Technology Conference Research Articles

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for Computer and Information Science and Engineering Conferences: How Change Happens and Four Things You Can Do Now

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion for Computer and Information Science and Engineering Conferences: How Change Happens and Four Things You Can Do Now

Nuclear Science for the Manhattan Project

This is a transcript of my talk for Nuclear Data for Science and Technology conference, ND2022. The talk is available on YouTube: www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_WYcTHco00. This work is derived from a 2021 paper I wrote in the American Nuclear Society’s journal Nuclear Technology 207, S24 (2021). It was published in a special issue together with twenty-three other papers, for the 75th Anniversary of the culmination of the Manhattan Project. It would be better to watch the video than read this transcript!

Guest Editorial

“Thinkers aren’t limited by what they know, because they can always increase what they know. Rather they’re limited by what puzzles them, because there’s no way to become curious about something that doesn’t puzzle you.” Daniel Quinn This year, the annual Special Edition presents the best work from the Second International Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering, and Engineering Management (ISEM) conference, held from 2 to 4 October 2023 in Somerset West, South Africa. The papers that are included undergo the same double-blind peer review process as the journal, using the journal’s criteria. The papers chosen for this edition were selected on the basis of reviewer rankings and a final check of their quality and suitability by the journal editors. The theme of the ISEM conference – “Be the piece” – challenged delegates to be curious, to network, and to share as they found ways to puzzle collectively over the challenges of the future. My highlight of the conference was the physical puzzle that was enthusiastically built by delegates over three days, constructing not only a beautiful picture but also lasting friendships and connections. The scope of topics covered by our annual Special Edition never fails to disappoint. Once again, the papers present a range of work from theoretical studies to the application of techniques in practical cases in a wide variety of contexts, including mining, healthcare, and agriculture, and address prominent issues related to sustainability and societal impact. The ISEM conference, and by extension the papers included in this Special Edition, bring together the communities of industrial and systems engineering and engineering management, and showcase the synergies and opportunities presented by these unique yet overlapping disciplines as they piece together ways to tackle society’s grand challenges. Teresa Hattingh Guest editor

27th Power Engineering and Power Machines Conference - PEPM 2022 16 – 19 September 2022, Sozopol, Bulgaria

IntroductionThe conference is organized by the Faculty of Power Engineering and Power Machines at the Technical University of Sofia, Bulgaria. This is the 27th annual edition of the event, part of the “Days of Science” activities at the Technical University of Sofia. For the past 27 years, the PEPM Conference has become a traditional annual scientific forum for the meeting of Bulgarian and foreign experts and industry representatives in the field of energy and renewable energy technologies, thermodynamics, heat engineering, building efficiency improvements and HVAC systems, environmental engineering and protection, hydraulics and pneumatics, textile and sewing production.All received publications are peer reviewed and traditionally, the highest quality scientific papers are further submitted for publishing in referenced partnering journals. Based on recent years of experience, the conference offers on-site and online possibility for attendance. The program includes keynote lectures from selected popular topics in the presented areas, as well as oral presentations of the papers by the participants. It became a tradition, for some of the main sponsors, to organize special demonstration stalls in the conference area, where they can expose their lates innovative products and have a closer meeting with the audience.List of Organizers, Venue, Conference topic, Committees, Editors, Keynote lectures, Sessions, Participants, Sponsors, Contact, Conference pictures, Conference Program, Conference Agenda are available in this Pdf.

Well-Integrity Risk-Assessment Strategy Applied to CO2 Sequestration Project

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22348, “Scrutinizing Well Integrity for Determining Long-Term Fate of a CO2 Sequestration Project: An Improved and Rigorous Risk-Assessment Strategy,” by Parimal A. Patil, SPE, Asyraf M. Hamimi, and M. Azuan B. Abu Bakar, Petronas, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ Depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs are considered inherently safe for carbon sequestration, but a high density of wells penetrating the carbon dioxide (CO2) storage reservoir could compromise containment performance in a carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) project. A risk-management methodology can be incorporated to evaluate primary and secondary barriers in existing plugged and abandoned (P&A) and development wells to ensure long-term viability of CO2 sequestration projects. The complete paper evaluates well-integrity and CO2 leakage risks along the wells in a depleted field that penetrates the CO2 storage reservoir. Background The identified CO2 storage site offshore Malaysia is a depleted hydrocarbon field discovered in the early 1980s. Subsequently, two appraisal wells were drilled to further assess the field’s development potential. The structure is a north/south anticline with an aerial extent of approximately 35 km2 and a vertical closure of 100 m on top of the reservoirs. Eighteen major and minor gas-bearing reservoirs exist in the field. The hydrocarbons from deeply buried reservoirs were produced over a period of approximately 15 to 25 years through deviated wellbores. In total, 24 wells are in the targeted field; of these, three are abandoned exploration and appraisal wells and 21 are development wells drilled from the platform. All exploration and appraisal wells are P&A, while 21 development wells are still accessible from the platform. High uncertainties are associated with the P&A wells because the well sites were restored per a regulatory requirement in which the casings were cut below mudline and a surface cement plug was placed with no intention of re-entering these wells. Development wells, on the other hand, were assessed and screened for reuse by conversion into CO2 injectors. Understanding Well Integrity for CO2 Storage Potential leakages that may occur through various mechanisms during geological storage of CO2 in the storage field include failed caprock and trap integrity and leakage along existing wellbores. Parameters that could cause leakage of CO2 because of failed caprock include existing faults or fractures, reactivation of faults, development of new fractures during injection, and caprock failure caused by pressures exceeding fracture pressure during or after injection. The geological analysis of the depleted field for potential development as a future CO2 storage site must understand and mitigate associated risks by integrating information from various databases. However, the integrity of wells in the storage project must be ensured over very long time scales, in the thousands of years.

Spatial management of air and missile defence operations

This paper relates to the accepted presentation presented at the international Air and Missile Defence Technology Conference, held on November 16–17, 2022, in London, the UK, (day two), reflecting the contents of the presentation slides. It describes applications of the patented and internationally tested Spatial Grasp Technology (SGT) and its Spatial Grasp Language (SGL) for integrated air and missile defense (IAMD). Based on holistic space navigation and processing by recursive mobile code self-spreading in distributed words, SGT differs radically from the traditional management of large systems since it consists of parts exchanging messages. The dynamic network of SGL interpreters can be arbitrarily large and cover terrestrial and celestial environments as powerful spatial engines. The paper contains an example of tracking and destruction of multiple cruise missiles by self-evolving spatial intelligence in SGL using networks of radar stations. It also briefs the growing multiple satellite constellation in low Earth orbits (LEO) for potential IAMD applications. Starting from the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) of the past and then briefing the latest project of the Space Development Agency, the paper shows SGL solutions for discovery, tracking, and destroying ballistic missiles and hypersonic gliders with the use of collectively behaving constellations of LEO satellites. It also shows how to organize higher levels of supervision of groups of mobile chasers fighting multiple targets (potentially both missiles and drones), by providing global awareness and even consciousness in SGL which can drastically improve their performance. The latest version of SGT can be implemented on any platform and put into operation in a short time, similar to its previous versions in different countries.

Automated Work Flow Identifies Opportunities for Production, Cost Improvements

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31295, “Automated Reservoir Management Work Flows To Identify Candidates and Rank Opportunities for Production Enhancement and Cost Optimization in a Giant Field Offshore Abu Dhabi,” by Carlos Mata, SPE, Luigi Saputelli, SPE, and Dorzhi Badmaev, SPE, ADNOC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2021 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ An intensive effort is required to identify the right candidates and to ensure the technical and economic success of well interventions, infill-drilling locations, and sidetrack locations. An accelerated method for selection of existing wells for workovers and sidetracks would be of great value. A work flow is developed to automate tasks such as data gathering and validation. The solution allows integrated assessment of production-enhancement opportunities through consistent analytic computations and machine-learning techniques including Bayesian networks and time-series forecasting models. Automated Data Integration The advisory system starts with data integration and work-flow automation steps. The system was implemented in the commercial software PetroVisor. The software integrates data points as signals that are tied to entities such as wells. Different relationships with multiple levels can be specified between the integrated entities. The software allows the integration of any legacy data source all along the value chain to topside facility equipment. The advisory system aggregates data from selected entities on different hierarchy levels and incorporates data from more than 400 wells with 700 perforations and 5 decades of production history. The selected field contains two reservoirs, each with three sublayers. Production began with primary depletion. Waterflooding, and then crestal gas injection, began in the early 2000s. Reservoir properties and dynamic data were exported from the latest history-matched reservoir simulation model. The well trajectories and the exported fluid contacts allow the generation of Voronoi grids for each reservoir and layer. The literature refers to Voronoi grids as perpendicular bisection (PEBI) grids. Each gridblock is locally orthogonal. Unstructured PEBI grids are favorable when complex well geometries and geological features are present. Voronoi cells were generated automatically for the layers in the software, where grid-cell boundaries are created and constrained by encountering faults and fluid contacts. Grid nodes represent the wells. An example of a Voronoi cell is shown in Fig. 1. Voronoi grids should be recomputed over time because of the dependency of actual fluid contacts and active wells. It is recommended to regenerate them whenever a recently history-matched model is available. After generation of grids, exported reservoir and fluid properties can be assigned to each node. The spatial properties can be upscaled locally within each cell, allowing prompt evaluation of original oil in place (OOIP) and remaining oil in place of grid cells.

Guest Editorial Special Section on the 2022 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference

Guest Editorial Special Section on the 2022 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference

Divided-Time Data-Transmission System Uses a Microchip Storage Ball

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22368, “Study and Implementation of a Large Amount of Data From a Divided-Time Transmission System Using Microchip-Storage-Ball Release While Drilling,” by Sanguo Li, State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanism and Effective Development and SINOPEC, and Ruixiang Gao and Jibo Li, SINOPEC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ A key question posed in the field is how to transmit logging-while-drilling (LWD) data losslessly back to the surface effectively. Conventional LWD tools face challenges in transmitting all data to the surface efficiently. The complete paper proposes a method that uses the concept of a flash drive downloading and exchanging data among computers. Methodology Two conventional methods exist for data exchange between computers, one of which is network data transmission. The speed of network data transmission determines the efficiency of data exchange between computers. The other method is to use a flash disk to copy and transfer data between computers. Similarly, the downhole LWD tool and the surface data computer can be regarded as two computers. When the bandwidth of the real-time network between surface and underground is limited, the principle of a flash drive dumping and exchanging data between the computers can be used. First, LWD data are dumped into a microchip storage ball (MSB). The circuit sends a release command to the power device to release the MSB from the drill collar. The MSB is carried up to the ground by the drilling fluid and will be recovered on the ground. The data in the MSB then will be uploaded to a computer. The releasable time-divisional data-transmission system mainly consists of MSBs for storing LWD data, sealed chambers for storing the MSBs, a power device for releasing the MSBs, and a circuit for detecting the release signal and controlling the release operation. Large-Capacity MSBs An MSB essentially is a flash drive for storing LWD data. Because of the space constraints of downhole release tools and the limitations posed by the downhole drilling environment, an MSB must have characteristics such as large capacity, small size, high pressure resistance, high temperature resistance, low power consumption, high performance, and high-speed data-dumping capability. In the presented method, the control and power management module controls the data read/write (R/W) command and the power supply to the MSB so that it can read data from the LWD tools and save it using the RS485 communication mode. The network topology of the RS485 mode can send data to multiple MSBs simultaneously. The MSB uses an MSP430 chip to manage reading, writing, and erasing of data. The capacity of the memory chip determines the data capacity of the MSB. Currently, the data capacity of one MSB is 1 Mbit. The diameter of the MSB circuit board is 11 mm. The power supply cable and RS485 cable are connected to the circuit board. This type of wired power supply and data transmission eliminates the need for a battery and a wireless data-exchange module. The MSBs are installed in the sealed chambers of a downhole release tool. Four contacts are designed on an MSB to supply power and to connect the data-circuit system. The four contacts on the MSB are connected to the corresponding four spring contacts in the sealed chambers.

Autonomous Intelligent Logging Platform Enables Cost and Time Savings

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31149, “Sensor Ball: Autonomous, Intelligent Logging Platform,” by Erjola Buzi, Huseyin R. Seren, SPE, and Max Deffenbaugh, SPE, ASC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2021 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ The complete paper describes a method of retrieving downhole data that is a practical and inexpensive alternative to wireline or slickline logging and permanently installed sensors. The autonomous logging platform, called the Sensor Ball, is a handheld, untethered logging tool that one person can deploy and recover from a pressurized well with no special equipment or crew. The Autonomous Logging Platform The tool is a battery-powered, self-deployed logging platform. A small dissolvable metal weight is attached to the housing magnetically and helps the free-fall of the tool in the well. Once a desired and programmed depth is reached, the tool releases the weight, and thus changes buoyancy and floats back to surface. Deployment and retrieval of the tool is safe and simple and requires only a wrench to open the cap of the wellhead but does not require cranes, logging trucks, lubricators, or blowout preventers. By sequentially opening and closing the cap, swab, and master valves, in just a few minutes, the untethered logging platform passes the wellhead section and begins traveling downhole. Retrieval is performed by reversing this process. As it travels down and up, the tool records temperature, pressure, and magnetic field data continuously in its internal memory. The recorded data are wirelessly retrieved once the tool is back at the surface. A lightweight atmospheric housing provides buoyancy and insulates the electronics from the well fluids. While optimally exposing temperature and pressure sensors, the small body mass of the housing minimizes the temperature distortion in the downhole environment. The tool is deployed and retrieved several times in the field. Downhole temperature, pressure, and magnetic field data are recorded for several hours. Without the need for field crew or personnel to stand by during the logging operation, rig-up and deployment times decrease from several hours to a few minutes.

Software-Driven Monitoring Approach Optimizes Well Integrity, Reduces Costs

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22110, “Digitally Transformative U-WISE Software Technology,” by Nasser M. Al-Hajri, Syed Gilani, and Mohammed Saloojee, SPE, Saudi Aramco, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ In the complete paper, the authors introduce a model that provides risk-based financial optimization for surveillance programs. The model balances risk with financial investment to provide the asset owner with several optimization scenarios (at low risk and low investment) and ensures that surveys are not overdone. The example used to explain the model is one involving well-integrity surveillance. This example allows the oil operator to obtain a return on past investment made into collecting historical well-integrity data. Well-Integrity Surveys Several different kinds of well-integrity surveys are common in the industry, including the following: - Wellhead-integrity surveys use pressure to investigate the functionality and pressure-sealing integrity of the wellhead tree valves. The primary criterion of a successful wellhead-integrity test is that the valves are able to contain the well pressure without passing pressure outside the well to the surface flowline or the atmosphere. - Surface- and subsurface-safety-valve surveys are another critical test. The primary criterion of a successful surface- or subsurface-safety-valve test is that the valve functions properly by sealing the well pressure when activated. - Landing-base inspection is conducted by electronics that measure the metal loss of the landing base that seats the wellhead tree valves. The primary criterion of a successful landing-base inspection is for the landing base to have an acceptable metal loss without allowing fluid leaks from inside the well. - Annuli surveys are conducted using pressure to investigate the integrity of the cement-filled spaces between each downhole pipe. The primary criteria of a successful annuli survey are that no pressure is measured between the pipes and that no fluid is leaking through the cement from a downhole reservoir to surface. - Corrosion surveys measure the downhole pipes’ remaining metal loss. The primary criterion of a successful corrosion log is to record metal loss for downhole pipes lower than a minimum thickness determined by the well owner as being safe for operations. - Temperature surveys measure the downhole temperature profile and identify possible downhole pipe leaks. Typical downhole temperature profiles are geothermal trends that increase with depth. The temperature surveys not following a typical downhole temperature-gradient profile are flagged as anomalous and are investigated further. The primary criterion of a successful temperature survey is to obtain a downhole temperature recording that conforms to the base temperature-gradient profile without significant increase or decrease of temperature readings. In the complete paper, the authors provide a method of optimization for survey frequency. The temperature survey is used to explain the model work flow.

Analysis of the Impact of Road Traffic Generated by Port Areas on the Urban Transport Network—Case Study of the Port of Gdynia

The paper’s main aim is to present the impact on the city’s road traffic generated by the Port of Gdynia’s operations and propose the optimal solution for transport network development around the port. Firstly, the authors demonstrate a case study determining the impact of heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) generated by port facilities on local traffic. To this end, the average travel time of cars in the network on selected measurement sections is conditioned on the varying number of HGVs generated by the port. Next, based on the data obtained from the traffic monitoring system, PTV Vissim software is used as a modelling tool to analyse and assess the impact on local traffic. Finally, considering the analysis’ results, the vulnerability of the transport network is discussed. The optimal solution for the transport network around the port’s area is proposed. The paper is an extended version of the materials presented at the XIX Maritime Traffic Engineering Conference.

Studi Pengaruh Kontaminasi Properti Rheology Water Based Mud di Lapangan Sunyu

This project focuses on Investigation of effect of contaminants on the Rheological Properties of Water-based Drilling Mud. For any drilling operation to be termed successful, care must be taken during the selection and application of the drilling fluid which are key factors that should be considered. Any actions contrary to carefully selection and application of drilling fluids could have very dire consequences. Based on the experiment work done on water base mud system to ascertain the effect of contaminants (salt, silica sand, cement and carbonate) on the rheological properties and performance of the mud, it shows that the presence of a contaminant on the drilling mud either reduces or increases the rheological properties of the mud system and in turn affects the rate of penetration, it performance and also poses serious drilling problems. It was observed that the presence of Sodium salt in the mud system increased the fluid loss into the formation. It was further observed that while Apparent Viscosity, Gel Strength increases as the mass increase from 1g to 5g, the pH and Plastic Viscosity almost did not change. The Yield point increases little.  With Cement as contaminant, it shows all rheological properties of the mud increased markedly, as the quantity of the cement used is increased from 1g to 5g and the pH does not change. Silica contamination has not showed any marked effect on the nature of the drilling mud. In fact, the more the amount of the contaminant (Silica) is added, the closer it properties are to the blank sample that do not have contaminants. The carbonate effect is largely on the Gel strength which decreases as the amount of added carbonate increases. The pH has no charges, which also means carbonate keeps the mud in it alkaline state, as it was the case with cement. Reference: Ali K., Vipulanandan C., Richardson D. (2013): Salt (NaCl) contamination of the resistivity and plastic viscosity of bentonite drilling mud, Proceedings of the center for innovative grouting materials and technology (CIGMAT) Conference & Exhibition. Bradford, B. B.: "Setting Cement Plugs Requires Careful Planning", Oil & Gas Journal, pp. 102, 1982. Cavanagh, P.H., Johnson, C. R., LeRoy-Delage, S., DeBruijn, G. G., Cooper, I., Guillot, D. J., Bulte, H., and Dargaud, B. (2007): "Self-Healing Cement - Novel Technology to Achieve Leak-Free Wells", SPE-105781 presented at the SPE/IADC Drilling Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 20-22 February. Chaney P.E, 1942. A Review of recent advances in drilling mud control, Drilling and Production Practice, American Petroleum Institute, 31-46.  Charlez P. H and Heugas O. (1991): Evaluation of Optimal Mud Weight In Soft Shale Levels, American rock mechanics association, The 32nd U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), 10-12 July, Norman, Oklahoma Chen, C.P. Tan and C. Detournay, (2002), the impact of mud filtration on wellbore stability fracture rock masses, SPE/ISRM 78241 presented at the SPE/ISRM rock mechanics conference held in Irving, Texas Dosunmu .A. and Ogunrinde .J. (2010) “Development of Environmentally Friendly Oil Based Mud using Palm Oil and Groundnut Oil”. SPE 140720. Paper presented at the 34th Annual International Conference and Exhibition in Tinapa-Calabar, Nigeria, July 31st- August 7th, 2010. Dusseault, M.B., Gray, M.  N., and Nawrocki, P.A.:  "Why Oil wells Leak:  Cement Behavior and Long-Term Consequences", SPE  64733 presented at the SPE International Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, Beijing, China, 2000. El-Sayed, A. A. H.: "Effect of Drilling Muds Contamination on Cement Slurry Properties", Fourth Saudi Engineering Conference, pp. 287-295, 1995. Ezzat, A.M., Rosser, H.R. & Al-Humam, A.A., 1997. ‘Control of Microbiological Activity in Biopolymer-Based Drilling Muds’, SPE paper 39285. Fadairo Adesina, Adeyemi Abiodun, Ameloko Anthony, Falode Olugbenga, (2012) “Modelling the Effect of Temperature on Environmentally Safe Oil Based Drilling New Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry Mud Using Artificial Neural Network Algorithm” Journal of Petroleum and Coal 2012, Volume 54, Issue 1. Fadairo Adesina, Ameloko Anthony, Adeyemi Gbadegesin, Ogidigbo Esseoghene, Airende Oyakhire (2012) “Environmental Impact Evaluation of a Safe Drilling Mud” SPE Middle East Health, Safety, Security, and Environment Conference and Exhibition held in Abu Dhabi, UAE, 2–4 April 2012, SPE-152865-PP Fosso, S.W., Tina, M., Frigaard, I. A., and Crawshaw, J.  P. (2000):  "Viscous-Pill Design Methodology Leads to Increased Cement Plug Success Rates; Application and Case Studies from Southern Algeria", SPE  62752 presented at the IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Gursat Altun and Umran Serpen (2005) “Investigating Improved Rheological and Fluid Loss Performance of Sepiolite Muds under Elevated Temperatures” Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005 Hssiba, K J. and Amani, M. 2013. The Effect of Salinity on the Rheological Properties of Water Based Mud under High Pressures and High Temperatures for Drilling Offshore and Deep Wells Earth Science Research; Vol. 2, 1. Hussain H. Al-Kayiem et al. (2010): Simulation of the Cuttings Cleaning During the Drilling Operation. American Journal of Applied Science 7(6), p 800-806. Mahmood Amani and Khaled J. H (2012): Salinity Effect on the Rheological Properties of Water Based Mud under High Pressures and High Temperatures of Deep Wells, SPE-163315-MS presented at SPE Kuwait International Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, 10-12 December, Kuwait City, Kuwait Nasution, M. M., Rasyid, A., & Pahrudin, G. (2022). Desain Formulasi Lumpur Untuk Pemboran Panas Bumi Di Sumur GG-01. JURNAL BHARA PETRO ENERGI, 1(1), 11-18. Nelson, E.B. and Guillot, D. (2006): "Well Cementing" 2ndEdition, Schlumberger, Sugar Land, Texas. Remillard S. C, “Applications of Nanotechnology within the Oil and Gas Industry,” Oil and Gas Review, Vol. 8, 2010, pp. 1-108.Oilfield Glossary Sachez G; N. León, M. Esclapés; I. Galindo; A. Martínez; J. Bruzual; I. Siegert, (1999) “Environmentally Safe Oil-Based Fluids for Drilling Activities” SPE 52739, Paper presented at SPE/EPA Exploration and Production Environmental Conference held in Austin, Texas. Tellisi, M., Ravi, K., and Pattillo, P.: "Characterizing Cement Sheath Properties for Zonal Isolation", WPC-18-0865 presented at the 18th World Petroleum Congress, Johannesburg, South Africa, September 25 - 29, 2005. Xiaoqing .H. and Lihui .Z., (2009) “Research on the Application of Environment Acceptable Natural Macromolecule Based Drilling Fluids” SPE 123232, Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific Health, Safety, Security and Environment Conference and Exhibition held in Jarkata, Indonesia, 4-6 August 2009.  

NZSS 1900 Model Building By-law: a planned evolution

Twenty-five years after its publication, NZSS 95:1935 "Model Building By-law" was starting to show its age. The 1961 City Engineers conference requested it be reorganised to put general requirements first and design requirements later. The NZ Standards Institute's (NZSI) Bylaw Sectional Committee thought this a good idea, although to avoid confusion changed the designation of the new series to NZSS 1900. From late 1963 to mid-1964, NZSS 95 was reissued as NZSS 1900. The 14 parts of NZSS 95 became 11 chapters of NZSS 1900, initially by reprinting with new covers. Over the next 20 years the chapters were modified, revised, split, or amalgamated.On 1 April 1966 NZSI became the Standards Association of New Zealand (SANZ), and 'New Zealand Standard Specifications" (NZSS) became "New Zealand Standards" (NZS). By late 1966 the revision and publication of NZS 1900 was nearly complete. For the future a five yearly review cycle was planned. However, storm clouds were ahead. NZS 1900 had a mixture of: legal requirements; design and construction requirements; quantitative requirements; and codes of practice. The resultant documents were considered to be hard to: use; inspect on site; and revise. In late 1969 the Standards Council was looking forward to a revision separating requirements (fixed, unchanging and rarely alternative) from solutions (changing as technology develops, often with alternatives). The "means of compliance" could be provided for the majority of users, while other solutions were available as desired or required. This set the scene for the Building Act 1991 and New Zealand Building Code.The paper reviews the development of NZS 1900, exploring the similarities and differences to NZSS 95. As an example of the process, the evolution of the requirement for windows for ventilation will be examined.

Advancing New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) for Tobacco Harm Reduction: Synopsis from the 2021 CORESTA SSPT-NAMs Symposium.

New approach methodologies (NAMs) are emerging chemical safety assessment tools consisting of in vitro and in silico (computational) methodologies intended to reduce, refine, or replace (3R) various in vivo animal testing methods traditionally used for risk assessment. Significant progress has been made toward the adoption of NAMs for human health and environmental toxicity assessment. However, additional efforts are needed to expand their development and their use in regulatory decision making. A virtual symposium was held during the 2021 Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) Smoke Science and Product Technology (SSPT) conference (titled "Advancing New Alternative Methods for Tobacco Harm Reduction"), with the goals of introducing the concepts and potential application of NAMs in the evaluation of potentially reduced-risk (PRR) tobacco products. At the symposium, experts from regulatory agencies, research organizations, and NGOs shared insights on the status of available tools, strengths, limitations, and opportunities in the application of NAMs using case examples from safety assessments of chemicals and tobacco products. Following seven presentations providing background and application of NAMs, a discussion was held where the presenters and audience discussed the outlook for extending the NAMs toxicological applications for tobacco products. The symposium, endorsed by the CORESTA In Vitro Tox Subgroup, Biomarker Subgroup, and NextG Tox Task Force, illustrated common ground and interest in science-based engagement across the scientific community and stakeholders in support of tobacco regulatory science. Highlights of the symposium are summarized in this paper.

Applied use of biomechanical measurements from human tissues for the development of medical skills trainers: a scoping review protocol.

The objective of this scoping review is to identify the availability of quantitative biomechanical measurements from human tissues. This review also considers the primary motivations for collecting biomechanical measurements of human tissues. The overall purpose of our research is to develop medical skills trainers that provide better haptic fidelity than those that are currently available. Medical skills trainers are commonly used in clinician training, but trainers do not always have the same haptic properties as patients. This could be due to the limited availability or application of documented biomechanical properties of human tissues when developing trainers. This scoping review will examine studies that have quantitatively measured the mechanical properties of human tissues. Only macroscopic specimens will be included, and articles primarily considering optical, acoustic, and thermal properties will be excluded. Included sources of evidence are from primary research, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and conference proceedings. This review will follow the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. Sources of evidence will be extracted from CINAHL, IEEE Xplore, MEDLINE, Scopus, and biomedical engineering conference proceedings. The search is limited to articles in English. Full articles will be retrieved if their title or abstract meet the inclusion criteria. Tabular, visual, and narrative summaries will be used to present the results.

Special Issue: Manufacturing Science Engineering Conference 2022

Abstract Jan 2023 Guest Editorial

Integrated Approach Determines Formation-Water Salinity

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22548, “Integrated Approach for Formation-Water-Salinity Determination,” by Tariq Alshaikhmubarak, SPE, and Laila Mira, SPE, Saudi Aramco, and Sherif Ghadiry, Schlumberger, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ In the complete paper, two methodologies are tested to achieve measurement of formation-water salinity. First, a novel dry-weight chlorine (DWCL) measurement from an advanced spectroscopy tool is used to estimate the formation salinity at the depth of investigation of the device. The second methodology uses a new downhole induction resistivity cell in the formation-tester tool. The chlorine measurement, along with the flowline-induction-resistivity measurement, helps enhance the quality of saturation evaluation for quick decision making during logging operations and acceleration of evaluation studies instead of waiting on laboratory results. Chlorine Work Flow The ability to quantify chlorine concentration can help derive formation salinity as a continuous curve. Because chlorine has a large capture cross section, it is possible to extract it from capture gamma ray spectra with acceptable uncertainty, but the real challenge is to split the total chlorine signal seen by the tool into formation chlorine signal and borehole contribution. The chlorine signal split is a fundamental step in this work flow, outlined in Fig. 1. Once the chlorine concentration in the formation is obtained—expressed as DWCL—several petrophysical applications are enabled. The first is computation of water volume assuming a known formation-water salinity. The second is computation of the sodium chloride (NaCl) equivalent salinity from an independent volume of water and DWCL. Finally, one can solve for the NaCl equivalent water salinity. Equations to achieve these steps are provided in the complete paper. Interpretation Considerations Capture spectroscopy measurements have a shallow depth of investigation (DOI) in the range of 8–10 in., which means sensitivity to mud-filtrate invasion in the volume of rock probed by the tool. The mud-filtrate invasion is controlled by several factors, including mud overbalance, formation exposure time to mud, formation porosity and permeability, and mudcake-formation process and efficiency. These factors must be considered when using the chlorine work flow to assess the effect of the invading water-based-mud (WBM) filtrate, which normally has a different salinity than the formation water. The main effect of oil-based-mud (OBM) filtrate invasion, assuming that only the oil phase is invading the formation, is a reduction of water volume at the measurement DOI, degrading the statistical precision of the DWCL and increasing the uncertainty in the computed salinity.

Machine Learning Assists Bit Selection and Optimization

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 21299, “Drilling in the Digital Age: Machine-Learning-Assisted Bit Selection and Optimization,” by Peter Batruny, SPE, Hafiz Zubir, and Pete Slagel, SPE, Petronas, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2021 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ The project outlined in the complete paper describes machine learning as a powerful tool for bit selection and parameter optimization to improve drilling performance. Machine learning will become a significant part of well planning, design, and operations in the future. The study demonstrates how artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be used to learn from previous operations and influence planning decisions to improve bit performance. Introduction Multiple wells have been drilled in an onshore field in Iraq using different bit designs and with a variety of downhole conditions. To improve the rate of penetration (ROP) in a significant manner, a radical shift in how drill bits are selected, as well as a closer look at bit characteristics, is needed. This work aims to combine analytical and physical models to examine aspects of bit designs previously overlooked. Two mathematical models traditionally have been used for bit selection, the cost per foot (CPF) model and the mechanical specific energy (MSE) model. This work concludes that MSE is more effective than CPF in optimizing ROP and is a valid benchmark for comparing bits. MSE can be used to compare previous bit runs but is limited in predicting ROP for future bit runs. Equipment and Processes Data governance consists of data collection, processing, cleaning, and compilation. Data are collected from American Standard Code for Information Interchange logs in real time and then are processed by removing missing values. The data sets are split by individual bits, with each bit characterized by data compiled from multiple wells in which the bit was run. Throughout this paper, ROP will refer to instantaneous on-bottom ROP. Given the success that ANNs have had, and continue to have, in predicting ROP in the literature, they are used for this work. Once a model is established based on statistical and physical performance, it is used as a base model to run optimization analysis for each bit. This paper examines two methods of optimization, the first being sensitivity analysis based on average ROP. The second optimization method used in this study is a Monte Carlo-style optimization. Once optimal parameters are generated from the sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo models, they are plotted against the modeled values of offset ROP. This acts as a further verification of the optimal parameters to ensure they are within range of actual historical parameters. The optimal values are then implemented in future wells.

Dual-Frequency Desalting Technology Breaks Bottlenecks, Lowers Cost of Ownership

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 22365,“No More Inefficient Crude Desalting: Breaking Bottlenecks With Dual-Frequency Technology Lowering Total Cost of Ownership,” by Prabhu Elumalai, Gary Sams, and Umanath Subramani, Schlumberger, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 International Petroleum Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. _ A major independent crude oil refinery in Asia is processing crude oil in two crude distillation units (CDUs) using an alternating-current (AC) desalting system. Because of inefficient desalting, only 60% desalting efficiency was achieved for each train with subsequent low dehydration efficiency. After a holistic review of the entire desalting operation, the service company recommended upgrading the CDU 1 desalter vessel to dual-frequency technology and adding a new dual-frequency desalter at the second stage of the CDU 2 vessel. The complete paper examines the successful project from early engagement through project execution leading. Refinery Desalters _ Overview of Case-Study Refinery. The refinery was operated with a design capacity of 206,000 B/D through CDUs 1 and 2. CDU 1 included two trains of two-stage legacy AC desalters (Trains 1 and 2). Train 1 operated with 40% of CDU 1’s total flow (60,000 BOPD), while Train 2 operated with 60% of CDU 1’s total flow (90,000 BOPD). The AC desalting system desalted and dehydrated crude oil before feeding the crude to preheated trains. The desalters in this refinery operated for 20 years with the AC technology. Dual-Frequency AC/Direct Current (DC) Desalter Configuration. AC crude dehydration technology is over a century old. The complete paper recaps different types of AC desalter configurations, but this synopsis concentrates on dual-frequency AC/DC desalter configurations. The vessel design for the dual-frequency technology is identical to that of the AC/DC vessel, with similar spreaders, electrodes, and collectors. What differentiates the dual-frequency technology is the power unit, which functions with two frequencies for dehydration and desalting. The base frequency typically is in the range of 800–1,600 Hz, and the modulation frequency is in the range of 0.5–4 Hz. The computer-based controller controls the output of the variable voltage/frequency power unit and produces a nearly infinite number of waveform configurations. Also, these units facilitate online changing of maximum voltage, minimum voltage, base frequency, and modulation frequency applied to the electrode. Conventional power units cannot be operated beyond 40% of their rating. The dual-frequency power unit, however, can operate successfully beyond 80% of its rating. The combination of AC/DC fields with dual-frequency performance provides the high water tolerance of the AC field, the high efficiency of the DC field, and the improved desalting offered by the dual-frequency voltage pattern. This combined electrostatic technology offers more-efficient bulk water and small-water-droplet removal from the crude oil. Highly efficient dehydration means smaller treaters, better performance, lower operating temperatures, and fewer demulsifier chemicals. Further improvements include optimized electrode configurations and enhanced fluid distribution inside the electrostatic treaters.