Enhance Sports Performance Research Articles

A comprehensive instrument for evaluating advanced volleyball techniques in sport science students: design, reliability, and validity

Background: The enhancement of sports performance, particularly in volleyball, relies on the use of valid and well-developed measurement tests. Numerous studies have thus developed tests tailored to different skill levels to accurately assess athletes' abilities. However, the existing instruments for measuring volleyball techniques have yet to fully address the needs of advanced levels, especially in assessing technical skills among sports science students at the advanced stage. Purpose: This study aims to develop a comprehensive volleyball skill assessment instrument for advanced-level sports students, focusing on four key techniques: serving, underhand passing, overhand passing, and spiking. The instrument underwent rigorous testing to ensure its validity and reliability, with particular attention to construct validity across different phases and indicators. Methods: The study used a development research design based on the Plomp model, involving 51 male students from the Advanced Volleyball Course at Universitas Negeri Padang. Five expert judges assessed the instrument's feasibility before implementation. The research process included preliminary research, prototyping, and assessment phases. Expert opinions were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire via the Delphi technique. Validity and reliability were analyzed using SPSS version 25, focusing on internal and external validity coefficients and Cronbach's Alpha. Results: The instrument showed high reliability, with Cronbach's Alpha values consistently above 0.87. Construct validity tests confirmed the assessment's validity, with scores indicating a strong correlation between evaluated indicators and overall skill proficiency. Conclusion: The developed instrument is a reliable and valid tool for assessing advanced volleyball skills, offering a standardized method for educators and coaches to evaluate and enhance sports science students' performance. The study highlights the importance of phase-by-phase analysis in skill assessment for more effective volleyball training programs.

β-Hydroxy β-Methyl Butyric Acid (HMB) and Its Potential Doping Relevance: A Pilot Study on Its Urinary Excretion Profile.

β-hydroxy β-methyl butyric acid (HMB), either as the free acid or in the form of its calcium salt, is a component of several dietary supplements marketed to enhance sports performance, due to its role in protein synthesis. In this pilot study, we investigated the urinary excretion profile of HMB, an endogenous metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine. The endogenous reference ranges of HMB, in human urine samples, were monitored by collecting samples from 20 volunteers. Data obtained were compared with those from controlled excretion studies, following the intake of a 3-g oral dose of HMB. Urine samples were analyzed through a targeted procedure employing a conventional GC-MS system operating in SIM mode. Our results show that the excreted urinary concentration of HMB significantly exceeds the range of endogenous concentrations for at least 24 h, making possible to detect its exogenous origin.

Physical Exercise and the Gut Microbiome: A Bidirectional Relationship Influencing Health and Performance.

Background/Objectives: The human gut microbiome is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms that can influence our health and exercise habits. On the other hand, physical exercise can also impact our microbiome, affecting our health. Our narrative review examines the bidirectional relationship between physical activity and the gut microbiome, as well as the potential for targeted probiotic regimens to enhance sports performance. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review to select articles published up till January 2024 on the topics of physical exercise, sports, probiotics, and gut microbiota from major scientific databases, incorporating over 100 studies. Results: We found that the impact of physical activity on the gut microbiome varies with the type and intensity of exercise. Moderate exercise promotes a healthy immune system, while high-intensity exercise for a long duration can cause a leaky gut and consequent systemic inflammation, which may disrupt the microbial balance. Combining aerobic and resistance training significantly affects bacterial diversity, linked to a lower prevalence of chronic metabolic disorders. Furthermore, exercise enhances gut microbiome diversity, increases SCFA production, improves nutrient utilization, and modulates neural and hormonal pathways, improving gut barrier integrity. Our findings also showed probiotic supplementation is associated with decreased inflammation, enhanced sports performance, and fewer gastrointestinal disturbances, suggesting that the relationship between the gut microbiome and physical activity is mutually influential. Conclusions: The bidirectional relationship between physical activity and the gut microbiome is exemplified by how exercise can promote beneficial bacteria while a healthy gut microbiome can potentially enhance exercise ability through various mechanisms. These findings underscore the importance of adding potential tailored exercise regimens and probiotic supplementation that consider individual microbiome profiles into exercise programs.

Are caffeine effects equivalent between different modes of administration: the acute effects of 3 mg.kg-1 caffeine on the muscular strength and power of male university Rugby Union players.

There is growing interest in the potential of alternative modes of caffeine administration for enhancing sports performance. Given that alternative modes may evoke improved physical performance via distinct mechanisms, effects may not be comparable and studies directly comparing the erogenicity of alternative modes of caffeine administration are lacking. To address this knowledge gap, the present study evaluated the effect of 3 mg·kg-1 caffeine delivered in anhydrous form via capsule ingestion, chewing gum or mouth rinsing on measures of muscular strength, power, and strength endurance in male Rugby Union players. Twenty-seven participants completed the study (Mean ± SD: Age 20 ± 2 yrs; daily caffeine consumption 188 ± 88 mg). Following assessments and reassessment of chest press (CP), shoulder press (SP), Deadlift (DL), and Squat (SQ) 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and familiarization to the experimental procedures, participants completed six experimental trials where they were administered 3 mg.kg-1 caffeine (Caff) or placebo (Plac) capsule(CAP), chewing gum(GUM) or mouth rinse(RINSE) in a randomized, double-blind and counterbalanced fashion prior to force platform assessment of countermovement jump, drop jump and isometric mid-thigh pull performance. Strength endurance was measured across two sets of CP, SP, DL, and SQ at 70% 1RM until failure. Pre-exercise perceptions of motivation and arousal were also determined. Caffeine increased perceived readiness to invest mental effort (p = .038; ηp2=.156), countermovement jump height (p = .035; ηp2=.160) and SQ repetitions until failure in the first set (p < .001; d = .481), but there was no effect of delivery mode (p > .687; ηp2<.015). Readiness to invest physical effort, felt arousal, drop jump height, countermovement jump, drop jump and isometric mid-thigh pull ground reaction force-time characteristics and repetitions until failure in CP, SP and DL were not affected by caffeine administration or mode of caffeine delivery (p > .0.052; ηp2< .136). 3 mg.kg-1 caffeine administered via capsule, gum or mouth rinse had limited effects on muscular strength, power, and strength endurance. Small effects of caffeine on CMJ height could not be explained by changes in specific ground reaction force-time characteristics and were not transferable to DJ performance, and effects specific to the SQ RTP exercise underpin the complexity in understanding effects of caffeine on muscular function. Novel modes of caffeine administration proposed to evoke benefits via distinct mechanisms did not offer unique effects, and the small number of effects demonstrated may have little translation to a single performance trial when data examining direct comparison of each caffeine vehicle compared against a mode matched placebo is considered.

Metabolic characteristics of ischaemic preconditioning induced performance improvement in Taekwondo athletes using LC‒MS/MS-based plasma metabolomics.

In recent years, ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has garnered significant attention in sports research. While IPC has demonstrated positive effects in high-intensity sports such as judo and swimming, its potential benefits for enhancing the performance of Taekwondo athletes have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of IPC on taekwondo performance and to observe the metabolic characteristics associated with enhancing sports performance via LC‒MS/MS-based plasma metabolomics. Seventeen participants underwent the repeated frequency speed of kick test (FSKT) after IPC, along with pre- and post-exercise plasma metabolite analysis. Differential abundance metabolite analysis, enriched pathway analysis, and weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGNCA) were employed to delve into metabolic characteristics. The findings highlighted a significant enhancement in FSKT performance in the experimental group. Metabolomic analysis revealed 109 differentially abundant metabolites, including Dl-lactate, hypoxanthine, acetylcarnitine, and acetylsalicylic acid. Enriched pathway analysis revealed pathways such as pentose and glucuronic acid interconversion, ascorbic acid and aldonic acid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and the Warburg effect. In conclusion, IPC can significantly increase the specific athletic abilities of Taekwondo athletes, with enhancements linked to anaerobic metabolism, PPP utilization, the Warburg effect for energy production, redox system stability, reduced muscle fatigue, and pain alleviation.

Quadriceps Architectural Adaptations in Team Sports Players: A Meta-analysis.

Resistance training is the most effective strategy to modify muscle architecture, enhancing sport performance and reducing injury risk. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high loads (HL) versus lower loads (LL), maximal versus submaximal efforts, and high frequency (HF) versus low frequency (LF) on quadriceps architectural adaptations in team sports players. Five databases were searched. Vastus lateralis thickness, fascicle length and pennation angle, and rectus femoris thickness were analyzed as main outcomes. Overall, resistance training significantly improved muscle thickness and pennation angle, but not fascicle length. LL led to greater fascicle length adaptations in the vastus lateralis compared to HL (p=0.01), while no substantial differences were found for other load comparisons. Degree of effort and training frequency did not show meaningful differences (p>0.05). In conclusion, LL lengthen the fascicle to a greater extent than HL, and training with LL twice a week could maximize architectural adaptations, whereas the degree of effort does not appear to be a determinant variable on quadriceps architectural adaptations.

Determining the respiratory functions and isometric strength differences among recreational athletes and non-athletes: a cross-sectional analysis

Understanding the differences in respiratory functions and isometric strength between recreational athletes and non-athletes has a significant importance in the fields of Sports science, exercise physiology, and performance enhancement. The purpose of this study was to determine the respiratory functions and isometric strength differences among recreational athletes and non-athletes. A cross-sectional design was selected for this research with 16 recreational athletes and 16 non-athletes. Respiratory functions were assessed using spirometry tests, measuring parameters such as forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Isometric strength was measured by a handheld dynamometer for dominant and non-dominant hands. The results of the study showed a significant difference between recreational athletes and non-athletes for respiratory function parameters (FVC = t-3.00, p-.006 &amp; FEV1= t-2.221, p-.011), whereas PEFR is insignificant (t-218, p-.219). The isometric strength is also significant between recreational athletes and non-athletes (Dominant arm = t—3.039, p-.005 &amp; non-dominant arm= t-.255, p-.001). The study findings revealed significant differences in respiratory functions and isometric strength between recreational athletes and non-athletes, and there was a significant relationship between parameters. Athletes typically exhibit remarkable isometric strength due to their consistent engagement in activities designed to enhance muscle function. Future research should give priority to conducting long term studies that directly compare the effects of different sports disciplines on respiratory functions and isometric strength. Keywords: Isometric Strength, Pulmonary Functions, Forced Vital Capacity, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate, FEV1, Recreational Athletes.

Exploring the dynamics of sports records evolution through the gembris prediction model and network relevance analysis

Background Sports records hold valuable insights into human physiological limits. However, presently, there is a lack of integration and evolutionary patterns in the recorded information across various sports. Methods We selected sports records from 1992 to 2018, covering 24 events in men’s track, field, and swimming. The Gembris prediction model calculated performance randomness, and Pearson correlation analysis assessed network relevance between projects. Quantitative study of model parameters revealed the impact of various world records’ change range, predicted value, and network correlation on evolutionary patterns. Results 1) The evolution range indicates that swimming events generally have a larger annual world record variation than track and field events; 2) Gembris’s predictions show that sprint, marathon, and swimming records outperform their predicted values annually; 3) Network relevance analysis reveals highly significant correlations between all swimming events and sprints, as well as significant correlations between marathon and all swimming events. Conclusion Sports record evolution is closely linked not only to specific sports technology but also to energy expenditure. Strengthening basic physical training is recommended to enhance sports performance.

The Relationship between Training Load and Injury Risk in Basketball: A Systematic Review.

The relationship between training load and injury risk in basketball is an important area in sports injury prevention and performance enhancement; however, there is limited conclusive evidence of their associations. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence of the relationship between training load and injury risk in basketball, which is one of the most common sports worldwide. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases up until March 2024. The search aimed to identify studies that prospectively and/or retrospectively examined the relationship between training load and injury risk in basketball. Inclusion criteria were limited to studies published before February 2024. The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale and Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence. A narrative synthesis of the findings was performed. A total of 14 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Of these, 11 studies reported at least partially statistically significant results, providing evidence of a relationship between training load and injury risk. In conclusion, the findings of this review suggest a clear relationship between training load and injury risk in basketball.

Menstrual Dysfunction in Adolescent Female Athletes.

Despite the benefits of exercise on mental and physical health, excessive training loads can lead to health problems in the long term, including a wide spectrum of menstrual dysfunction (MD). This narrative review aims to analyze the relationship between physical exercise and MD in adolescent female athletes to support regular menstrual health monitoring and promote educational programs on reproductive risks. When dealing with MD in young athletes, several factors entangled with maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis should be considered. Firstly, some disciplines seem to have a higher prevalence of MD due to the high loads of training regimes and the early introduction of athletes to a competitive career. Moreover, low energy intake and a low body mass index appear to exacerbate existing MD. Lastly, disordered eating behaviors and psychological stress can contribute to MD in female athletes. The type of sport, influencing the intensity and duration of exercise, as well as individual psycho-physiological and environmental factors, may influence the role of physical activity in the manifestation of MD. Early recognition and management of MD, along with collaboration between sports organizations and health professionals, are crucial to minimize risks, ensure proper nutrition, and balance training with recovery. Keeping an open discussion on the topic may prospectively improve awareness, early diagnosis, and treatment strategies, as well as reduce injury risk and enhance sports performance.

Effect of Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement in College Athletes for Reducing Sports-Caused Anxiety and Improving Self-Awareness: A Critically Appraised Topic

Mindful Sport Performance Enhancement (MSPE) training is a relatively new concept, which focuses on helping athletes manage a variety of stressors experienced throughout a season, including performing well academically, staying fit, having a productive season in their sport, and maintaining a healthy social life. A need for a critical appraisal is needed to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Two cohort studies and one randomized control trial were included in the study and assessed using STROBE and PEDro Scale. Key results show, all 3 studies identified participants experiencing benefits after MSPE with aspects of awareness, acceptance, and emotion regulation. Furthermore, student-athletes who attended either all the sessions or more sessions after the 6-week course showed greater satisfaction with mental and physical health. Overall, there is level “B” evidence to support effectiveness of MSPE for college athletes in reducing sport anxiety and improving their overall well-being.

Enhancing team sports performance: a case study of the optimal post-warm-up time window

AbstractWarm-up routines are crucial for performance enhancement in team sports, with their effectiveness varying based on individual profiles, exercise mode and timing relative to the activity. This study investigates the impact of a 5–10 min interval post-warm-up on physical performance and sympathetic stimulus, as indicated by salivary biomarkers, in 19 college athletes. Performance was assessed via countermovement jump, 20 m sprint and handgrip strength tests conducted pre-warm-up, 5 min post-warm-up and 10 min post-warm-up. Saliva samples were collected at each stage to evaluate flux, α-amylase activity and protein content. Significant effects (p &lt; .001) were observed in all three performance measures and saliva markers. Notably, sprint performance showed the greatest enhancement at the 5 min mark post-warm-up, while jumping improvements persisted through the 10 min window. However, a slight decline in sprint ability was observed from 5 to 10 min post-warm-up. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing warm-up timing and eventually considering re-warm-up strategies to maximize acute performance in team sports.

Development of a sports nutrition knowledge questionnaire for elite track and field athletes

Background: Satisfactory nutrition knowledge among athletes is important to encourage proper dietary habits to overcome deficiencies and enhance sports performance. Identifying knowledge gaps in sports nutrition is essential for improving athletes' understanding through a tool that evaluates both general nutrition knowledge (GNK) and sports nutrition knowledge (SNK). This study aims to develop the Athletic Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire (A-SNKQ) specifically for Sri Lankan track and field athletes. Methods: The development of the A-SNKQ followed an extensive step-wise approach. Firstly, a systematic literature review was conducted on existing SNK questionnaires for athletes. Secondly, sports nutrition guidelines were incorporated into the questionnaire. Thirdly, information from local literature was gathered to ensure contextual relevance. Lastly, a qualitative study involving key athletic stakeholders was conducted to gain cultural insights. Results: The final version of the questionnaire consists of 32 questions in 12 sub-sections under two main sections: GNK section covers macronutrients, micronutrients, energy balance, hydration, and weight management, SNK section addresses carbohydrate loading, pre-training, training and post-training meals, sports supplements, supplement label reading, isotonic drinks, doping, and relative energy deficiency syndrome in sports. Conclusions: The GNK section addresses the fundamental nutritional concepts, while SNK focuses on the knowledge associated with the sporting performance of athletes.

Effects of Mental Visualization on Plyometric Performance and Self-Confidence of Football Players.

Plyometric training in football is essential for enhancing athletic performance, as it allows for increasing strength and speed in gameplay. Meanwhile, mental visualization improves players' technical play and motor performance during both training and competitions, thereby contributing to an overall sports performance enhancement. Collectively, physical and technical training is thought to boost athletes' confidence in facing competitive demands. Our aim in the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of mental visualization during a plyometric training program for improving strength speed, and competitive self-confidence in young adult football (soccer) players. Our sample consisted of 40 male players aged between 19 and 25 years (M = 20.82; SD = 1.26). We used a quasi-experimental design with a control group and pretest/posttest measurements. The experimental group participated in an 8-week plyometric training program that incorporated visualization tasks, while the control group underwent the same program but without visualization exercises. We found significant improvements for the experimental group on vertical jump (p = .047) and speed (50-m sprints) (p < .034) tests, as well as in their perceived competitive self-confidence (p < .017). These findings suggest that combining plyometric exercises with visualization tasks may contribute to better motor learning, increased lower limb muscle speed and strength, and self-confidence to face competition.

A Reliability Study of the Load Distribution Percentage While Walking Using Curalgia Feet Sx Smart Insoles.

Background Gait analysis has evolved through many years of research. Many methods are used to analyze the gait of a subject. Recent times have showna high demand for wearable sensor-based insoles integrated with smartphone-based devices used for gait analysis due to ease of use. This study utilized Curalgia Feet Sx Smart Insoles and its software toolset, Gait Analysis+, designed and manufactured in India making it an accessible and cost-effective option. The Curalgia Feet Sx Smart Insoles allow for a broad range of biofeedback-based rehabilitation and recovery training for several patients and have many applications, such as sports performance enhancement and neurological disorder rehab (e.g., brain stroke rehab). The system also significantly delays the onset of neurodegenerative illnesses by providing balance and proprioceptive training. The smart insole can help the athlete, the coach, and the sports medicine team get the on-field data in real-time, which will help them understand if any technical or biomechanical alterations are required. This may help in performance enhancement. This study aimed to determine the interrater reliability of the load distribution percentage parameter of the Curalgia Feet Sx Smart Insole for both feet while walking in a controlled setting. Methodology A total of 120 subjects were enrolled in the study. In total, 90 subjects were randomly selected using Research Randomizer which included male and female students and staff at Sardar Bhagwan Singh University. The subjects were asked to come to the research lab of the physiotherapy department wearing their sports shoes. Curalgia Feet Sx insoles were inserted into the shoe firmly to fit properly. Two assessors took two readings after the smart insole was connected to the smartphone-based application, GaitAnalysis+, via Bluetooth. The dynamic analysis option was selected, and each subject's analysis was done one after another with a desirable break in between. Each subject walked for three minutes at their normal speed after pressing "Start Analysis." At the three-minute mark, the subjects were asked to press "Stop Analysis" and the investigator downloaded the report on the smartphone. The data collected was compiled as the cumulative weight in kg (load distribution) borne and the % weight (load distribution %) borneby each foot for the duration of the walk. Statistical analysis was done using Karl Pearson's test and interclass correlation calculation. Results Assessor 1 and Assessor 2 collected readings for the left foot as "L" and the right foot as "R." Assessor 1 readings were L1-R1 for load distribution and L1% and R1% for load distribution %. Assessor 2 readings were L2-R2 for load distribution and L2% and R2% for load distribution %. The r value (correlation coefficient) was calculated using the load distribution. The mean value of L1 was 337.46 (SD=94.16). The mean L2 was 313.6 (SD=104.40). The R1 mean was 229.03 (SD=112.88), and the R2 mean was 233.011 (SD=79.84). The r was 0.7171 for the left foot and 0.7502 for the right foot, suggesting an excellent correlation. The ICC was calculated for load distribution %. The means of L1% was 55.94, L2% was 57.59, R1% was 44.06, and R2% was 42.41. The ICC was found to be 0.91 for both feet, suggesting high interrater reliability for the tested parameter. Conclusions The findings confirmed that the Curalgia Feet Sx Smart Insoles presented good interrater reliability for the load distribution % parameter.

The Underestimated Role of the Sports Psychiatrist in Athletic Performance Restoration, Maintenance, and Enhancement in Sports

ABSTRACTIn competitive and elite sports, mental health and athletic performance cannot be considered separately. Mental disorders in sports are bidirectionally associated with reduced athletic performance. A decline in performance, both within and outside of sport, can be a sign of mental disorder. Additionally, poor athletic performance is a potential risk factor for mental disorders in athletes. The central role sports psychiatrists play in the mental health of athletes is well‐established. However, their role in athletic performance is less well‐described and more controversial, perhaps due to a perception that performance is purely a secondary outcome of good mental health. This paper discusses the role that sports psychiatrists can play in athletic performance within competitive and elite sports. Performance can be distinguished into three key focus areas for sports psychiatrists: (i) performance restoration, (ii) performance maintenance, and (iii) performance enhancement. These should be considered throughout the continuum of mental health care, from prevention, treatment, to ongoing care for mental disorders. When reduced performance is due to a mental disorder, psychiatric treatment should purposefully aim to restore functioning and performance as part of management. Maintenance of performance is, similarly, an important element of the prevention, psychiatric treatment, and ongoing care of mental disorders. Holistic sports psychiatrists may also choose to aim for athletic performance enhancement beyond the context of mental health symptoms and disorders, to help athletes flourish and achieve their goals.

Global research trends in skiing from 1974 to 2023: A bibliometric analysis

This study analyzes 1643 documents related to skiing from 1974 to 2023 using the Web of Science Core Collection database, employing CiteSpace and VOSviewer for quantitative analysis. Findings reveal a growing literature output, with the past five years contributing to 36.2 % of publications. Norway leads in total publications and collaboration intensity, with the University of Salzburg and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology as prominent institutions. The research spans a wide range of disciplines such as Sport Sciences, Physiology, etc., and interdisciplinary intersections with engineering, computer science, etc. have become a future research trend. The research focuses on the analysis of skiers' sports performance, the analysis of skiing-induced sports injuries, the biomechanical analysis of skiers' postures, and the analysis of skiing-induced respiratory diseases. The study highlights the evolution of research focus from skiing injuries to injury prevention and sports performance enhancement. This comprehensive overview aids scholars in understanding skiing research hotspots and future trends efficiently.

From Novice to Expert: How Expertise Shapes Motor Variability in Sports Biomechanics-a Scoping Review.

With expertise, athletes develop motor strategies that enhance sports performance or reduce functional costs. Motor variability is known as a relevant way to characterize these strategies in athletes with different levels of expertise. The aim of this scoping review is to gather and discuss the latest advances in the impact of expertise on motor variability during sports-related tasks. A search encompassing three databases, Medline, SportDiscus, and Academic Search Complete, was performed. Our research methodology included three core themes: motor variability, laboratory instruments, and sports. Motor variability metrics (e.g., standard deviation and approximate entropy) and laboratory instruments (e.g., motion capture system, EMG, and force plate) were compiled. Athletes' expertise was defined by the time of deliberate practice, the performance results, or the level in which they performed. Overall, 48 of the 59 included studies determined that higher-skilled athletes had lesser motor variability than lower-skilled athletes. This difference in motor variability between skill levels was present within individual athletes (intra-individual) and between athletes (inter-individual). This result was independent of the criteria used to define expertise, the type of instrumentation used, and the metrics used to quantify motor variability.

Evaluating EEG neurofeedback in sport psychology: a systematic review of RCT studies for insights into mechanisms and performance improvement.

Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback Training (EEG NFT) aims to improve sport performance by teaching athletes to control their mental states, leading to better cognitive, emotional, and physical outcomes. The psychomotor efficiency hypothesis suggests that optimizing brain function could enhance athletic ability, indicating the potential of EEG NFT. However, evidence for EEG-NFT's ability to alter critical brain activity patterns, such as sensorimotor rhythm and frontal midline theta-key for concentration and relaxation-is not fully established. Current research lacks standardized methods and comprehensive studies. This shortfall is due to inconsistent EEG target selection and insufficient focus on coherence in training. This review aims to provide empirical support for EEG target selection, conduct detailed control analyses, and examine the specificity of electrodes and frequencies to relation to the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis. Following the PRISMA method, 2,869 empirical studies were identified from PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, and PsycINFO. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria: (i) proficient skill levels; (ii) use of EEG; (iii) neurofeedback training (NFT); (iv) motor performance metrics (reaction time, precision, dexterity, balance); (v) control group for NFT comparison; (vi) peer-reviewed English-language publication; and (vii) randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Studies indicate that NFT can enhance sports performance, including improvements in shooting accuracy, golf putting, and overall motor skills, as supported by the psychomotor efficiency hypothesis. EEG NFT demonstrates potential in enhancing sports performance by optimizing performers' mental states and psychomotor efficiency. However, the current body of research is hampered by inconsistent methodologies and a lack of standardized EEG target selection. To strengthen the empirical evidence supporting EEG NFT, future studies need to focus on standardizing target selection, employing rigorous control analyses, and investigating underexplored EEG markers. These steps are vital to bolster the evidence for EEG NFT and enhance its effectiveness in boosting sport performance.

A Systematic Review of Insole Sensor Technology: Recent Studies and Future Directions

Background: Integrating diverse sensor technologies into smart insoles offers significant potential for monitoring biomechanical metrics; enhancing sports performance; and managing therapeutic interventions, diseases, disorders, and other health-related issues. The variation in sensor types and applications requires a systematic review to synthesize existing evidence and guide future innovations. Objectives: This review aims to identify, categorize, and critically evaluate the various sensors used in smart insoles, focusing on their technical specifications, application scopes, and validity. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a search was conducted in three major electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, for relevant literature published from 2014 to 2024. Other works not located in the mentioned databases were added manually by parallel searches on related themes and suggestions from the website of the databases. To be eligible, studies were required to describe sensor implementation in insoles, specify the sensor types, and report on either validation experiments or practical outcomes. Results: The search identified 33 qualifying studies. Proper analysis revealed a dominance of pressure sensors, with accelerometers and gyroscopes also being widely used. Critical applications included gait analysis, posture correction, and real-time athletic and rehabilitation feedback. The review also examined the relative effectiveness of different sensor configurations. Conclusions: This systematic review comprehensively classifies sensor technologies within smart insoles and highlights their broad application potential across various fields. Future research should aim to standardize measurement protocols, enhance sensor integration, and advance data processing techniques to boost functionality and clinical applicability.