Engineering Critical Assessment Procedures Research Articles

Investigation on the strain capacity of girth welds of X80 seamless pipes with defects

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out on the strain capacity of girth-welded X80 pipes subject to displacement-controlled conditions. The focus of this research is fracture limit state. This paper contains details of small-scale and full-scale experiments on X80 line pipe specimen containing girth welds and different initial defect dimensions in order to understand their fracture behaviour. The effect of internal pressure on strain capacity is also investigated through full-scale bending tests. Extensive accompanying Finite Element Analysis has been carried out with a focus on weld overmatch combined with Heat Affected Zone. The analysis results are compared with experimental results and the current Engineering Critical Assessment procedures.

Treatment of fracture toughness data for engineering critical assessment (ECA)

This paper is concerned with the choice of the fracture toughness value employed in deterministic ECAs and how this is dealt with in various codes. The use of the minimum value from three tests, the minimum of three equivalent (MOTE) concept and the use of statistical data fitting procedures are examined. In addition, the implications of the choice of fracture toughness value on the quality of the ECA are discussed. It is argued that as ECA procedures become more sophisticated and more precise, there is a need to critically examine the way fracture toughness data are treated. Simple approaches, based on testing a few specimens, may no longer be appropriate and using a characteristic value from a distribution fitted to the data will have a more reliable outcome.

The Validation of Weld Residual Stresses for Use in Structural Integrity Assessment

The continued safe and reliable operation of plant invariably has to consider the assessment of defects in welded structural components. This requires some estimate of the residual stresses that have developed during the welding fabrication process. For as-welded structures these stresses can be of yield magnitude. Engineering critical assessment procedures such as R6, BS 7910, FITNET and API 579-1 provide simplified estimates, bounding profiles or advice on detailed analysis or measurement which can be applied to provide conservative estimates of the remaining life of plant. The use of finite element analysis (FEA) is being applied more frequently to predict residual stresses in welded components for assessment purposes. This calculation involves complex non-linear analyses with many assumptions. As a consequence, the accuracy and reliability of solutions is variable. In order to improve the consistency of weld modelling, and hence the accuracy and confidence in their use, a set of Guidelines covering the calculation of residual stresses have been developed. The residual stress calculations need to be validated before the results can be used in assessments and guidance on how to demonstrate the required standard of validation proof is provided with these Guidelines. The level of validation required, depends on the problem being solved and the sensitivity of the assessment to the presence of residual stress. For example a high level of validation may be required for assessments of safety critical plant. To support these calculations, measurements are required and a series of ‘Weld Residual Stress Benchmarks’, describing welded mock-ups which have been measured using various measurement techniques, are being collated which the users can then refer to when validating their finite element modelling techniques and thus provide a greater confidence in the predicted results.