Thermodynamic Engine Research Articles

Band Diagram Insights into the Kinetic and Thermodynamic Engineering of Tandem Photocatalytic Cells.

In this work, we theoretically investigate the impact of kinetic and thermodynamic properties on the performance of photocatalytic cells operating in an unassisted tandem configuration, including electron affinity and ionization energies, recombination rates, and reaction rates. To this end, we present general rules and metrics for identifying and isolating the origin of an observed shift in the onset potential at either the photoanode or the photocathode of these devices. The correlation between kinetic and thermodynamic shifts in the onset potential is demonstrated through the use of band diagrams and key comparable features within readily accessible characterization tools: current-voltage plots are taken both under illumination and in the dark and further coupled with Mott-Schottky plots. To illustrate this conceptual framework, a model system comprised of a p-type doped BiVO4 photocathode and an n-type doped BiVO4 photoanode is employed. By varying each of the aforementioned kinetic and thermodynamic parameters in isolation, the manner in which these various mechanisms shift the onset potential is demonstrated. This work intends to showcase how kinetic and thermodynamic effects are distinctly manifested in these commonly used characterization tools and further proposes thermodynamic band-edge engineering as a potentially useful and largely unexplored avenue for possibly improving tandem cell performance, in addition to the conventional approach of optimizing kinetics.

Assessment of Nuclear Fusion Reaction Spontaneity via Engineering Thermodynamics.

This work recalls the basic thermodynamics of chemical processes for introducing the evaluation of the nuclear reactions' spontaneity. The application and definition of the thermodynamic state functions of the nuclear processes have been described by focusing on their contribution to the chemical potential. The variation of the nuclear binding potentials involved in a nuclear reaction affects the chemical potential through a modification of the internal energy and of the other state functions. These energy changes are related to the mass defect between reactants and products of the nuclear reaction and are of the order of magnitude of 1 MeV per particle, about six orders of magnitude larger than those of the chemical reactions. In particular, this work assesses the Gibbs free energy change of the fusion reactions by assuming the Qvalue as the nuclear contribution to the chemical potential and by calculating the entropy through the Sackur-Tetrode expression. Then, the role of the entropy in fusion processes was re-examined by demonstrating the previous spontaneity analyses, which assume a perfect gas of DT atoms in the initial state of the fusion reactions, are conservative and lead to assessing more negative ΔG than in the real case (ionized gas). As a final point, this paper examines the thermodynamic spontaneity of exothermic processes with a negative change of entropy and discusses the different thermodynamic spontaneity exhibited by the DT fusion processes when conducted in a controlled or uncontrolled way.

Evaluation of Ammonia Co-fuelling in Modern Four Stroke Engines

Ammonia is emerging as a promising alternative fuel for longer range decarbonised heavy transport, particularly in the marine sector due to highly favourable characteristics as an effective hydrogen carrier. This is despite generally unfavourable combustion and toxicity attributes, restricting end use to applications where robust health and safety protocols can be upheld. In the currently reported work, a spark ignited thermodynamic single cylinder research engine equipped with gasoline direct injection was upgraded to include gaseous ammonia port injection fuelling, with the aim of understanding maximum viable ammonia substitution ratios across the speed load operating map. The work was conducted under overall stoichiometric conditions with the spark timing re-optimised for maximum brake torque at all stable logged sites. The experiments included industry standard measurements of combustion, performance and engine-out emissions (including ammonia ‘slip’). With a geometric compression ratio of 12.4:1, it was possible to run the engine on pure ammonia at low engine speeds (1000–1800 rpm) at low to moderate engine loads in a fully warmed up state. When progressively dropping down below a threshold load limit, an increasing amount of gasoline co-firing was required to avoid engine misfire. Due to the favourable antiknock characteristics, pure ammonia operation was up to 5% more efficient than pure gasoline operation under stable operating regions. A maximum net indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) of 40% was achieved, with efficiency tending to increase with speed and load. For the co-fuelling of gasoline and ammonia in a pure ammonia attainable operating region, it was found that addition of gasoline improved the combustion, but these improvements were not sufficient to translate into improved thermal efficiency. Emissions of ammonia slip reduced with increased gasoline co-fuelling, albeit with increased NOx. However, the reduction in ammonia slip was nearly ten times the increase in NOx emissions. Comparing pure ammonia and pure gasoline operation, NOx reduced by ~60% when switching from pure gasoline to pure ammonia (as the latter is associated with longer and cooler combustion). Results were finally compared to those obtained a modern multicylinder Volvo ‘D8’ turbo-diesel engine modified for dual-fuel operation with ammonia port fuel injection (PFI), with the focus of the comparison being ammonia slip and NOx emissions.

Introducing process simulation as an alternative to laboratory session in undergraduate chemical engineering thermodynamics course: A case study from Sunway University Malaysia

This study demonstrates the successful integration of process simulation using CHEMCAD into Sunway University's Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics curriculum, replacing the traditional lab sessions. This approach has two main benefits, i.e., it provides early exposure to process simulation software, bridging theory and practice, and it supports new chemical engineering programs where labs may not be fully operational. Aligned with Sunway University's commitment to innovative educational approaches, the impact of this integration on the students’ learning experiences is evident through feedback collected from a comprehensive survey conducted with a group of seven students enrolled in Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics in April 2023. The survey's three sections gathered the students’ perceptions, enjoyed aspects, challenges faced, and suggestions. Findings highlight the students’ positive views on the integration, enhancing comprehension of thermodynamics concepts and real-world applications. They also recognized the value of hands-on simulation experience for essential process simulation skills. The students appreciated the practical relevance in highlighting thermodynamics’ real-world importance. Challenges related to software access and technical issues were addressed, with planned improvements. The students expressed interest in deeper learning, including complex simulations, graphical representation use, and external resource access. While many found the integration effective, suggestions for more hands-on engagement and research resource access were noted.

Combined exhaust gas and optical investigation of methanol DI-engine with focus on the fuel spray-wall interaction

Liquid e-fuels such as methanol represent a possible solution to emission-neutral drivetrains. Reduced emissions from the combustion process increase the influence of cylinder wall interaction of the fuel spray and the influence of the fuel ingress into the lubricating oil. Combining emission analysis methods and optical measurements allows a deeper understanding of the processes around the piston assembly group and cylinder wall. This paper aims to increase the understanding of the processes resulting from fuel spray and cylinder wall interaction. Emission measurements from a single-cylinder SI research engine were gathered across multiple operating parameters. Optical measurements were taken at similar operating points using an optically accessible engine. A laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) setup with dyed fuel was used for the optical measurements. This paper focuses on thermodynamic steady state measurements at 2000 rpm, varying loads between 3 and 11 bar IMEP, and corresponding optical measurements at 11 bar IMEP. The measurements of both engines were correlated, and a more profound understanding of the processes involved and their influence on emission behavior was derived. Measurements showed a lower particle emission behavior with a tendency of a higher PN10 to PN23 ratio and higher formic acid emissions using methanol fuel compared to gasoline. A higher wall film interaction with methanol could be visualized, and possible effects were correlated to the exhaust emission measurements. Tests with two start of injection timings (SOI) of 430° crank angle (CA) after fired top dead center, as used for gasoline operation, and 550°CA as an optimized SOI for methanol operation were compared. A correlation between the results from the thermodynamic engine and the optically accessible engine was demonstrated. The optical measurements showed lower penetration depths for the optimized SOI and lower fuel spray-to-piston interaction. The thermodynamic measurements have shown higher efficiencies and fewer emissions for the optimized SOI.

Engineering optics and thermodynamics design of parabolic trough solar collector

Abstract The development and design of parabolic trough solar thermal collectors (PTC) need to comprehensively consider the influence of optic, thermodynamic, layout, and other factors. The optics and thermodynamic analysis of PTC with different configurations was carried out, and the influence of layout on heat collection was studied. In the case of determined PTC aperture size, the distribution trend of solar irradiation flux density of different HCE diameters is the same, and the peak value of solar irradiation flux density is higher when the concentration ratio is larger. For the PTC with the same concentration ratio, with the incidence angle increase, the intercept rate and optical efficiency of the PTC decrease, the thermal energy loss rate increases, and the thermal efficiency decreases. Under the same incidence angle, with the increase of concentration ratio, the PTC’s intercept rate and optical efficiency decrease gradually, and the average efficiency of the PTC increases first and then decreases. In the process of PTC design and selection, considering the concentration ratio, latitude, and cost factors, the aperture size of 8.2 m and the HCE of the inner diameter of 90 mm can be used as the recommended configuration scheme for subsequent HCE development.

Red-Light-Induced Genetic System for Control of Extracellular Electron Transfer.

Optogenetics is a powerful tool for spatiotemporal control of gene expression. Several light-inducible gene regulators have been developed to function in bacteria, and these regulatory circuits have been ported to new host strains. Here, we developed and adapted a red-light-inducible transcription factor for Shewanella oneidensis. This regulatory circuit is based on the iLight optogenetic system, which controls gene expression using red light. A thermodynamic model and promoter engineering were used to adapt this system to achieve differential gene expression in light and dark conditions within a S. oneidensis host strain. We further improved the iLight optogenetic system by adding a repressor to invert the genetic circuit and activate gene expression under red light illumination. The inverted iLight genetic circuit was used to control extracellular electron transfer within S. oneidensis. The ability to use both red- and blue-light-induced optogenetic circuits simultaneously was also demonstrated. Our work expands the synthetic biology capabilities in S. oneidensis, which could facilitate future advances in applications with electrogenic bacteria.

Evaluation of "Foundation of Thermal Engineering" Based on Engineering Certification and OBE

In order to meet the requirements of current engineering certification and OBE concept of talent training, a trinity teaching link of basic thermal theory teaching, experiment and course design is constructed for the course of " Foundation of thermal engineering ", and the teaching content of "Engineering Thermodynamics" and "Heat Transfer" is integrated according to the graduation requirements of mechanical design majors for mastering basic theoretical knowledge and solving problems. It proposes the in-depth course objectives from understanding basic concepts and laws to building models to solve and analyze related phenomena, engineering problems and influence laws, determines the assessment requirements and achievement evaluation methods, and gives continuous improvement measures. An output-oriented thermal engineering basic course evaluation system is helpful to the cultivation of students' innovation and practical ability, and to realize the integration with international education.

A bibliometric analysis of two-decade research efforts in turning natural gas hydrates into energy

As a promising energy source, natural gas hydrate production has ignited scientific research in multidisciplinary fields globally, generating a vast amount of literature. A review in multidisciplinary and international perspectives will contribute to a comprehensive understanding about this field. This paper maps the two-decade spatiotemporal landscapes of scientific research on natural gas hydrate (NGH) production with a bibliometric analysis. The landscapes suggested that the study on gas hydrate production covers multiple research fields and international collaboration. Research topics on NGH production experienced three stages involving resource exploration, productivity enhancement, and environmental issues. An analysis of the research with the most activity showed that Energy & Fuel, Chemical Engineering, and Multidisciplinary Geoscience were the most active, with Thermodynamics, Geological Engineering, Ocean Engineering, and Civil Engineering experiencing fast growth. In terms of the landscape of international collaboration, the United States and European countries were the main contributors in the early stage, followed by China after 2008. The breakthrough of the commercial production threshold relies on the international collaboration and the multidisciplinary research among Thermodynamics, Geological Engineering, Ocean Engineering and Civil Engineering to characterize the energy consumption, gas production rate, and reservoir stability.

Design and Experimental Study of 50 kW Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Test Platform Based on Organic Rankine Cycle

In recent years, clean and renewable energy sources have received much attention to balance the contradiction between resource needs and environmental sustainability. Among them, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), which consists of surface warm seawater and deep cold seawater, can rely on thermal cycling to generate electricity and has great potential in alleviating the energy crisis. In this paper, the design and experiment study of a 50 kW OTEC platform is proposed. Thermodynamic modeling, calculation, optimization, and engineering calibration of the system were carried out, and the thermal efficiency reached 2.63% to meet the power generation demand. Experiments were also carried out by using a heat pump unit to simulate hot and cold seawater environments, and data on the stable operation of the system were obtained, with the grid-connected power reaching 47.5 kW and a thermal efficiency of 2.46%. The accuracy of the design scheme is verified, and the theoretical basis and data support are provided for the practical development and application of ocean thermal energy conversion.

Introduction to the modeling of complex chemical reaction equilibrium using gPROMS® and GAMS®

AbstractIn the present paper several aspects of the simulation of complex chemical equilibrium are discussed, using two research and educational software: gPROMS® and GAMS®. All computations are performed to boost the understanding of chemical engineering students, undergraduate, and graduate, of the complex concepts behind both thermo‐chemical processes and optimization techniques. Four case studies with varying levels of difficulty illustrate the proposed methodology and robustness of the modeling systems: Catalytic steam reforming of bio‐ethanol at high temperatures. Partial oxidation of naphthalene using either air or pure oxygen. Supercritical water gasification of Microalga Spirulina. Dry and mixed reforming of glucose.Our results indicate that the use of optimization tools offered bygPROMS® and GAMS®software are useful and efficient tools to calculate the chemical and phase equilibrium by minimizing the Gibbs energy, provided that adequate initial guesses are used. Furthermore, the computational time spent in the calculations was generally quite short. The obtained equilibrium compositions are benchmarked using the ubiquitous process simulators: ASPEN‐Plus® and/or ASPEN‐Hysys® as well as data available from the open literature. We obtained excellent agreement between our results and their counterpart obtained using ASPEN‐Plus®. In the last part of this manuscript, authors share their experience in supervising senior term projects on the subject. A questionnaire was used to collect qualitative and quantitative feedback from the nine students involved in the projects. Their responses to a questionnaire focused on the chemical engineering thermodynamics theory as well as software usage during their investigations. This questionnaire demonstrates that students can overcome mathematical complexity by either using mathematical software or equivalent modeling systems (e.g., Matlab®, Mathematica©, gPROMS®, and GAMS®).

Suitability of performance adaptation methods for updating the thermodynamic cycle model of a turboprop engine

A model of the thermodynamic cycle can be used in various fields, such as engine operation and control optimization, diagnosis, and maintenance. It is therefore important to develop a thermodynamic cycle model with high accuracy, and for this purpose, studies have been conducted to increase the accuracy of the model using measurement data. This study was conducted to identify the most effective method of updating the thermodynamic cycle model based on measurement data for the turboprop engine. A performance adaptation approach was applied to update the thermodynamic cycle model using measured data, and adaptation factors were used to adjust the component performance and sensor values. We considered three methods of calculating the adaptation factors and generating functions to apply to an existing engine model, which was a non-adapted model. The first was based on the Newton-Raphson (NR) method, in which the factors were generated as a function through regression curve fitting (RCF). In the second method, adaptation factors were calculated using a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization technique, and were generated as a function using RCF. The third method involved optimizing the function of the adaptation factor through GA. The accuracy and calculation cost of each method were compared using steady-state data measured using an in-flight monitoring sensor for the engine condition. All three methods yielded better prediction accuracy than the existing engine model; particularly, the first approach, based on the NR and RCF, showed the highest improvement in accuracy and the lowest number of required calculations. The maximum absolute values of the relative errors for the fuel mass flow rate, low-pressure shaft power, compressor exit pressure, turbine exit temperature, and exhaust gas temperature for the adapted thermodynamic cycle engine model with the NR and RCF were 4.29%, 2.83%, 1.36%, 1.80%, and 3.49%, respectively. As a result, we believe that the NR and RCF can be effectively used to calculate new adaptation factors for added measurement data points and to create a new function including the added factors.

Evaluation of ammonia-gasoline co-combustion in a modern spark ignition research engine

Ammonia (NH3) is emerging as a potential favoured fuel for longer range decarbonised heavy transport, particularly in the marine sector, predominantly due to highly favourable characteristics as an effective hydrogen carrier. This is despite generally unfavourable combustion and toxicity attributes, restricting end use to applications where robust health and safety protocols can always be upheld. In the currently reported work, a spark ignited thermodynamic single cylinder research engine equipped with gasoline direct injection was upgraded to include gaseous ammonia port injection fuelling, with the aim of understanding maximum viable ammonia substitution ratios across the speed-load operating map. The work was conducted at varied effective compression ratios under overall stoichiometric conditions, with the spark timing re-optimised for maximum brake torque at all stable logged sites. The experiments included industry standard measurements of combustion, performance, and engine-out emissions (including NH3 “slip”). With a geometric compression ratio of 11.2:1, it was found possible to run the engine on pure ammonia at low engine speeds (1000-1800 rpm) and loads of 12 bar net IMEP. When progressively dropping down below this load limit an increasing amount of gasoline co-firing was required to avoid engine misfire. When operating at 1800 rpm and 12 bar net IMEP, all emissions of carbon (CO2, CO, unburned hydrocarbons) and NOx decreased considerably when switching to higher NH3 substitution ratios, with NOx reduced by ~ 45% at 1800 rpm/12 bar when switching from pure gasoline to pure NH3 (associated with longer and cooler combustion). By further increasing the geometric compression ratio to 12.4 and reducing the intake camshaft duration for maximum effective compression ratio, it was possible to operate the engine on pure ammonia at much lower loads in a fully warmed up state (e.g., linear low load limit line from 1000 rpm/6 bar net IMEP to 1800 rpm/9 bar net IMEP). Under all conditions, the indicated thermal efficiency of the engine was either equivalent to or slightly higher than that obtained using gasoline-only due to the favourable anti-knock rating of NH3. Ongoing work is concerned with detailed breakdown of individual NOx species together with measuring the impact of hydrogen enrichment across the operating map.

Experiences of engineering thermodynamics students during online learning: Lessons for post-pandemic

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the education sector has been seriously impacted, leading to the migration of academic offerings to online learning mode. This investigation focuses on the experiences of engineering students offering Thermodynamics as a subject at a University of Technology in South Africa, as they transition to online academic platforms. Resource availability, such as a quantitative learning platform and access to computer laboratories on campus, as well as other institutional supports, were evaluated. A total of 100 students offering the Engineering Thermodynamics module participated in the surveys and responded to the questionnaire. The study identified various constraints that affected the students' learning experience due to the online learning format, including connectivity issues, time management, inadequate university support, limited understanding of online learning platforms, and high cost of data. Various strategies were recommended to address the challenges faced by engineering students during the transition to online learning. By implementing these strategies, the online learning experience can be enhanced for students facing similar challenges in their academic pursuits.

Analysis of entropy generation and activation energy in unsteady double diffusive flow over a stretching cylinder

AbstractEntropy generation with activation energy has garnered worldwide attention from researchers due to its extensive applications in thermodynamic design, chemical engineering, and optimization processes. One of the primary reasons for focusing on entropy is the global energy crisis, driven by massive consumption against limited resources. This study elucidates the double diffusion process in the dynamics of a viscous fluid over a stretching cylinder, incorporating considerations of entropy generation and activation energy. The non‐Fourier heat flux model is employed to describe the thermodynamics of the thermal system, while non‐Fick's law is used to elucidate the mass diffusion process. The unsteady phases of axisymmetric flow of the viscous fluid are thoroughly discussed. Transport equations in cylindrical configuration are transformed into ordinary differential equations, and an efficient mathematical method (i.e., homotopy analysis method) is applied to solve the transformed system. The graphical examination reveals the impact of flow parameters on velocity configuration, entropy configuration, temperature configurations, and concentration configurations. Additionally, a comparative benchmark is established with the results from previously published work for authentication and validation purposes. It is noted that concentration and temperature configurations are directly related to the unsteady stretching parameter. Entropy generation exhibits an inverse relationship with the unsteady stretching parameter when close to the stretching cylinder, whereas it shows a direct relationship when the fluid is flowing away from the surface.

Stochastic thermodynamic engines under time-varying temperature profile

A recently developed stochastic control formalism (Stochastic Thermodynamics) has opened for the first time the possibility to quantify energy exchange and entropy production in finite-time thermodynamic transitions, based on Langevin models for mesoscopic thermodynamic systems. Within this framework we quantify power output and efficiency of overdamped stochastic thermodynamic engines that are powered by a heat bath with temperature that varies periodically with time. Our setting is in contrast to most of the existing literature that considers the Carnot paradigm, alternating contact with heat baths having different fixed temperatures, hot and cold. Specifically, we consider a periodic and bounded but otherwise arbitrary temperature profile and derive explicit bounds on the power and efficiency achievable by a suitably controlling potential that couples the thermodynamic engine to the external world – the time-varying potential represents the control input to the system. A standing assumption in our analysis is that the norm of the gradient of the potentials is bounded – in the absence of any such constraint on the control input, the physically questionable conclusion of arbitrarily large power can be drawn.

Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic methods for the study of structural properties of liquid alcohols

This work aims to evaluate the infrared spectroscopic methods for the study of the structural properties of liquid alcohols – specifically how many alcohol molecules and how many hydroxyl groups do not participate in hydrogen bonds as donors. They are known as monomer fractions and free hydroxyl group fractions, respectively, in the community of chemical engineering thermodynamics. The infrared spectra processing methodologies for the extraction of free hydroxyl groups/monomer fractions in 1-alcohol solutions at various temperatures and their assumptions are discussed extensively in a comprehensive manner. The application of these methods addresses the surprising conclusion of literature experimental data that indicated identical behavior of methanol and ethanol in terms of liquid structural properties over a wide range of temperatures. A discrepancy is observed in data regarding saturated liquid methanol and ethanol, which shows that methanol indeed exhibits a stronger association than ethanol, as expected, at higher temperatures. The difficulties in the interpretation of liquid alcohol infrared spectra are further demonstrated in the case of 1-octanol, where evidence indicates that an association scheme which considers branched clusters is more consistent, especially in the region of low free hydroxyl fractions.

Thermodynamic engine with a quantum degenerate working fluid

Thermodynamic engine with a quantum degenerate working fluid

The integrative approach of learning chemical engineering thermodynamics by using simulation-based exercises

The active learning integrative approach of simulation-based exercises along with the core course would help undergraduate students with more engaged learning. The present study describes the simulation approach using an open-source process simulator with the help of three simulation-based exercises. The first one exemplifies the importance of the selection of an appropriate fluid package. The second exercise presented in the study shows the effect of using optimized and default values of binary interaction parameters on VLE prediction of alcohol-ester systems. The small interactive simulation-based problems with expected outcomes were presented in the third exercise which makes the learning more engaging and interesting. The current study highlights an integrative approach to inculcating critical thinking and self-learning abilities using small simulation-based exercises while learning chemical engineering thermodynamics. Finally, a survey with closed- and open-ended questions was used to gather the opinions of students on the presented exercises. A short communication is needed that sheds light on the integrative approach of learning process simulation complementing the thermodynamic theory learning.

Operating Strategies for Fischer-Tropsch Tail Gas Recirculation on a 100 kW SOEC Reactor

The efficient use of CO2 and its conversion into CO via high temperature electrolysis is considered as a suitable route for the de-fossilization of anthropogenic activities. Within electrochemical solid oxide cells reactors (SOCs), the co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 at high temperature (above 800 °C) yields syngas (H2 + CO), one of the most important feedstocks for the production of synthetic fuels and chemicals, e. g. via the Fischer-Tropsch process.At the Institute of Engineering Thermodynamics of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Stuttgart Germany, a unique test environment (Galactica) for investigating SOC reactors has been designed and constructed with the aim to deepen the research at the 100 kW-scale reactor in commercial systems. State-of-the-Art SOCs have shown promising results that allow the scale-up to larger, industrially relevant systems sizes. With Galactica, DLR was able to demonstrate successfully how 100 kW-scale reactors are a suitable stepping stone towards multi MW-scale process systems. However, operating strategies are required in order to understand how these systems would perform when steady-state operation cannot be guaranteed and unexpected shortages on the feedstocks and electricity could arise.In this work, the coupling of a 100 kW SOC reactor (consisting of 24 single SOC stacks) with the tail gas recirculation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor will be presented. The main motivation is to improve the overall process efficiency, increase the conversion (since tail gas hydrocarbons will be reformed) and reduce the net material consumption [1] [2]. By emulating the tail gas composition from the Fischer-Tropsch reactor, different syngas ratios (H2/CO) were investigated in Galactica, not only experimentally but also with the support of the in-house simulation framework TEMPEST [3], specialized for transient simulations on electrochemical reactors. Different operating conditions were evaluated by: (i) adding CH4 at open circuit voltage (OCV) and under current, (ii) performing an experimental ramp of the emulated Fischer-Tropsch gas composition into the inlet gases of the SOC reactor and (iii) by simulating a Feed-Forward controller in the case of H2O and CO2 shortages by varying the current and the air flow values in order to keep the operating temperature and reactor conversion in stable conditions. These results will allow to evaluate the performance of the SOC reactor with the temperature profile along the cells and the stacks, as well as with the syngas ratio behaviour.In this regard, operation strategies will be analyzed and discussed with the aim to mitigate failure conditions on SOC reactors, while operating in transient conditions in the frame of syngas production via high temperature co-electrolysis.[1] Herz, G.; Reichelt, E.; Jahn, M., Techno-economic analysis of a co-electrolysis-based synthesis process for the production of hydrocarbons. Applied Energy 2018, 215, 309-320 [2] Cinti, G.; Baldinelli, A.; Di Michele, A.; Desideri, U., Integration of Solid Oxide Electrolyzer and Fischer-Tropsch: A sustainable pathway for synthetic fuel. Applied Energy 2016, 162, 308-320. [3] Tomberg, M.; Heddrich, M. P.; Sedeqi, F.; Ullmer, D.; Ansar, S. A.; Friedrich, K. A., A New Approach to Modeling Solid Oxide Cell Reactors with Multiple Stacks for Process System Simulation. J. Electrochem. Soc 2022, 169, 054530.