is compared with that of an unmodified receiver employing the conventional Gaussian metric. We show that the proposed receivers outperform the unmodified receiver in ACCI environments and discuss the complexity entailed by the proposed branch metric modifications.

Assessment of Uplink Time Difference Of Arrival (U-TDOA) Position Location Method in Urban Area and Highway in Mosul City_ENG

The aim of this paper is the assessment of the performance of U-TDOA Position Location (PL) method on a UMTS cellular system in Mosul city, Iraq. The study area is a (3×3 km) which covers the University of Mosul campus. Simulation is used to study and evaluate the performance of U-TDOA PL method in urban area and on a highway inside the city. The effect of terrain, multipath, signal to noise ratio (SNR), Geometric Dilution Of Precision (GDOP), shadowing and the configuration of base stations on the positioning accuracy are investigated. The study is conducted on a real coordinates with the distribution of UMTS BSs as the same existing 2.5 Generation Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)Asiacell operator. Keywords: U-TDOA, Position Location, UMTS.

Optimization of Core Network Router for Telecommunication Exchange

The operation of Core Router is to restrict Network Broadcast to the LAN, to act as default gateway, to move data between different networks and to advertise loop free Path. The technology of Wifi, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), GPRS (General Packet Radio Services), EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates For GSM Evolution), EV-DO (Evolution Data Optimized) which are used for remote data access. A Router must be able to support multiple telecommunications interfaces of the highest speed in use in the core Internet and must be able to forward IP packets at full speed on all of them. It must also support the routing protocols being used in the core. In telephone system, Core Routers installed on the network are used as carriers to carry data from traffic sources to sinks. The optimization formulation based on Telecommunication network to obtain an optimal decision for the Core Router on whether to accept packets from a traffic source. This decision is made to maximize the reward of data delivery while the quality-of-service performance is guaranteed. From the performance evaluation, a Core Router with network optimization can achieve the highest reward while the maximum packet-blocking probability requirements met. The Core Router is a cell-site access platform specifically designed to optimize, aggregate and transport mixed-generation Radio Access Network (RAN) traffic. It is used at a cell site as part of an IP-RAN or Cell Site DCN solution. An IP RAN solution in which the Core Router extends IP connectivity to the cell site and Base Transceiver Station (BTS), through a Fast Ethernet interface to the BTS, the router provides bandwidth-efficient IP transport of voice and data bearer traffic, as well as maintenance, control and signaling traffic over the IP using traditional circuits.

Analysis and Optimization Performance of the QOS in GSM/EDGE Networks(English)

The aim of this paper is to analysis and optimizes the efficiency of the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Quality of Service (QoS) profilewhich is used for Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context in data transfer over GSM/EDGE networks.Two software tools were used in the practical part: the first one is a Subscriber Management Unit client (SMU/9820) from HUAWEI Technologies Co., Ltd. that is a real time system for mobile network management in HUAWEI Home Location Register (HLR); the second is a DUMETER 5.02, which monitors the network traffic and displays a real time charts. The practical part has been achieved in Asia cell telecommunications Company in three different cities; Mosul, Duhok and Erbil: each one in three levels; the first level is the analysis of available QoS in the network, based on the default profile which depended by the network. However, 24 testing have been recorded; this testing has been repeated for three cities. In second level a hundreds of tests and optimization implemented on tens of QoS and PDP parameters in order to reach better data rate. Final level includes the implementation of the proposed profileswhich resulted from second level. Finally, the proposal profiles improved the performance of the QoS which reflected the gains of 34% in average data rate in the three cities. Keywords: HLR, GSM, QOS, ED

A Linear Assisted DC/DC Converter for Envelope Tracking and Envelope Elimination and Restoration Applications

In recent years, there has been a great deal of focus on the development of fast and efficient dc/dc converters in an effort to follow the envelope of communication signals for increasing the efficiency of RF power amplifiers by using techniques such as envelope tracking and envelope elimination and restoration. However, the bandwidth and slew rate required by modern communication signals are higher than the maximum ones achievable by switching dc/dc converters made for this purpose. The slew rate of these switching dc/dc converters can be improved by combining it with the use of a linear stage, thus establishing a trade-off between slew rate and overall efficiency. This paper presents a simple way of combining the use of both a switching dc/dc converter, the multiple input buck converter, and a linear stage to obtain slew rates above 100 V/μs, with a moderate decrease in the overall efficiency [81% efficiency tracking the envelope of an enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) standard signal]. Finally, a prototype of the complete system (including the digital control for both stages) is presented in this paper.

A blind equalization algorithm for biological signals transmission

Direct transmission of biological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG) and electroencephalogram (EEG) through mobile network provides practically unlimited movement of the patients and unlimited coverage area. However, transmission of such signals over a bandlimited channel or through a multipath propagation is subject to inter symbol interference (ISI), whereby adjacent symbols on the output of the channel smear and overlap each other causing degradation of error performance. Mitigation of such kind of distortion can be achieved through equalization filter. Recently an adaptive blind channel equalization using sinusoidally-distributed dithered signed-error constant modulus algorithm (DSE-CMA) has been proposed. In this paper we investigate the performance and the feasibility of this scheme for wireless ECG and EEG transmission. Also, this paper discusses the importance of adaptive blind equalizer for biological signals transmission over existing wireless networks such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). The geometrical-based hyperbolically distributed scatterers (GBHDS) channel model for macrocell environments was simulated with angular spreads (AS) taken from measurement data. Simulation results show that the low complexity of implementation and the fast convergence rate are the major advantages of deploying this scheme for telemedicine applications. It is also shown that the equalizer output signal is highly correlated with the original transmitted signal in time and joint time-frequency domains.

Phase Predistortion of a Class-D Outphasing RF Amplifier in 90 nm CMOS

This brief presents a behavioral model structure and a model-based phase-only predistortion method that are suitable for outphasing RF amplifiers. The predistortion method is based on a model of the amplifier with a constant gain factor and phase rotation for each outphasing signal, and a predistorter with phase rotation only. The method has been used for enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) and wideband code-division multiple-access (WCDMA) signals applied to a Class-D outphasing RF amplifier with an on-chip transformer used for power combining in 90-nm CMOS. The measured peak power at 2 GHz was +10.3 dBm with a drain efficiency and power-added efficiency of 39% and 33%, respectively. For an EDGE 8 phase-shift-keying (8-PSK) signal with a phase error of 3° between the two input outphasing signals, the measured power at 400 kHz offset was -65.9 dB with predistortion, compared with -53.5 dB without predistortion. For a WCDMA signal with the same phase error between the input signals, the measured adjacent channel leakage ratio at 5-MHz offset was -50.2 dBc with predistortion, compared with -38.0 dBc without predistortion.

A cascode modulated class-E power amplifier for wireless communications

A cascode modulated CMOS class-E power amplifier (PA) is presented in this paper. It is shown that by applying a modulated signal to the gate of the cascode transistor the output power is modulated. The main advantage of the proposed technique is a high 35dB output power dynamic range. The peak power added efficiency (PAE) is 35%. The concept of the cascode power control of class-E RF PA operating at 2.2GHz with 18dBm output power was implemented in a 0.18μm CMOS technology and the performance has been verified by measurements. The prototype CMOS PA is tested by single tone excitation and by enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) modulated signal. Digital predistortion is used to linearize the transfer characteristic. The EDGE spectrum mask is met and the rms error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 4° in the entire output power range.

A Time-Domain Resolution Improvement of an RF-DAC

We propose a time-domain technique that significantly improves resolution of an RF digital-to-analog converter (RF-DAC). As an alternative to resorting to various resolution improvement attempts in the amplitude domain or through quantization noise shaping, pulsewidth modulation (PWM) of a single least significant bit device is employed with fine timing accuracy easily afforded by advanced CMOS technology. The technique is examined in the context of a commercial Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) polar transmitter realized in 65-nm CMOS, which employs an amplitude modulator with basic 10-bit amplitude resolution limited by the RF-DAC switching device mismatches. Behavioral simulations include realistic device mismatches and show worst-case resolution improvement of 2.2 bits assuming 20-ps worst-case time granularity of the PWM signal controls.

Transmission algorithm for video streaming over cellular networks

2.5G and 3G cellular networks are becoming more widespread and the need for value added services increases rapidly. One of the key services that operators seek to provide is streaming of rich multimedia content. However, network characteristics make the use of streaming applications very difficult with an unacceptable quality of service (QoS). The 3GPP standardization body has standardized streaming services that will benefit operators and users. There is a need for a mechanism that will enable a good quality multimedia streaming that uses the 3GPP standard. This paper describes an adaptive streaming algorithm that uses the 3GPP standard. It improves significantly the QoS in varying network conditions while monitoring its performance using queueing methodologies. The algorithm utilizes the available buffers on the route of the streaming data in a unique way that guarantees high QoS. The system is analytically modeled: the streaming server, the cellular network and the cellular client are modeled as cascaded buffers and the data is sequentially streamed between them. The proposed Adaptive streaming algorithm (ASA) controls these buffers' occupancy levels by controlling the transmission and the encoding rates of the streaming server to achieve high QoS for the streaming. It overcomes the inherent fluctuations of the network bandwidth. The algorithm was tested on General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) networks. The results showed substantial improvements over other standard streaming methods used today.

Design of Highly Efficient Wideband RF Polar Transmitters Using the Envelope-Tracking Technique

This paper discusses the design issues of highly efficient and monolithic wideband RF polar transmitters, especially the ones that use the envelope-tracking (ET) technique. Besides first reviewing the current state-of-the-art polar transmitters in the literature, three focus topics will be discussed: 1) the system-on-a-chip (SoC) design considerations of the monolithic polar transmitter using ET versus EER (envelope elimination and restoration); 2) the design of highly efficient envelope amplifier capable of achieving the high efficiency, current, bandwidth, accuracy and noise specifications required for wideband signals; and 3) the design of high-efficiency monolithic Si-based class E power amplifiers (PAs) suitable for ET-based RF polar transmitters. A design prototype of a polar transmitter using ET and a monolithic SiGe PA that passed the stringent low-band EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) transmit mask with 45% overall transmitter system efficiency will be given; the simulated data of the entire polar transmitter system is also compared against the measurement. Further investigations on how to solve the technical challenges to successfully implement linear and high-efficiency ET-based polar transmitter for broadband wireless applications such as WiBro/WiMAX are also discussed.

A Novel Approach for Joint Radio Resource Management Based on Fuzzy Neural Methodology

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, an innovative mechanism to perform joint radio resource management (JRRM) in the context of heterogeneous radio access networks is introduced. In particular, a fuzzy neural algorithm that is able to ensure certain quality-of-service (QoS) constraints in a multicell scenario deployment with three different radio access technologies (RATs), namely, the wireless local area network (WLAN), the universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), and the global system for mobile communications (GSM)/Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) radio access network (GERAN), is discussed. The proposed fuzzy neural JRRM algorithm is able to jointly manage the common available radio resources operating in two steps. The first step selects a suitable combination of cells built around the three available RATs, while the second step chooses the most appropriate RAT to which a user should be attached. A proper granted bit rate is also selected for each user in the second step. Different implementations are presented and compared, showing that the envisaged fuzzy neural methodology framework, which is able to cope with the complexities and uncertainties of heterogeneous scenarios, could be a promising choice. Furthermore, simulation results show that the reinforcement learning mechanisms introduced in the proposed JRRM methodology allow guaranteeing the QoS requirement in terms of the so-called user dissatisfaction probability in the presence of different traffic loads and under different dynamic situations. Also, the proposed framework is able to take into consideration different operator policies as well as different subjective criteria by means of a multiple decision-making mechanism, such as balancing the traffic among the RATs or giving more priority to the selection of one RAT in front of another one. </para>

Fast Time-Varying Dispersive Channel Estimation and Equalization for an 8-PSK Cellular System

In this paper, a novel channel-estimation scheme for an 8-PSK enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) system with fast time-varying and frequency-selective fading channels is presented. Via a mathematical derivation and simulation results, the channel impulse response (CIR) of the fast fading channel is modeled as a linear function of time during a radio burst in the EDGE system. Therefore, a least-squares-based method is proposed along with the modified burst structure for time-varying channel estimation. Given that the pilot-symbol blocks are located at the front and the end of the data block, the LS-based method is able to estimate the parameters of the time-varying CIR accurately using a linear interpolation. The proposed time-varying estimation algorithm does not cause an error floor that existed in the adaptive algorithms due to a nonideal channel tracking. Besides, the time-varying CIR in the EDGE system is not in its minimum-phase form, as is required for low-complexity reduced-state equalization methods. In order to maintain a good system performance, a Cholesky-decomposition method is introduced in front of the reduced-state equalizer to transform the time-varying CIR into its minimum-phase equivalent form. Via simulation results, it is shown that the proposed algorithm is very well suited for the time-varying channel estimation and equalization, and a good bit-error-rate performance is achieved even at high Doppler frequencies up to 300 Hz with a low complexity

Low-complexity iterative equalization for EDGE with bidirectional processing

We present a new and simple iterative equalization scheme for the enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE) wireless system. This scheme can significantly reduce the number of trellis states in a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) equalizer via delayed decision-feedback (DDF) approach. Relying on the mechanism of decision feedback in the DDF trellis, bidirectional processing can be applied to exploit the time diversity of the received signal bursts for a more reliable equalizer output. With mild increase in computational complexity over the more traditional single-directional (Si) DDF turbo equalizer, the bidirectional turbo equalizer can achieve a significant performance gain.

Optimization of Half-Rate Codec Assignment in GERAN

Half-Rate (HR) channel coding can be used to deal with temporary traffic peaks in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)/Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Networks. Since operators have to pay for the use of HR codecs, the number of transceivers on which HR can be used is normally limited. An algorithm that optimizes the assignment of a limited number of HR codecs in a network is presented. The final solution obtained with the greedy algorithm proposed has proved to be optimal. Subsequent application of the algorithm in a real environment shows significant performance benefits in terms of network congestion reduction in comparison to the current approach used by network operators.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)—Enhanced Data Rates for UMTS Evolution

The increasing demand for capacity in order to provide high data-rate multimedia services in wireless environments necessitates enhanced radio transmission techniques and network protocol functionality. Such techniques have to be added to already existing mobile cellular networks, e.g., as provided by Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). For 3rd generation UMTS networks based on WCDMA, High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is being introduced to meet this demand and to improve spectral efficiency. This technique is based on well-known Link Adaptation (LA) by using various modulation and coding schemes and with this realising several different data rates for downlink transmission. Moreover, fast scheduling techniques based on shortened radio frames enable efficient and flexible sharing of the radio resources among different users and services. This article gives a detailed overview on the integration of HSDPA in UMTS networks and provides a detailed performance evaluation for a realistic scenario comprising a multi-cellular environment with various types of applications.

Quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE polar loop transmitter

An enhanced data-rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) transmitter using a nonlinear GSM-type PA is presented. It is based on a novel polar loop architecture that employs separate feedback control of the amplitude and the phase of the output signal. With this approach, the problems with AM-to-PM as well as AM-to-AM of the nonlinear PA are essentially eliminated. In addition, this architecture allows for a large dynamic output power control range, as required by the GSM specification. The transmitter uses a standard I/Q interface and does not require the extraction of amplitude and phase modulation in the digital domain. The dual feedback loop ensures robust performance even under voltage-standing wave ratio variations without using an isolator. No external PA filtering is required to meet the transmitter noise in the receive band. The EDGE spectral mask is met with an rms error vector magnitude of <3% at 29 dBm at the antenna, corresponding to 2 dB above nominal maximum output power. There is no mode change between GMSK and EDGE, and the transmitter operates seamlessly in multislot Enhanced General Packet Radio Service. The polar modulation transmitter meets or exceeds the GSM-type approval requirements for both EDGE and GMSK in quad band (850/900/1800/1900 MHz).

Equalization Concepts for Alamouti's Space–Time Block Code

In this paper, we develop receiver concepts for transmission with space-time block codes (STBCs) over frequency-selective fading channels. The focus lies on Alamouti's space-time block-coding scheme, but the results may be generalized to other STBCs as well. We show that a straightforward combination of conventional equalizers and a space-time block decoder is only possible if at least as many receive antennas as transmit antennas are employed, but not for the practically interesting case of pure transmit diversity, for which space-time coding had been originally developed. This restriction is circumvented by our approach. Here, the structural properties of the transmit signal of space-time block coding, which is shown to be improper (rotationally variant), are fully used. For this, equalizers with widely linear (WL) processing are designed, such as a WL equalizer, a decision-feedback equalizer with WL feedforward and feedback filtering, and a delayed decision-feedback sequence estimator with WL prefiltering. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed concepts may be successfully employed in an enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) receiver, especially for pure transmit diversity. Here, significant gains can be observed, compared with a conventional single-input single-output transmission.