English Residents Research Articles

Measuring changes in adult health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and their relationship with adverse childhood experiences and current social assets: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can impact mental and physical health, leaving people with less resilience to health challenges across the life-course. This study examines whether individuals’ levels and changes in levels of mental health, physical health and sleep quality reported across the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with ACEs and moderated by social assets such as having trusted family and friends.MethodsA cross-sectional household telephone survey in England (a North West local authority) and Wales (nationally) using landline and mobile numbers stratified by health areas, deprivation quintile and age group and supplemented by an online survey. Data were collected from 4,673 English and Welsh residents aged ≥ 18 years during national COVID-19 restrictions (December 2020 to March 2021). Measures included nine types of ACE; self-reported mental health, physical health and sleep quality at time of survey (in pandemic) and one-year earlier (pre-pandemic); numbers of trusted family members and friends, knowledge of community help; and COVID-19 infection.ResultsACEs were strongly related to moving into poorer mental health, physical health, and sleep categories during the pandemic, with likelihoods more than doubling in those with ≥ 4 ACEs (vs. 0). ACEs were also associated with increased likelihood of moving out of poorer health and sleep categories although this was for a much smaller proportion of individuals. Individuals with more trusted family members were less likely to move into poorer health categories regardless of ACE counts.ConclusionsACEs are experienced by large proportions of populations and are associated with poorer health even in non-pandemic situations. However, they also appear associated with greater vulnerability to developing poorer health and well-being in pandemic situations. There is a minority of those with ACEs who may have benefited from the changes in lifestyles associated with pandemic restrictions. Connectedness especially with family, appears an important factor in maintaining health during pandemic restrictions.

Socio-demographic differences in access to psychological treatment services: evidence from a national cohort study.

Since 2008, the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) programme has offered adults in England evidence-based psychological treatments for common mental disorders (CMDs) such as depression and anxiety disorders. However, inequalities in access have not been explored at the national level. Using a unique individual patient dataset that linked 2011 Census information of English residents to national IAPT data collected between April 2017 and March 2018, we estimated the rate of access by a wide range of socio-demographic characteristics that are not routinely available. A large household survey was used to estimate the prevalence of probable CMDs by these socio-demographic characteristics. We estimated the probability of access to IAPT amongst people with CMDs by comparing the rates of access from IAPT data and the estimates of prevalence of CMDs from the household survey. Both unadjusted and adjusted (for important patient characteristics) access rates were estimated in logistic regression models. As a proportion of those with a probable CMD, access to IAPT varied markedly by socio-demographic characteristics. Older adults, males, people born outside of the UK, people with religious beliefs, people from Asian ethnic backgrounds, people reporting a disability and those without any academic or professional qualifications were underrepresented in IAPT services nationally, in adjusted models. The identification of patients who may be underrepresented in IAPT provides an opportunity for services to target outreach and engagement with these groups. Further understanding of barriers to access should help increase equity in access.

Who flies but never drives? Highlighting diversity among high emitters for passenger transport in England

Energy research is paying increasing attention to inequalities in climate emissions and to the disproportionate contribution of ‘high emitters’ to national emissions, notably from transport. While the individual and household factors associated with high overall emissions are well-known, there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of who ‘high emitters’ across different domains are and what drives their emissions. This paper highlights diversity within the group of ‘high emitters’ for transport, based on survey data on English residents' car and air travel. We define groups characterised by high emissions from car travel, air travel, or both. We focus in particular on individuals with ‘dissonant’ profiles – i.e., combining low emissions for one mode and high emissions for the other. These nuances have been overlooked to date, but they are important from a policy perspective. We describe the identified groups with bivariate and multivariate methods, considering socio-economic attributes, neighbourhood characteristics, social network dispersion, and environmental attitudes. We find that individuals with ‘dissonant’ emission patterns account for up to 20 % of the population, and up to 30 % of emissions from car and air travel. Those who combine low car emissions with high emissions from air travel are more likely to be urban residents, higher-income groups, younger adults, females, migrants, and people with dispersed social networks. Individuals with the opposite profile of high car and low air travel emissions tend to be male, middle-aged, and long-distance commuters living in car-dependent areas. We conclude by discussing implications for climate policy in the transport sector.

Making ‘shiny’ or avoiding ‘sticky’: a cross-cultural comparison of household bathroom cleaning practices

This article examines how people’s life course and cultural backgrounds impact their consumption practices, particularly in the use, disposal and treatment of water in bathroom cleaning. We explore this through 12 oral histories from Brazilian and English residents, including locals, migrants and cross-national couples. Our findings provide an account of cleaning routines in two cultural contexts, offering insights for those addressing sustainability, consumer behaviour and water governance. Our research suggests that culture, upbringing, expectations of cleanliness, and social and material contexts all shape how people clean bathrooms, and when contexts change, material elements become particularly influential.

At Kingdom's Edge: The Suriname Struggles of Jeronimy Clifford, English Subject by Jacob Selwood

Reviewed by: At Kingdom's Edge: The Suriname Struggles of Jeronimy Clifford, English Subject by Jacob Selwood Christian J. Koot At Kingdom's Edge: The Suriname Struggles of Jeronimy Clifford, English Subject. By Jacob Selwood. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2022. 252 pages. Cloth, ebook. In 1707, Jeronimy Clifford, a former Suriname plantation owner, produced an extraordinary appeal for compensation from the English government. Including transcriptions of original documents and Clifford's own interpretations of them, this two-volume manuscript traces the travails of one of many early modern individuals who moved between empires. Only a child when the Dutch conquered English Suriname in 1667, Clifford came of age as an Englishman living in a Dutch colony. As a foreigner, his efforts to maintain his English subjecthood ultimately left him vulnerable to Dutch authorities. By 1691, he was imprisoned, and after his release, he fled the colony, abandoning his property. In At Kingdom's Edge, Jacob Selwood uses Clifford and his petition to examine how "an array of extralegal factors" including warfare, disease, and the social and economic makeup of colonies "shaped subjecthood" (2)—that is, the bond between an individual and their monarch, and the rights and privileges that followed. In this tightly focused study of Clifford, Selwood argues that English subjecthood was constructed not by metropolitan legal discourse and treaty language but instead through daily life at the imperial periphery. In relating the early colonial history of Suriname and Clifford's role in it, Selwood demonstrates that, beginning in the initial days of colonization, the difficulty and deadliness of Suriname's environment meant English settlers adhered to expansive ideas of subjecthood that deviated from metropolitan norms. Barbadian sugar magnates looking to expand and smaller planters looking for cheaper land founded Suriname in the 1650s. When Clifford's family arrived there a decade later, sugar had transformed the colony and more than three thousand enslaved workers were laboring on roughly five hundred plantations. Mortality was high, as those of both European and African ancestry struggled to adapt to the disease environment. Ideas about English subjecthood in Suriname were shaped by local concerns about both the establishment of a slave society and the realities of high mortality. Following the example of their close neighbors on Barbados, the English denied subjecthood to the enslaved to enforce the boundaries of a slave society, even as they departed from English practice and welcomed Sephardic Jews, a decision prompted by the high mortality rate. Their willingness to recognize the subjecthood of Sephardic Jews and to offer religious toleration was tied to the precarious nature of settlement, which prompted [End Page 423] governors to innovate. As Selwood argues, "The result was a peculiarly broad articulation of English subjecthood" (41). When the Dutch conquered Suriname, Clifford's family made the same decision as many Euro-settlers around the Atlantic in this period: they remained under foreign rule so as to best protect their local economic interests. The Dutch conquerors extended generous terms to the English who remained, allowing them to retain their property and dispose of it as they wished. Within a decade, however, most English families had departed, leaving Clifford and roughly fourteen other English residents to grapple with how to maintain their Englishness in a Dutch colony. At first Clifford prospered. As Suriname became more stable and economically successful under Dutch rule, he and his family accrued wealth, and he married advantageously to become the owner of reputedly the "finest" (148) plantation in Suriname.1 Over time, though, consolidating Dutch rule made Clifford and his claims to English subjecthood increasingly precarious. These claims came to a head in a property dispute with his wife, Dorothy Matson, regarding ownership of the plantation, Corcabo, that she brought to their marriage. The dispute over Corcabo was shaped by questions about whether Matson was Dutch or English, as well as if she and Clifford had gotten married in England. Under the English legal concept of coverture, Clifford claimed Corcabo for himself, but Matson resisted, citing the Dutch practice of "joint ownership of marital assets" (165). As Selwood shows, the legal battle that followed, though on its surface about property, was really about subjecthood. Clifford argued...

The Most Significant Factor Responsible for COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in England

Objectives: This research aims to evaluate the factors responsible for the acceptability and hesitancy of the COVID-19 vaccine in England by evaluating the public's willingness to get the vaccinations. This is cross-sectional population-based research where data were collected through a structured online survey.
 Methods: From December 2021 to February 2022, a cross-sectional survey including English residents was carried out utilizing a structured online questionnaire. Participants' demographics and opinions on COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccination were surveyed.
 Results: There were 320 participants, of which 286 people (89.7%) were from West Midlands region of England. 296 (92.5%) had received at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccination with 127 of them (43%) having taken at least 2 doses of the COVID 19 vaccine. 24 people (7.5%) had not yet taken the COVID-19 vaccine. 17.9% (53 people) of the 296 indicated that they were hesitant at first before taking the vaccination whilst 82.1%(243 people) said they had confidence in the COVID-19 vaccination. The main reason given by 208 people (70.1%) for taking the vaccine was to protect others and themselves. Altogether 75 out of 320 people (23.4%) felt hesitant about taking the COVID-19 Vaccine. The most indicated reason for this by 47 people (62.7%) was a lack of trust in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines. 193 respondents (79.8%) indicated they were happy with their decision.
 Conclusion: The COVID-19 vaccine has been administered to a significant majority of the study participants. However, this study has shown that lack of trust in the safety and effectiveness of the vaccines is the most indicated reason for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and therefore further awareness-raising actions may still be needed from the government, public health professionals, and advocacy organizations in order to persuade more people to adopt the COVID-19 vaccination.

Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and the Incidence of Dementia in the Elderly of England: The ELSA Cohort.

Increasing evidence suggests an adverse association between ambient air pollution and the incidence of dementia in adult populations, although results at present are mixed and further work is required. The present study investigated the relationships between NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and ozone on dementia incidence in a cohort of English residents, aged 50 years and older, followed up between 2004 and 2017 (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; n = 8525). Cox proportional hazards models were applied to investigate the association between time to incident dementia and exposure to pollutants at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated per 10 μg/m3. Models were adjusted for age, gender, physical activity, smoking status and level of education (the latter as a sensitivity analysis). A total of 389 dementia cases were identified during follow-up. An increased risk of developing dementia was suggested with increasing exposure to PM2.5 (HR: 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.88, 1.37), whilst NO2, PM10 and ozone exhibited no discernible relationships. Hazard ratios were 0.97 (CI: 0.89, 1.05) for NO2; 0.98 (CI: 0.89, 1.08) for PM10; 1.01 (CI: 0.94, 1.09) for ozone. In the London sub-sample (39 dementia cases), a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10 was found to be associated with increased risk of dementia by 16%, although not statistically significant (HR: 1.16; CI: 0.90, 1.48), and the magnitude of effect for PM2.5 increased, whilst NO2 and ozone exhibited similar associations as observed in the England-wide study. Further work is required to fully elucidate the potentially adverse associations between air pollution exposure and dementia incidence.

TBCRC 057: An online survey about anxiety and willingness to participate in breast cancer clinical trials during the COVID-19 pandemic.

1564 Background: Enrollment in clinical trials has declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Simultaneously, breast cancer patients have reported heightened anxiety. We assessed whether breast cancer patients’ anxiety about the pandemic affects their willingness to participate in trials. Methods: English or Spanish-speaking US residents with breast cancer were eligible to complete the online REDCap survey 8/6/21 – 9/30/21. Respondents rated their anxiety about the pandemic on an 11-point scale from 0 (no anxiety) to 10 (worst anxiety possible). Anxiety scores were categorized as no/mild (0-3), moderate (4-6) or severe (7-10). Knowledge about trials was assessed with 11 true/false items and attitudes toward trials with the Attitudes Toward Cancer Trials Scales - Cancer Treatment Subscale (ATCTS-CTS). Respondents rated their willingness to participate in a breast cancer clinical trial before and during the pandemic on 5-point scales from 0 (not at all willing) to 4 (definitely willing). Trial participants were considered “definitely willing.” Change in willingness to participate in trials during the pandemic compared to prior was defined as a binary outcome, "less willing" vs "no less willing." Means were compared via t-test and mean difference was tested via paired t-test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to model the association of anxiety and other factors with being less willing to participate in trials during compared to prior to the pandemic. Results: Among 385 respondents, median age was 52 (range 25-85), 271 (70%) were non-Hispanic White and 202 (53%) had metastatic disease. 154 (40%) received care at academic centers and 37 (10%) were current trial participants. Most rated their anxiety as moderate (43%) or severe (38%). Mean willingness to participate in a trial was lower during compared to prior to the pandemic (2.97 vs 3.10; p < 0.0001). Fifty (13%) respondents were less willing to participate in a trial during the pandemic compared to prior. After controlling for covariates, those with severe anxiety had 5.07 times odds of being less willing to participate during the pandemic compared to prior than those with no/mild anxiety (p = 0.01). For every 1-point increase in ATCTS-CTS score (indicating better attitude toward trials) there was a 3% decrease in the odds of being less willing to participate during the pandemic (p = 0.006). For every 1-point increase in the clinical trials knowledge score (indicating more knowledge) there was a 15% decrease in the odds of being less willing to participate during the pandemic (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Pandemic-related anxiety is common in breast cancer patients and is associated with being less willing to participate in trials during the pandemic compared to prior. Education about trials, including safety modifications implemented during the pandemic, may mitigate anxiety and improve willingness to participate.

Dipping and rinsing dishes: a discussion involving cleanliness and sustainability in Brazilian and English households

This paper compares the way people wash dishes in England and in Brazil to contribute to the discussion of how practices are undertaken in different national contexts and by people with different cultural backgrounds in both places, in order to verify if there are different levels of strength in the elements of practice described by Shove et al. (2012). It is based on twelve oral histories, both from Brazilian residents (three Brazilian locals and two English migrants) and English residents (two Brazilian migrants, one English local, and two cross-national couples). This data examines different social conventions and expectations from multiple perspectives, considering procedures, interplay between partners, expected outcomes and items associated to the practice, to name a few. Different social conventions of what is expected from a practice and the culture play a significant role in this dynamic, allowing us also to think about different strategies that could be employed by companies and governments to promote sustainable behaviours. Overall, the analysis provides an original account of social practices, which offers insights in multiple domains, such as consumer behaviour, marketing, sustainability and governance strategy.

Inverse Intimacy: Reconfiguring ‘Personal Relations’ in Elizabeth Bowen's The Hotel

Ever since its publication in 1927, Elizabeth Bowen's first novel, The Hotel, has prompted critical responses that have tried to gauge the ways in which the narrative represents intimacy between women. Although one of its earliest reviewers sensed that the ‘dark, forlorn spirit of inversion is all through it’, modern critics have acknowledged that The Hotel is not engaged with the sexological models of inversion that inform Radclyffe Hall's contemporaneous novel, The Well of Loneliness (1928). At the same time, commentators have recognized that The Hotel forms part of a group of 1920s fictions that address female homosexuality with increasing openness. For the most part, readers have focused close attention on the intimate friendship that develops between the young Sydney Warren and the middle-aged widow Mrs. Kerr. This bond, even if it is fraught with tension, remains a source of prurient fascination among the other English residents enjoying a wintertime dolce far niente on the Italian Riviera. Still, the sustained critical focus on the attachment that develops between these two characters has tended to ignore the significance of the partnership between the two single women, Miss Pym and Miss Fitzgerald, that places the whole span of the novel in parentheses. Although recent studies by Elizabeth Cullingford and Maud Ellmann have drawn attention to Bowen's interest in what it means to be a ‘singleton’ or part of stadial series of personal relationships (single, couple, and triad), little has been said about the two spinsters, each of whom is ‘half of a duality’. The present essay concentrates attention on the ways in which the enumerative turn in Bowen studies broadens in scope when we look at how Miss Pym and Miss Fitzgerald appear as both two in one and one in two: a narrative formula that reminds us not of sexual inversion but the inverse number in mathematics. It is this type of inverse intimacy between woman and woman that triumphs at the end of The Hotel.

English travelers in early modern Cyprus: Piety, commerce and anti-Ottoman sentiment

English travelers in Lusignan and Venetian Cyprus saw the island as the last obligatory stop on their maritime pilgrimage route to the Holy Land. After the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus (1571) the island was visited almost exclusively by English merchants on the lookout for the construction of factories on Eastern Mediterranean shores. They were attracted by Cyprus’s famed fertility and by the abundance of much-valued products to trade with. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries English traders were nevertheless issued with warnings by English travel accounts. These dealt with the danger of over-trusting the paradise-like prospects of the island and remaining there for good, with the subsequent risk of “turning Turk.” In order to discourage English travelers and residents from becoming renegades in Cyprus, travel accounts included abundant morbid information on the brutal repression applied by the Great Turk upon Cypriot cities in the Wars of Cyprus and upon other anti-Ottoman Christian insurrections.

Caliban Yisrael: Constructing Caliban as the Jewish Other in Shakespeare’s The Tempest

This paper seeks to introduce new data into the discussion of William Shakespeare’s portrayal of Jewish people through intertextual and close reading of Shakespeare’s The Tempest and The Merchant of Venice, sections from the Geneva Bible, and primary documents discussing Anglo-Jewish life in the Elizabethan era. Shakespeare’s relationship to and purported views of Jewish people have been scrutinized for centuries. However, almost all conclusions put forth by scholars about Shakespeare’s ties to Elizabethan Jewish communities and anti-Semitism have been drawn from one work, The Merchant of Venice. Merchant contains Shakespeare’s only explicitly Jewish characters, Shylock and his daughter, Jessica, although she happily converts to Christianity. In this paper, I propose that Shakespeare has an implicitly Jewish character lurking in The Tempest: Caliban, the play’s main antagonist, a native to the island on which the play is set, and Prospero and Miranda’s slave. I will support the interpretation of Caliban as a Jewish-coded figure through cross-reading The Tempest with The Merchant of Venice, sections of the Geneva Bible, and non-fiction testimonials from English residents during and before the Elizabethan era. Using both these plays alongside other scholarly and historical texts, I will bring cultural and historical context to these portrayals in order to explore a deeper understanding of the complicated and nuanced depictions of Jewish people in Shakespeare’s work.

The moderating effect of childhood disadvantage on the associations between smoking and occupational exposure and lung function; a cross sectional analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS)

BackgroundLung function is lower in people with disadvantaged socio-economic position (SEP) and is associated with hazardous health behaviours and exposures. The associations are likely to be interactive, for example, exposure to socially patterned environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in childhood is associated with an increased effect of smoking in adulthood. We hypothesise that disadvantaged childhood SEP increases susceptibility to the effects of hazards in adulthood for lung function. We test whether disadvantaged childhood SEP moderates smoking, physical activity, obesity, occupational exposures, ETS and air pollution’s associations with lung function.MethodsData are from the Nurse Health Assessment (NHA) in waves two and three of the United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). Analysis is restricted to English residents aged at least 20 for women and 25 for men, producing a study population of 16,339. Lung function is measured with forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and standardised to the percentage of expected FEV1 for a healthy non-smoker of equivalent age, gender, height and ethnicity (FEV1%). Using STATA 14, a mixed linear model was fitted with interaction terms between childhood SEP and health behaviours and occupational exposures. Cross level interactions tested whether childhood SEP moderated household ETS and neighbourhood air pollution’s associations with FEV1%.ResultsSEP, smoking, physical activity, obesity, occupational exposures and air pollution were associated with lung function. Interaction terms indicated a significantly stronger negative association between disadvantaged childhood SEP and currently smoking (coefficient -6.47 %, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 9.51 %, 3.42 %) as well as with formerly smoking and occupational exposures. Significant interactions were not found with physical activity, obesity, ETS and air pollution.ConclusionThe findings suggest that disadvantaged SEP in childhood may make people’s lung function more susceptible to the negative effects of smoking and occupational exposures in adulthood. This is important as those most likely to encounter these exposures are at greater risk to their effects. Policy to alleviate this inequality requires intervention in health behaviours through public health campaigns and in occupational health via health and safety legislation.

English proficiency in Australia, 1981 to 2016

AbstractUsing Australian census data, the paper examines the incidence of poor English competency in Australia from 1981 onwards. The paper examines English competency in relation to various characteristics such as sex, age, language spoken, visa type, citizenship, duration of residence and location. It finds that there was a sharp rise in the numbers of people not speaking English well between the 2011 and 2016 Censuses and special attention is given to this rise in the paper. Recently, the Australian Government unsuccessfully legislated for the introduction of a requirement of English competency at the level of IELTS 6 (the commonly used university entrance level) as a condition for the award of Australian citizenship. The paper argues that this test would have led to a very large number of disenfranchised Australian permanent residents and this would be a highly undesirable result. Nevertheless, employment and social participation are strongly influenced by English competency and residents with poor English are disadvantaged. The policy suggestion is made that participation in a course of English language training for those without functional English skills could be made a precondition of the award of permanent residence—without the application of a passing grade.

Weighing the Evidence: Restoration Policymaking and the 1675 Order to Evict Newfoundland's English Residents

In 1675, King Charles II approved an order to evict all English residents from Newfoundland. To make this decision, government officials, particularly the Committee for Trade and Plantations, engaged in a wide-ranging information collection process to assess conditions in Newfoundland and how to resolve complaints of lawlessness and economic decline. The captain tasked with carrying out the eviction, however, found that the committee’s conclusions were incorrect, and he challenged the evidence underpinning them. This article examines how the committee’s various decisions regarding Newfoundland in 1675 followed a larger change in the role of data collection and analysis in English policymaking.

FADE TO BLACK

AbstractIncreasingly, African Americans find themselves living side-by-side with immigrant newcomers from Latin America, the largest source of today’s immigrant population. Research on “Black/Brown” relations tends to a priori define groupness in ethnoracial terms and gloss over potential nuance in inter-group relations. Taking an inductive approach to understanding how African Americans interpret the boundaries that result from immigration-driven change, this paper draws on fieldwork among African Americans in East Palo Alto, California, a Black-majority-turned-Latino-majority city, to examine how African Americans construct multiple symbolic boundaries in the context of a Latino-immigrant settlement. Blacks’ rendering of these boundaries at the communal level invokesethnoracialboundaries as a source of significant division. They see Latinos as having overwhelmed Black material and symbolic prowess. However, accounts of inter-personal interactions evince symbolic boundaries defined bylanguageandneighborhood tenurethat render ethnoracial boundaries porous. Respondents note intra-group differences among Latinos, pointing out how the ability to speak English and long-time residence in the neighborhood are important factors facilitating ties and cooperation across ethnoracial boundaries. The findings point to the importance ofintra-ethnoracial-group differences forinter-ethnoracial-group attitudes and relations. Adopting ethnographic and survey research practices that treat boundaries as multiplex will better capture how growingintra-ethnoracial-group diversity shapes inter-ethnoracial-group relations.

Likely effect of adding flexible sigmoidoscopy to the English NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme: impact on colorectal cancer cases and deaths

Background:From 2013, once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) at age 55 is being phased into the England National Health Service Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (NHSBCSP), augmenting biennial guaiac faecal occult blood testing (gFOBT) at ages 60–74. Here, we project the impact of this change on colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and deaths prevented in England by mid-2030.Methods:We simulated the life-course of English residents reaching age 55 from 2013 onwards. Model inputs included population numbers, invitation rates and CRC incidence and mortality rates. The impact of gFOBT and FS alone on CRC incidence and mortality were derived from published trials, assuming an uptake of 50% for FS and 57% for gFOBT. For FS plus gFOBT, we assumed the gFOBT effect to be 75% of the gFOBT alone impact.Results:By mid-2030, 8.5 million individuals will have been invited for once-only FS screening. Adding FS to gFOBT screening is estimated to prevent an extra 9627 (−10%) cases and 2207 (−12%) deaths by mid-2030. If FS uptake is 38% or 71%, respectively, an extra 7379 (−8%) or 13 689 (−15%) cases and 1691 (−9%) or 3154 (−17%) deaths will be prevented by mid-2030.Conclusions:Adding once-only FS at age 55 to the NHSBCSP will prevent ∼10 000 CRC cases and ∼2000 CRC deaths by mid-2030 if FS uptake is 50%. In 2030, one cancer was estimated to be prevented per 150 FS screening episodes, and one death prevented per 900 FS screening episodes. The actual reductions will depend on the FS invitation schedule and uptake rates.

Short-Term Smoking Cessation in English Resident Adults of Bangladeshi Origin: A Service Review.

Cigarette smoking in English residents of Bangladeshi origin, particularly men, exceeds national estimates. Cessation outcomes and potential predictors of successful cigarette smoking cessation in this group await identification. This service review reports cessation outcomes and predictors of success for 324 adult English resident Bangladeshi origin smokers recruited into a project providing a specialist tobacco cessation service. Interview measures included sociodemographics, tobacco use and dependence. Cessation data (self-reported and validated) at 4 weeks was also collected. Cessation rate and predictors of successful cessation, modeled using multiple logistic regressions, are reported. Clients' mean age was 45.59 (SD = 13.83) years. Thirty-three (10%) were females. Mean level of small area deprivation was 56.98 (SD = 5.37). Initial mean expired air carbon monoxide score was 11.66 parts per million (SD = 7.17). Thirty-eight per cent used combination nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with behavioral support. Sixty-nine percent reported successful smoking cessation after 4 weeks, validated with carbon monoxide (mean =1.23 parts per million, SD = 1.32). Predictors of successful cessation were use of combined NRT with behavioral support (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.07, 3.09), and community recruitment (OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.07, 3.22). English adult smokers of Bangladeshi origin resident in a highly disadvantaged locality, accessing community outreach services to help them quit and using NRT have validated short-term success rates greater than that locality's general population who access National Health Service Stop Smoking Services to quit.

Israel Zangwill and the Afterlife of the Venice Ghetto

Children of the Ghetto : Zangwill’s title announced his intention to explore how the Ghetto experience had shaped new English residents who came from Eastern Europe and Russia. Instead of the “Pale of Settlement,” the term for the residence of the Jews in Eastern Europe and Russia, he turned to Italian Jewish history and the Venetian/Italian language to designate what the Jews had become in their long European exile. In Zangwill’s view, the Ghetto was the defining space of modern Jewish life and — not exactly a promised land — generated the psychological drive in the Jews to imagine alternative modern Jewish spaces. The gates of the Ghetto are not easily forgotten: internalized, the Jewish space of the Venice and Rome Ghettos becomes in modern times a psychological force, and even we might say, a central trope in the discourse of modern Jewish experience. The institutionalized practices of the English, “especially regarding matters of education, language, and the poor, prompt the immigrant Ashkenazim” to be, in Zangwill’s phrasing, “their own Ghetto gates.” Like their Italian Ghetto forebears, these immigrant Ashkenazim in England must forge their identities out of an either/or situation. Zangwill, novelist, social critic, and ethnographer devised in Children of the Ghetto a cultural turnabout of the European stigmatized Jewish stereotype.

National household survey of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with resilience to health-harming behaviors in England.

BackgroundEpidemiological and biomedical evidence link adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with health-harming behaviors and the development of non-communicable disease in adults. Investment in interventions to improve early life experiences requires empirical evidence on levels of childhood adversity and the proportion of HHBs potentially avoided should such adversity be addressed.MethodsA nationally representative survey of English residents aged 18 to 69 (n = 3,885) was undertaken during the period April to July 2013. Individuals were categorized according to the number of ACEs experienced. Modeling identified the proportions of HHBs (early sexual initiation, unintended teenage pregnancy, smoking, binge drinking, drug use, violence victimization, violence perpetration, incarceration, poor diet, low levels of physical exercise) independently associated with ACEs at national population levels.ResultsAlmost half (47%) of individuals experienced at least one of the nine ACEs. Prevalence of childhood sexual, physical, and verbal abuse was 6.3%, 14.8%, and 18.2% respectively (population-adjusted). After correcting for sociodemographics, ACE counts predicted all HHBs, e.g. (0 versus 4+ ACEs, adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals)): smoking 3.29 (2.54 to 4.27); violence perpetration 7.71 (4.90 to 12.14); unintended teenage pregnancy 5.86 (3.93 to 8.74). Modeling suggested that 11.9% of binge drinking, 13.6% of poor diet, 22.7% of smoking, 52.0% of violence perpetration, 58.7% of heroin/crack cocaine use, and 37.6% of unintended teenage pregnancy prevalence nationally could be attributed to ACEs.ConclusionsStable and protective childhoods are critical factors in the development of resilience to health-harming behaviors in England. Interventions to reduce ACEs are available and sustainable, with nurturing childhoods supporting the adoption of health-benefiting behaviors and ultimately the provision of positive childhood environments for future generations.