Engine Vehicles Research Articles

ANALISIS KONTRIBUSI KEPADATAN KENDARAAN BERMOTOR TERHADAP KONSENTRASI KARBON MONOKSIDA (CO) DAN TINGKAT KEBISINGAN DI JALAN SLAMET RIYADI SURAKARTA

<div class="WordSection1"><p><em>In the current era, the transportation is growing rapidly. It has an impact such as air and noise pollution. Carbon monoxide is one of the dangerous pollutants. While the noise comes from the sound of the vehicle engine, horn, and exhaust. Slamet Riyadi street Surakarta is a protocol road that has a high level of vehicle density. So it is necessary to conduct research with the aim of knowing the effect of motor vehicle density on carbon monoxide concentrations and noise levels. The results showed that the concentration of Carbon monoxide on Slamet Riyadi street Surakarta in the morning and evening exceeded the quality standard of 16038.26 µg/Nm<sup>3</sup></em><em>and 16141.58 µg/Nm<sup>3</sup></em><em>. During the day it is still below the quality standard, which is 9425.86 µg/Nm<sup>3</sup></em><em>. Meanwhile, the daytime noise level on Slamet Riyadi street Surakarta which is calculated by the Leq formula also exceeds the quality standard of 82.33 dBA.</em></p></div>

Technical Condition Assessment and Modelling of Reed Valves in Vehicle Engine Intake Systems

Technical Condition Assessment and Modelling of Reed Valves in Vehicle Engine Intake Systems

Energy-absorbing performance of multi-segmented conical tubes with different connections

Thin-walled tubes are widely used in vehicle engineering due to their exceptional energy absorption capabilities. This study presents a series of multi-segment tapered tubes (MSTs) characterized by varying connection angles and segment counts. The MSTs are designed by establishing different connection angles (α) between adjacent tapered segments. A finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate axial impact loading, which was subsequently validated using the simplified super-folded element (SSFE) theory. The crashworthiness of MSTs with varying connection angles was analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) When α exceeds 10°, an increase in α leads to a gradual decline in the energy absorption efficiency of the MSTs, resulting in a “descending” load-displacement curve; (2) MSTs with α less than 0° exhibit a greater tendency to buckle under load and demonstrate a more rapid response to external forces; (3) Compared to corrugated straight tubes, the configuration featuring α = −30° and +30°, consisting of three segments and a cone angle of 7.5° (designated as MST3-7.5), significantly enhances specific energy absorption (SEA) and reduces the initial peak crushing force (IPCF).

LIFE-CYCLE AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE PASSENGER CARS

Today, passenger vehicle emissions alone represent 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The automobile industry is aware of this and has taken steps towards decarbonization over the past decade. Emissions related to the six phases of the life cycle were determined from the LCA database compiled on the basis of data collected on emissions during the life cycle of different types of vehicles, units, sizes and geographical areas. Typically, Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICE) constantly emit CO2 while driving, whereas Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) do not. The transition to an electric vehicle is only as clean as the energy source used to charge the vehicle. Each BEV car represents approximately 2.2 MWh/year of load on the country's electric power system, while due to the way energy is converted, the ICE car represents approximately 11.9 MWh/year of fuel-equivalent load.

Review of Economic, Technical and Environmental Aspects of Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles (EVs) have seen significant advancements and mainstream adoption, prompting in-depth analysis of their economic, technical, and environmental impacts. Economically, while EVs offer lower operational costs than internal combustion engine vehicles, challenges remain, particularly for urban users reliant on public charging stations and the potential implementation of new road taxes to offset declining fuel tax revenues. Technically, electric motors in EVs have fewer moving parts, but battery management and cybersecurity complexities pose new risks. Transitioning from Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC) to Lithium-Iron-Phosphate (LFP) batteries reflects efforts to enhance thermal stability and mitigate fire hazards. Environmentally, lithium extraction for batteries has profound ecological impacts, including for water consumption and pollution. Battery production and the carbon footprint of the entire lifecycle remain pressing concerns, with battery recycling and second-life applications as crucial mitigation strategies. Smart integration of EVs with the energy infrastructure introduces challenges like grid stability and opportunities, such as smart, intelligent, innovative charging solutions and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology. Future research should develop economic models to forecast long-term impacts, advance battery technology, enhance cybersecurity, and conduct comprehensive environmental assessments to optimise the benefits of electromobility, addressing the multidimensional challenges and opportunities presented by EVs.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) terhadap Hasil Belajar Kelas XI Mata Pelajaran Produktif Teknik Kendaraan Ringan di SMK Teknologi Plus Padang

This study aims to analyze the effect of problem-based learning (PBL) model on student learning outcomes in class XI Light Vehicle Engineering subjects at SMK Teknologi Plus Padang. The PBL model was chosen to increase students' activity, understanding, and interest in learning through contextual learning that can develop critical thinking skills. This study used quantitative methods with a Quasi Experiment design, involving 21 students in the experimental group and 21 students in the control group in the 2024/2025 school year. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Levene's homogeneity test showed that the pre-test and post-test data were normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of the independent sample t-test revealed a significant difference between the experimental group (average 77.90) and the control group (average 50.48) with a sig (2-tailed) value of 0.001 <0.05. These results indicate that the application of the PBL model can significantly improve student learning outcomes. The implications of this research provide evidence that problem-based learning models are effective in creating an active, collaborative, and meaningful learning environment, so they can be implemented in various learning contexts.

Hubungan Kelengkapan Alat Praktek Siswa Konsentrasi Keahlian Teknik Kendaraan Ringan dengan Kesiapan Siswa untuk Melaksanakan Praktek Kerja Industri di SMK Negeri 1 Padang

This study aims to analyze the relationship between the completeness of practical tools and student readiness to carry out Industrial Work Practices (Prakerin) at SMK Negeri 1 Padang. A quantitative approach with a correlational method was used in this study, with a sample of 56 students from the Light Vehicle Engineering (TKR) department selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through questionnaires measuring the completeness of practical tools and student readiness, and analyzed using Pearson correlation test and simple linear regression. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the completeness of practical tools and students' readiness to carry out Prakerin, with a correlation coefficient of 0.70. Regression analysis revealed that the completeness of practical tools contributed 49% to student readiness, while the other 51% was influenced by other factors. The implications of this study indicate the importance of providing adequate practical tools to improve student readiness to face the industrial world. Good completeness of practical tools can help students master practical skills and increase their confidence in a real work environment.

Analysis of the Impact of Selected Dynamic Parameters of a Motor Vehicle on CO2 Emissions Using Logistic Regression

The article analyzes the impact of selected operational parameters of internal combustion engine vehicles on CO2 emissions. The study was preceded by a detailed analysis of the issues related to CO2 emissions in the EU, with a focus on Poland, where the tests were conducted. The key scientific assumption is that individual vehicle users’ behaviors significantly impact global CO2 emissions. Daily use of private vehicles, driving style, and attention to fuel efficiency contribute to cumulative effects that can drive the transformation toward more sustainable transport. Therefore, the study was conducted using real-time empirical data obtained from the vehicles’ OBD (On-Board Diagnostics) diagnostic systems. This approach enabled the creation of a diagnostic tool allowing each vehicle user to assess CO2 emissions and ultimately manage its levels, which is the biggest innovation of the work. Two levels of CO2 emissions were identified as categorical variables in the model, considered either ecological or non-ecological from the perspective of sustainable transport. The CO2 emission threshold of 200 g/km was adopted based on the average age of vehicles in Poland (14.5 years) and Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Three models of logistic regression dedicated to different driving cycle phases—starting, urban driving, and highway driving—were proposed and compared. This study demonstrated that during vehicle starting, the most significant factors influencing the probability of ecological driving are vehicle velocity, relative engine load, and relative throttle position, while for the other two types of movement, engine power and torque should also be considered. The logistic regression model for vehicle start-up obtained a value of sensitivity at about 82% and precision at about 85%. In the case of urban driving, the values of the discussed parameters reach significantly higher levels, with sensitivity at around 96% and precision at about 92%. In turn, the model related to highway driving achieved the highest values among the created models, with sensitivity at around 97% and precision at about 93%.

Clean Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles

In this paper, a comprehensive synthesis of salient points from pertinent literature in the field is presented, accompanied by an analytical review of extant experimental data. The mechanisms underlying the utilization of green hydrogen in fuel cell vehicles are meticulously dissected from the perspectives of hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. An in-depth investigation into the energy conversion efficiency within the hydrogen production phase is conducted, as well as an examination of the energy conversion efficiency when utilizing green hydrogen as a fuel within fuel cell vehicles. Moreover, the article provides an informative overview of the fundamental attributes and performance metrics of fuel cell vehicles. It conducts a comparative analysis against traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, considering variables such as safety profiles, refueling duration, fuel mass, and fuel cost implications. The advantages of deploying fuel cell vehicles are analyzed, elucidating their benefits. Conversely, the article also enumerates the shortcomings and current bottlenecks faced by fuel cell vehicles, offering a critical view of their current limitations. Furthermore, the study delves into prevalent methods for green hydrogen production, positioning green hydrogen as a viable solution to the current challenges of carbon neutrality. The article culminates by suggesting the role of green hydrogen in spearheading future low-carbon development initiatives, thereby delineating a prospective roadmap for sustainable energy advancement.

Analytical study on fire resistance performance of precast concrete hollow-core slabs for electric vehicle fire in parking structures

This study evaluated the effects of fires that occur in internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) on the structural safety of hollow-core slabs (HCS) installed in parking structures. A fire simulation of a prototype parking structure was performed using the time–heat release rate curves of ICEVs and BEVs derived from fire experiments, and fire behavior and temperature history were derived according to the fire curve. Additionally, nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted using a general-purpose finite element analysis program, and the fire resistance performance of HCS was evaluated according to the fire curve and slab load ratio. In the case of a fire in ICEVs, the performance criteria of ISO 834–1 were met even at a slab load ratio of 0.7. However, in the case of a fire in BEVs, the standard for insulation was not met as the temperature change of the upper surface of HCS exceeded 180 K, and the load-bearing capacity was also not satisfied as the limiting deflection reached a slab load ratio of 0.7.

Hybrid Simulation Model of Lifecycle Simulation and Replacement Simulation Considering Carbon Lock-In by Coal-Fired Power Plants

To meet the temperature goal set by the Paris Agreement, cumulative CO2 emissions must be kept below 300 GtCO2. Road transportation accounted for approximately 18% of the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2017. Electric vehicles (EVs) have been rapidly adopted by environmentally conscious consumers in many countries to reduce CO2 emissions. EVs have lower emission intensities than do internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) in most parts of the world, except where the penetration of renewable energy is low in the energy production mix. In such places, the CO2 emissions of EVs are larger than those of ICEVs. Despite the obvious need to increase renewable energy sources to reduce CO2 emissions, Japan and many other countries around the world have yet to shift away from fossil fuels. This is due in part to carbon lock-in, which refers to prior decisions related to technologies and infrastructure that constrain the implementation of better paths toward low-carbon technologies. Coal-fired power plants are the most problematic in terms of carbon lock-in because of their high carbon intensities and long physical lives. In addition, because carbon lock-in by coal-fired power plants has a significant impact on the embodied CO2 intensity of grid power, it impacts society through products that use electric power. In this study, we propose a hybrid simulation model of lifecycle simulation and replacement simulation, considering carbon lock-in by coal-fired power plants. In the replacement simulation, we simulated the replacement of end-of-life coal- and oil-fired power plants with renewable energy power plants using a probability called the lock-in rate and estimated the changes in the embodied CO2 intensity of grid power in Japan. In the lifecycle simulation, we evaluated cumulative CO2 emissions from entire product lifecycles of ICEVs and EVs based on three different EV diffusion scenarios. The results showed that the lock-in rate of coal-fired power plants strongly affects the decarbonization effect due to the market diffusion of EVs.

Health Indicator Development for Low-Voltage Battery Diagnostics and Prognostics in Electric Vehicles

Each electric vehicle (EV) requires a low-voltage (e.g., 12V) auxiliary battery to provide electric power to onboard electronic control units, lighting systems, and various sensors during power off. Therefore, when the low-voltage battery is in low state of health (SOH) or low state of charge (SOC), it may cause no-start events. The existing OnStar Proactive Alert service can effectively predict low SOC or low SOH events for low-voltage batteries in Internal Combustion Engine vehicles using cranking signals. However, it does not work for EVs since there is no cranking event. In this work, a diagnostic and prognostic solution for the low-voltage battery of EVs is proposed. Four novel health indicators (HIs) along with the decision-making system are developed based on equivalent circuit models. Furthermore, the selection process of appropriate HIs tailored to various operational states of the vehicle is described. The validation results based on GM test EV data have demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed solution.

Generation of hydrogen fuel on board vehicles with internal combustion engines

This article discusses advances in the design of hydrogen fuel engines; the main characteristics of the hybrid engine are studied; prospects for further research are outlined; development and improvement of engine designs, research of processes in engines running on natural gas and hydrogen. Transport is one of the key elements of modern civilization. Its condition and development prospects largely depend on the ability to supply transport power plants with fuel. The depletion of liquid hydrocarbon fuel reserves and problems of environmental pollution may present humanity with a choice - either to reduce transport transportation or to find new ways to supply energy to transport. OBJECTIVE: To review the electrochemical technologies used for the production of hydrogen at gas stations and the operation of hybrid electric vehicle engines using fuel cell batteries. Conduct a comparative analysis of the production and use of energy by electrochemical and traditional methods in vehicles. METHODS are based on analysis of literature data and mathematical calculations. For a passenger electric vehicle, the amount of electricity that can be obtained in a fuel cell by processing 1 kg of hydrogen was calculated. It has been shown that the specific fuel consumption for a hydrogen electric vehicle averages 1 kg of hydrogen per 100 km. Hydrogen has the potential to be the sustainable fuel of the future, reducing global dependence on fossil fuel resources and reducing carbon emissions from the transportation industry.

Future Technological Directions for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines in Transport Applications

The paper discusses some of the requirements, drivers, and resulting technological paths for manufacturers to develop hydrogen combustion engines for use in two types of market application – on-road heavy- and light-duty. One of the main requirements is legislative certainty, and this has now been afforded – at least in the major market of Europe – by the European Union's recent adoption into law of tailpipe emissions limits specifically designed to encourage the uptake of hydrogen engines in heavy-duty vehicles, giving manufacturers the confidence they need to invest in productionized solutions to offer to customers.It then discusses combustion systems and boosting systems for the two market types, emphasizing that heavy-duty vehicles need best efficiency throughout their operating map while light-duty ones, since they are rarely operated at full load, will mainly primarily need efficiency in the part-load region. This difference will likely cause a divergence in solutions, with heavy-duty engines running very lean everywhere and light-duty ones likely operating at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, at least for most of the map. The impacts of the strategies on engine systems and vehicle integration are discussed.It is postulated that due to reasons of preignition avoidance and efficiency hydrogen engines will rapidly adopt direct injection and that the long-term heavy-duty types will migrate towards the typical current spark-ignition-type cylinder head architecture where tumble, rather than swirl, will ultimately be needed for air motion in the cylinder for these reasons. They may also adopt active pre-chamber technology to ignite extremely lean mixtures for maximum efficiency and minimum emissions of oxides of nitrogen.It is suggested that light-duty engines will evolve less from their current gasoline architectural norm since they already contain all of the necessary fundamentals for hydrogen combustion. However, since part-load efficiency will be important, some new strategies may become desirable. Developing dual-fuel light-duty engines could accelerate their uptake as the heavy-duty market simultaneously accelerates the creation of the fuel supply infrastructure.The likely technological evolution suggests that variable valve trains, and specifically cam profile switching technology, would be extremely useful for all types of hydrogen engine, especially since they are readily available in different gasoline engines now. New operating strategies afforded by variable valve trains would benefit both heavy- and light-duty engines, and these strategies will become more sophisticated. There will therefore likely be a convergence of technologies for the two markets, albeit with some key differences maintained due to their vehicle applications and their differing operation in the field.

Impact of Vehicle Engine Supply System on In-Service Changes in Body Geometry and Wheel Alignment

Impact of Vehicle Engine Supply System on In-Service Changes in Body Geometry and Wheel Alignment

Social risk assessment of the transition from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles: Material supply chains in China, Japan, and South Korea

In order to reduce carbon emissions, the production of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) is being transitioned to the production of electric vehicles (EVs). However, the social unsustainability of this process needs further testing. This study explored the social risk characteristics of the transition from ICEVs to EVs based on the Social Hotspots Database (SHDB), combining with the Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) and the Marginal Analysis Method (MAM). Here, we revealed the differences in social risks in the material supply chains between China, Japan, and South Korea, which may create incentives for 100 % supply concentration in a hypothetical game. In terms of social risk, common substitution trends in the iron‑aluminum sector and synergy patterns in the copper-rubber sector were observed in the three countries. As a key factor influencing social risks, cost factor may change, and cost changes due to transition were mainly influenced by production adjustments and sourcing differences, reflecting differences in production capacity trends. This study makes it possible to consider ICEVs and EVs as two endpoints for transition activity in a SLCA exercise and provides valuable insights focusing on transition, aiding in material selection for future product design and underscoring the importance of proactive consideration of social sustainability indices.

Analysis of the impact of misfiring on the throttle body in ayla vehicles using the fast fourier transform method

An essential component of an automobile's air intake system, the throttle body controls airflow during combustion by acting as an idle speed control mechanism. Making ensuring the throttle body is operating properly is crucial to keeping the engine running at its best. The Fast Fourier Transform vibration analysis is one technique used for this (FFT). A an LCGC Ayla 1000 cc vehicle's throttle body and engine underwent vibration testing with rotational rates set to 750 rpm, 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, and 2000 rpm. Vibration responses were measured using an accelerometer sensor coupled to an FFT analyzer, and Matlab was used for analysis. The throttle body had anomalous frequency readings at 1977 Hz with an amplitude of 0.03171 m/s2, according to the test results. On the other hand, the frequency value at 1410 Hz with an amplitude of 0.03435 m/s2 was observed under normal circumstances. Similar to this, abnormal frequency values with an amplitude of 0.02378 m/s2 were found on the engine at 1493 Hz, whereas normal frequency values with the same amplitude were found at 1712 Hz. These results point to incomplete combustion as the cause of the increased vibration

A Study on the Mid-frequency Tire-Sourced Cabin Noise in Electric Vehicles

ABSTRACT This study investigates and provides a framework for addressing a reported tire- sourced cabin noise in the mid-frequency range of 300–500 Hz for an electric vehicle (EV). Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) of EVs present new challenges compared with internal combustion engine vehicles because of significant design changes between the two vehicle types. In turn, the tire–road interaction noise becomes a more significant source of cabin noise in EVs. In this regard, some prominent EV manufacturers recently reported relatively high measured cabin noise, particularly in the mid-frequency range of 300–500 Hz. Identifying the root cause(s) of noise in that range is a challenging task, as both tire structure–borne and airborne sources are contributors in that frequency range of elevated noise. The current work presents the results of an experimental modal analysis to provide insight into some potential sources of the reported noise for an all-season tire/wheel assembly designed for an EV. The subsequent parametric simulations, conducted via the tire–vehicle finite element model, evaluate some of the mitigation solutions for the reported noise.

Results on the Use of an Original Burner for Reducing the Three-Way Catalyst Light-Off Time

Individual road mobility comes with two major challenges: greenhouse gas emissions related to global warming and chemical pollution. For the pollution reduction in the spark ignition engine vehicle, the standard and reliable aftertreatment technology is the three-way catalytic converter (TWC). However, the TWC starts to convert once an optimal temperature, usually known as the light-off temperature, is reached. There are many methods to reduce the warm-up period of the TWC, among which is using a burner. The initial question underlying this study was to see if the use of a relatively straightforward extra-combustion device mounted upstream the TWC, without complex elements, was able to serve the purpose of reducing the light-off time. Consequently, an original burner was designed and investigated numerically via the CFD method and experimentally via measurements of the temperature evolution within a TWC, along with the emissions specific to the burner’s operation. The main findings of this study are: (1) the CFD-based examination is a good way to decide on how to achieve the so-called fit-for-purpose internal aerodynamics of the burner (i.e., to obtain a homogeneous mixture) and (2) to reach the light-off temperature, conventionally taken as 500 K, the burner was operated for 5.2 s, i.e., 3.6 g of gasoline injected, 2.7 g of CO2 and 1.351 g of CO, respectively, emitted. Moreover, this study identified measures for improving the burner’s design as well as an enhanced procedure for the burner’s operating control both aiming to produce a cleaner combustion during the TWC pre-heating.

Fuel Efficiency Optimization in Adaptive Cruise Control: A Comparative Study of Model Predictive Control-Based Approaches

This work investigates the fuel efficiency potential of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems, focusing on two optimization-based control approaches for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. In particular, this study compares two model predictive control (MPC) designs. In the first approach, a strictly quadratic cost is adopted, and fuel consumption is indirectly minimized by adjusting the weights assigned to state tracking and control effort. In the second approach, a fuel consumption map is explicitly included in the MPC cost function, aiming to directly minimize it. Both approaches are compared to a globally optimal benchmark obtained with dynamic programming. Although these methods have been discussed in the literature, no systematic comparison of their relative performance has been conducted, which is the primary contribution of this article. The results demonstrate that, with proper tuning, the simpler quadratic approach can achieve comparable fuel savings to the approach with explicit fuel consumption minimization, with a maximum variation of 0.5%. These results imply that the first alternative is more suitable for online implementation, due to the more favorable characteristics of the associated optimization problem.