Computer Simulation Technology Software Research Articles

Designing of Inverted F Antenna and Utilizing of Blockchain in Vehicle Systems

Raed Daraghma, Eman Daraghmi, Yousef Daraghmi, Hacene FoThis paper is the first to integrate a blockchain system to improve the manufacturing efficiency and reliability of 5G F Inverted antennas. The recommended antenna is constructed from a single side of a premium aluminum conductor, the width of the radiator is 0.564 mm, the thickness of the conductor is 0.77 mm ground plane is 29.3 x 29.3 mm2 dimension. The antenna is designed to work at a frequency of 5.9 GHz, therefore it can be used for vehicle applications. It is designed to be inserted as an integrated antenna into an IOT device and is composed of Microstrip F shapes. Therefore, a rectangular Microstrip patch F antenna was built and its performance was examined in this work. 5.9 GHz is the antenna's resonance frequency range, which is suitable for vehicle applications. The simulation software for this work was Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Antenna performance was compared concerning gain, bandwidth, and return on loss. By enhancing the production efficiency and reliability of 5G Inverted F antennas, our study sets a new benchmark for the integration of blockchain and smart contract technologies, paving the way for ground-breaking advancements in manufacturing techniques. The relevance of creating an inverted F antenna for the Vehicle Systems environment is increased by this research. Typically, rod antennas are found in automobiles. However, the Vehicle Systems industry's requirements for meeting the demands of human resources with a variety of applications at different frequencies are not met by the rod antenna now in use. Because of their important characteristics, which include wideband matching, omnidirectional pattern, high efficiency, and compact size, microstrip patch Inverted F antennas are highly favored in the Vehicle Systems industry. uchal

Self-assembly Ti3C2Tx MXene/ZnCo2O4@ZnO heterostructure with Schottky junction for regulating BIEF to enhance microwave absorption

Currently, heterogenous interface engineering on absorbers is shown to boost the electromagnetic wave absorption (EMA) performance effectively. However, challenges remain in investigating the mechanisms by studying heterojunctions between heterogeneous interfaces. Herein, a self-assembly Ti3C2Tx MXene/ZnCo2O4@ZnO (MZCZ) heterostructure with abundant Schottky heterogenous interfaces generating a controllable built-interface electric field (BIEF) effect is fabricated to achieve exceptional EMA ability. The formative BIEF between the unbalanced distribution charges promotes charge separation and migration, increasing polarization loss. Fortunately, the obtained MZCZ1 exhibits the reflection loss (RL) value of −69.78 dB under the ultralow thickness of 1.501 mm and the optimal minimum RL (RLmin) value of −74.41 dB, respectively. The excellent performance can be ascribed to the multiple polarization loss, conduction loss, natural resonance, and exchange resonance characteristics. Moreover, by the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software, the designed circular cone and circular truncated cone periodicity structure with the MZCZ1 absorber both exhibit a super-wide effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) covering the whole C, X, and Ku band. This study can pioneer a novel approach to developing functional EMA materials and provide a valuable direction for further study of EMA mechanisms at heterogeneous interfaces.

Compact Ultra-Wide Band Two Element Vivaldi Non-uniform Slot MIMO Antenna for Body-Centric Applications

This work presents a novel compact two-port Vivaldi Non-uniform Slot MIMO Antenna (VNSMA) to overcome the challenges of traditional ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas, such as large size, limited bandwidth (BW), high mutual coupling, and suboptimal performance in wearable devices. Designed based on Vivaldi non-uniform slot profile antenna (VNSPA) theory, this antenna offers superior performance metrics and significantly advances wearable antenna technology. The novelty of this work is investigating different positions for the two compact UWB VNSA to get better performance with smaller sizes, wider impedance matching BW, and lower mutual coupling (MC) where side by side at an angle of 180ᵒ is determined to be the best configuration. Detailed parametric studies were performed on this configuration for better performance, where the MC was further reduced by etching the ground plane with a vertical slot between the two antennas and L slots around the Microstrip to Slot (M/S) transition, respectively. Furthermore, BW and gain enhancements were obtained by etching exponential tapered and triangular slots at its two edges. Using the Finite Integration Technique (FIT), Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software is used for the simulations in this work. The VNSMA is tested on a CST Gustav human phantom and gives excellent results with low specific absorption rate (SAR) values at several UWB frequencies. The proposed VNSMA provides good, measured outcomes of S11 < -11.08 dB with wide BW of 12.5 GHz (2.33–14.83 GHz) covering high isolation of -23 dB (for most of frequency band), moderate-high gain of 5.89 dBi, radiation efficiency of 66-90%, low Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) of 0.002 and high diversity gain (DG) of 9.99 dBi, stable radiation patterns, and average group delay of 1.2 ns. This innovative design, which optimizes antenna positioning and incorporates ground plane modifications, achieves remarkable improvements in BW, which covers multiple bands, including WLAN (2.4–2.485 GHz), X-band (8-12 GHz), and part of Ku band (12-18 GHz). The findings demonstrate the antenna's potential for various high-resolution microwave imaging applications, particularly in medical diagnostics like breast and brain cancer detection, showcasing its impact in wearable technology and healthcare.

Design Optimization and Analysis of Trenching Excavator Bucket

This research centers on the design optimization and analysis of a trenching excavator bucket using ANSYS engineering simulation software. The study explores modifications, such as decreasing bucket height by 35mm and increasing side plate width to 12mm compared to the stock configuration1. The analysis primarily focuses on evaluating Equivalent Elastic Strain and Total Deformation using ANSYS to ensure improved digging performance and structural integrity. Excavator buckets are vital components in earth-moving operations, and their efficiency directly affects productivity and operational costs. By leveraging ANSY advanced capabilities, this study aims to propose an optimized bucket design that enhances trenching efficiency and durability. The findings provide valuable insights for manufacturers and engineers seeking to elevate excavator bucket technology and improve construction and mining operations through enhanced performance and cost-effectiveness.

Analysis of EFT Transmission Characteristics in Armoured Shielded Cables

Abstract Electrical fast transient pulses (EFT) generated when a gas-isolated substation (GIS) is switched on and off. The EFT is transmitted to the control chamber through the secondary control cable, which will cause the failure of the control equipment. In this paper, the three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation software CST (Computer Simulation Technology) is used to study the transmission characteristics of EFT in armored shielded control cables. First, an EFT analog signal is generated using an interference generator. Analyze the difference between the EFT analog signal and the EFT model in the IEC standard. The conversion method of FFT is used to analyze the spectral characteristics of EFT analog signals. According to the structural parameters, a 20-meter-long model of an armored shielded control cable was built in the CST cable studio The effect of the grounding of the shield and armor layers on the attenuation and crosstalk of EFT signals in the cable is studied. Finally, the EFT experiment of 1m long armored shielded cable is carried out, and the reliability of the research method is verified by comparing with the simulation results.

Исследование процессов тепломассопереноса в нефтяной скважине с~призабойным нагревателем различной длины

This paper considers a three-dimensional mathematical model of heat and mass transfer in an oil well with a bottom-hole heater. The vertical section of an oil well with an electric bottom-hole heater device for wells with highly viscous and paraffinic oil was investigated. The bottomhole heater is a monolithic cylinder located in the lower part of the tubing. The tubing contains perforations through which the oil fluid enters the tubing. The use of a local heater in the near-wellbore area makes it possible to increase the temperature of the fluid flowing through it, thereby reducing the viscosity of the oil and the load on the electric centrifugal pump, for which the critical value of the viscosity of the pumped medium is determined. The implementation of this model was carried out by the finite volume method using the ANSYS engineering simulation software. The geometry of finite elements and the finite volume mesh generated, an analogue of a continuous computational domain, were constructed by the MESH preprocessor. The finite volume mesh consists of polyhedral elements. Using the model, the fields of temperature, velocity and viscosity were obtained throughout the entire volume of the area under study. The curves showing the dependence of the average temperature of the cross section on the longitudinal coordinate of the tubing and the dependence of the average temperature at the inlet to an electric centrifugal pump on the heater power are presented. The viscosity value at the maximum permissible temperature of the heater, as well as the value of sufficient heater power to ensure uninterrupted pumping of petroleum liquid, were determined. The results obtained can be used to significantly improve the operating efficiency of an electric centrifugal pump, to increase the turnaround time and to reduce material costs during field development.

Antena Tatasusun Grid Lut Sinar dengan Sel Suria Terpeka Pewarna (DSSC)

Wireless communication systems require electrical energy to operate and function. Whereas standalone applications require reliable power sources which can be realised by photovoltaic technology. Typically, photovoltaic cells and antennas are two separate devices. These devices compete for space in mobile or standalone systems, where available space is generally very limited. To address this issue, a combination of an antenna and a solar cell into a single device is needed. Integrating an antenna with a solar cell is challenging due to the importance of maintaining a compact, simple design while achieving optimal efficiency for both elements. This study focuses on designing a transparent grid array antenna integrated with Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) for Ku-band applications. The grid array design aims to improve antenna performance and is chosen for its suitability with the design and structure of the solar antenna device. The integrated antenna and solar cell were simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software at a frequency of 14 GHz for Ku-band applications. A prototype of the antenna and solar cell was fabricated, then tested and measured for the efficiency of both the antenna and solar elements. For the solar element, performance measurements were conducted using a halide lamp to mimic sunlight, with results presented in the form of current-voltage curves. In summary, by the end of this study, a transparent solar antenna for Ku-band applications was successfully designed with a gain exceeding 10 dBi. The solar cell’s performance showed an open-circuit voltage (V&lt;sub&gt;OC&lt;/sub&gt;) of 0.6733 V, a short-circuit current density (J&lt;sub&gt;SC&lt;/sub&gt;) of 2.06 mA/cm², a fill factor (f&lt;sub&gt;F&lt;/sub&gt;) of 29.31%, and a power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.407%.

Development of nano ferrite coated miniaturised jute antenna for wireless applications

In this work, a microstrip patch antenna is designed using a novel Ytterbium doped Cu-Mn Nano ferrite coated jute substrate for S band (2-4 GHz) applications. The prepared material is characterised by structural and electromagnetic properties to examine and analyse the effect of material factors on antenna substrate suitability. The antenna is designed and simulated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The antenna parameters such as gain are improved by employing super formula and meander line techniques. The fabricated antenna also shows better performance with return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and gain values.

Ultra-thin wide-band split-ring resonator-based compact mu-negative metamaterial for terahertz applications

This paper focuses on designing and investigating a new type of metamaterial called an ultra-thin wide-band mu-negative (MNG) metamaterial. The targeted frequency range is 0.1–10 THz. At the resonance frequency of 6.37 THz, the permeability (μ) of the structure is negative, allowing it to function as an MNG metamaterial. Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) 3D software simulations, examining the scattering and medium parameters of the MNG metamaterial. The findings demonstrate that the proposed MNG metamaterial exhibits resonance peaks in the mu-negative region at 6.37 THz and wide frequency bands of 8.79 THz at −10 dB in the CST simulator. The structure is adaptable based on design parameters. This MNG metamaterial is unique due to its ultra-thin, a form mu-negative wide bandwidth of 3.20 THz, and suitable resonance frequencies. The simulation results from Ansys HFSS software almost align with CST results. The structure, resonating in the THz region with wide bandwidth, shows potential applications in spectroscopy and biomedical engineering. The study encountered difficulties in achieving precise fabrication at the nanoscale and ensuring the reproducibility of metamaterial properties across various samples. Despite these challenges, the proposed metamaterial shows significant advancements in terahertz technology.

Performance Analysis of Patch Antenna Features Based on Different Substrate Material Properties

This paper focuses on the performance analysis features of the patch antenna. This antenna is designed by using Flame Retardant 4 (FR4), and Roger 4350 substrate materials that will be operating in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). The frequency chosen for this paper is 2.4GHz and it has been chosen from IEEE 802.11 network uses for a Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) network. The proposed antenna was developed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST-MW) software. The proposed FR4 substrate shows a higher antenna bandwidth as compared to a Roger substrate, however the antenna gain and directivity was enhanced with Roger substrate. By using this substrate, the antenna gain was enhanced by 40%.

High accuracy graphene-based refractive index sensor: Analytical approach

A high-precision graphene-based refractive index (RI) sensor is suggested in this article. Because resonances represent a specific field distribution, optical sensors show a very high sensitivity to environment RI changes. These optical sensors' sensitivity is profoundly subordinate to the materials used in the sensor as well as the sensor structure. The structure of the proposed sensor consists of the following layers, respectively: gold layer, SiO2, graphene and the substance under test (analyte). The transmission line model (TLM) was also fully investigated for this absorber and the inductor and capacitor values related to the simulation were obtained. There was a suitable agreement between the simulation results and TLM. This sensor has nearly perfect absorption and the absorption peak of this sensor in the absorption curve is 99.99 % at 3.24 THz with an average quality factor of 11.39. This absorber-based sensor sensitivity to changing the test medium (analyte) RI is so high that with a very small change in the RI of the analyte, the absorption peak is shifted, and its frequency changes. This sensor sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) to variation of the analyte RI 726 GHz/RIU 2.69 RIU-1 were acquired, respectively. The characteristics of this sensor can be adjusted by variating the bias voltage exerted on the graphene layer. The Computer Simulation Technology (CST) and Advanced Design System (ADS) software have been used to analyze this structure. This proposed sensor can be used as a good sensor in biomedical applications and early diagnosis of diseases such as leukemia and types of cancer and influenza.

Left-handed metamaterial based on circular split ring (CSRR) resonator for microwave sensing Application

This paper presents a new metamaterial structure specifically designed to operate in the L, S, and C frequency bands. It is characterized by a small unit cell size of 15mm × 15 mm. The metamaterial's electromagnetic properties are thoroughly examined, utilizing FR-4 substrate material and copper circular split ring resonators (CSRRs). The Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software uses the finite integration technique (FIT) to precisely model the effective parameters over a frequency range of 0–6 GHz. In simulations and experiments, the structure demonstrates negative refractive index, effective permittivity, and effective permeability. The electric and magnetic field distributions within the unit cell are accurately characterized using vector fields. In addition, the equivalent circuit is simulated and depicted using ADS software, with comparisons drawn between the measured data and the simulated data. The experimental validation, conducted using six varying thicknesses of FR4 materials, verifies the resemblance between the simulated and the measured transmission coefficients. Moreover, the effective medium ratio (EMR) of the metamaterial is calculated to be 12.74, indicating its promising capabilities for microwave sensing applications. The examination of the sensor model uncovers such metrics as quality factors, frequency detection resolution (FDR) values, and sensitivities, all of which enhance our comprehension of the material's performance. This discovery has the potential to advance the development of sensing metamaterials, which could significantly impact various applications and enhance research in the field.

Technology Focus: Deepwater Fields (May 2024)

Without belittling our industry’s work to arrest climate change, the fact remains that relentless global efforts to secure energy during the past 4 decades have led to only a 7% reduction in the contribution of fossil fuels to the global energy supply. In light of the historic outcomes of COP28 and the stringent agreement of 198 countries to steer away from fossil fuels, it is evident that today’s oil and gas industry is at a crossroads and in an unprecedented race with time to address the trilemma to develop a progressive multitier energy model to balance transitioning to a low-carbon industry with maintaining production and fortifying its commitment to a sustainable future. Empowering, leveraging, and capitalizing on the current investments of our industry in the rapidly developing technologies that are revolutionizing both the renewable and fossil-fuel landscapes are exigently and prudently needed to reach this cornerstone goal. These technologies—such as carbon capture, use, and storage; winds; hydrogen; bioenergy; and geothermal—form more than 28% of the total energy consumption targeted to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by 2050 and have a close affinity to the existing resources of the oil and gas industry. Deepwater offshore developments have always been the forefront projects of the industry. After about a decade of fragile outlook and waning investment in these ventures, the trend is showing a dynamic rise since 2022 based on the number of sanctioned projects worldwide and the associated annual capital of more than $200 billion. This is a remarkable affirmation of the resilience of these assets and the confidence in a greener, safer, and more cost-effective future of the industry in general. Rigorous engineering remains the key platform to accomplish the dizzying array of complex work on a daily basis and the linchpin in elevating the performance of deepwater projects from acquisition to abandonment. Opportunity still abounds for the operators of these assets to thrive and endure for the upcoming decades through advancing engineering prowess, bolstering their assets’ designs and operability, and collaborating with counterparts on potential synergies. These are prudent measures to appraise and invest in well-grounded solutions in order to harness the full potential of deepwater developments and improve their operational and overall efficiencies. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. SPE 217802 Fracturing 30,000-ft Wells in Deepwater—Planning and Execution Learnings From the Gulf of Mexico by K.F. Lizak, Shell, et al. OTC 32808 Validation of a Completion Digital Twin Applied to Packer Setting by L.A. Oliveira, Engineering Simulation and Scientific Software, et al. SPE 217277 Methane Recovery With Carbon Dioxide Sequestration as Hydrates in Deep Marine Environments: An Extensive Examination of Potential, Technical Advancements, and Economic Feasibility by Saket Kumar Shrivastava, SLB, et al.

Simple Compact UWB Vivaldi Antenna Arrays for Breast Cancer Detection

In this study, at ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency band (3.1–10.6 GHz), we propose the use of compact 2:1 and 3:1 nonuniform transmission line Wilkinson power dividers (NTL WPDs) as feeding networks for simple 2 × 1 linear UWB Vivaldi tapered and nonuniform slot antenna (VTSA and VNSA) arrays. The 2:1 and 3:1 tapered transmission line (TTL) WPDs are designed and tested in this work as benchmarks for NTL WPDs. The VTSA array provides measured S11 &lt; −10.28 dB at 2.42–11.52 GHz, with a maximum gain of 8.61 dBi, which is 24.39% higher than the single element. Using the VNSA array, we achieve 52% compactness and 6.76% bandwidth enhancement, with good measured results of S11 &lt; −10.2 dB at 3.24–13 GHz and 15.11% improved gain (8.14 dBi) compared to the VNSA single element. The findings show that the NTL and Vivaldi nonuniform slot profile antenna (VNSPA) theories are successful at reducing the size of the UWB WPD and VTSA without sacrificing performance. They also emphasize the Vivaldi antenna’s compatibility with other circuits. These compact arrays are ideal for high-resolution medical applications like breast cancer detection (BCD) because of their high gain, wide bandwidth, directive stable radiation patterns, and low specific absorption rate (SAR). A simple BCD simulation scenario is addressed in this work. Detailed parametric studies are performed on the two arrays for impedance-matching enhancement. The computer simulation technology (CST) software is used for the simulation. Hardware measurement results prove the validity of the proposed arrays.

For wireless LAN application, microstrip patch antenna design in S-band

This article presents a 3.5 GHz rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) designed, studied, and analyzed for wireless LAN applications. Using Fr-4 as substrate material, whose dielectric permittivity is 4.3, patch thickness is 1.65 mm, and loss tangent is 0.025. A feeding line with an impedance of 50 Ω is utilized to supply the antenna with power. Computer simulation technology (CST) software has been used to design the antenna and origin pro software has been used to display the resulting figures from the simulation. The antenna simulation showed that the return loss is -56.82 dB; the directivity gain is 6.02 dBi, the bandwidth is 0.148 GHz, and the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is 1.0028. The paper aims to increase the return loss, develop a standard VSWR, increase the directivity gain of the antenna, and improve the antenna bandwidth. The results of the proposed antenna were much better than previously published papers, which were suitable for wireless applications. This proposed antenna can be used for future wireless LAN applications.

Assessing the costs and benefits of dynamically positioned floating wind turbines to enable expanded deployment

In addition to technical and economic challenges, the offshore wind industry must also contend with environmental and socio-political concerns that constrain development. Here, the viability of dynamically positioned floating offshore wind platforms that could ameliorate these constraints is analyzed. Such a design can unlock deeper, less-contentious waters that are farther from shore and reduce environmental interactions in the ocean, thus expanding and improving deployment opportunities. While prior studies on this application only focused on energy performance, the resulting cost of energy and benefits have not yet been quantified. Although prior studies found that the energy-performance of this strategy does not show promise, it is possible that a full understanding of the costs and benefits will reveal a decision space where it makes sense. To address this gap in the literature, the cost penalty of this application compared to moored turbines is estimated here. A physical engineering model is used to compute the environmental loads on a floating offshore wind turbine to estimate the expected energy needed by the station-keeping thrusters and one potential environmental benefit—eliminated mooring chains. The models were validated using marine engineering simulation software. Dynamic positioning realizes a cost penalty of at least 30 U.S. dollars/megawatt-hour while eliminating up to 900 km of mooring chains for a 1-gigawatt array. Up to 3 megawatt-hours of stored energy are needed to station-keep during continuous low winds. Furthermore, dynamic positioning is more viable for turbines of intermediate size (8–10 MW) rather than larger turbines (15 MW). The results show that aerodynamic loads on the turbine fall sharply beyond the rated wind speed, operational and design improvements may further improve the viability of this application, and the energy performance of this application continually improves with added thrusters although the cost of energy does not.

Terahertz Uygulamaları için Grafen Malzemesine Dayalı Mikroşerit Bowtie Anten Tasarımı ve Optimizasyonu

The developments of the wireless communications technology, the Terahertz (THz) frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum becomes promising and recently has the researchers’ attention to be utilized in several applications such as medical, indoor communications for personal networks, and the military applications. The main issues in this frequency band are the construction of a compact, high-performance antenna design; as in this frequency band, the material properties for conduction decrease as the frequency increases, and therefore the performance of the antenna diminishes. In this paper, we propose a graphene-based bowtie microstrip antenna, the performance of the graphene material in the THz frequency band is analysed based on the finite integration of the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The graphene-based bowtie patch printed on a silicon dioxide substrate with a fully copper ground plane printed on its bottom. The proposed graphene plasmonic bowtie antenna covers a range of 0.1-10 THz band frequency with good gain in the range of 2-19 dBi in the mentioned band.

A High-Gain Directional 1 × 8 Planar Antenna Array for 2.4GHz RFID Reader Applications

This research paper deals with a directional high gain PCB [Formula: see text] antenna array for 2.4[Formula: see text]ISM band utilizations. To achieve this antenna array, a well-matched equal-split 9[Formula: see text]dB-power splitter is designed and integrated with the suggested antenna array. It exhibits a wide operating range of 506[Formula: see text]MHz (2.022–2.528[Formula: see text]GHz) and splits the feed power to 8 equal-in-phase output quantities. Then eight identical patch elements with good reflection coefficient, high gain and excellent radiation efficiency are connected at the eight-output ports of the 1 × 8-power divider in order to obtain an array antenna consisting of eight radiating elements. A quarter-wave impedance adapter is utilized to obtain a perfect matching of impedance between patches and the power divider. The suggested directional antenna resonates at 2.4[Formula: see text]GHz with good impedance matching via offering reflection coefficient [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.16. Moreover, it offers good radiation traits like the enhanced gain of 14.76[Formula: see text]dB, an excellent radiating efficiency equals about 98.86% and a directional radiation pattern. Initially, the proposed planar directional antenna array has been designed and simulated utilizing high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) EM simulation tool, the results are validated with another simulation tool via computer simulation technology (CST) software. This printed antenna array is a potential candidate to operate at around 2.4[Formula: see text]GHz for RFID reader utilizations due to its outstanding impedance and radiation characteristics.

Performance Comparison of 28 GHz Rectangular Patch Antenna Based on Three Different Dielectric Constant Substrates for 5G Communications

This article introduces a design and analysis of three inset-fed rectangular patch antennas based on three different dielectric constant substrate materials. These substrate materials include Rogers RT-5880, Preperm 260 LDS, and Polycarbonate. The introduced structures are resonant at a frequency of 28 GHz and employ copper material for a radiating patch on the top of the dielectricsubstrate and a ground plane on the bottom of the substrate. The design dimensions of the three structures have been calculated, while the three materials employed as the substrate in the three antenna structures are different. Furthermore, Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software was employed to simulate and compare the performance of the three introduced designs. The performance indexes used to evaluate and compare the performance of the three proposed designs include realized gain, return loss, radiation efficiency, bandwidth, radiation pattern, and voltage standing wave ratio

Low thermal SRR metamaterial design with multi-layered structured for terahertz frequency applications

The goal of this study is to examine the effects of split-ring resonators (SRR) with compact square shapes at terahertz frequencies. Therefore, a unique and miniaturised SRR metamaterial was constructed in this work. Every simulation was performed by using the Computer Simulation Technology software to explore the radar cross-section (RCS), reflection and transmission coefficients. Furthermore, MATLAB software was adopted to calculate the characteristics of an effective medium for the recommended SRR metamaterial. The initial metamaterial structure consists of a single layer that exhibits lower peak points with unsatisfactory magnitude values. Therefore, by adopting the trial and error technique, a few parametric studies were conducted to select the optimised metamaterial. For instance, various square-shaped design analyses, investigation of different substrate materials with a dielectric constant between 3.5 and 11.9, multi-layer structures, and larger-scale analyses were explored in this work. According to the observation, the quintuple layer SRR design was adopted since it possesses multiple resonances with reasonable magnitude values at 2.58, 3.78, 7.54, 7.77, 8.21, 8.5, and 8.88 THz. Moreover, the proposed quintuple-layer metamaterial helps to reduce the RCS values from −128.5 to −90.93 dBm2 at 2.58 THz when adopting an array cell structure. Moreover, this work also examines and analyses the thermal distribution of the proposed quintuple-layer metamaterial at all resonance frequencies. The observation revealed only small temperature distribution discrepancies occurred on the design structure compared to all peak points. In a nutshell, the proposed quintuple-layer SRR metamaterial achieved the purpose of this research and is practically applicable for the terahertz frequency.