This paper explores the key role of affective factors in junior high school students’ English learning, firstly emphasizing the importance of the three affective factors of motivation, interest and anxiety on learning outcomes. Subsequently, it elaborates on the concepts of the three and how these affective factors specifically affect junior high school students’ English learning process, aiming to construct a clear theoretical framework for readers. By combining real case studies, the paper provides an in-depth analysis of the problems encountered by a student in the process of English learning, identifies the affective factors behind them, and proposes targeted strategies to solve them, aiming to share the practical experience with English educators and to promote mutual learning and teaching. Finally, the key points of the whole paper are summarized and expectations are placed on the further application of affective education in English language teaching in the future.