Engine Speed Research Articles

A Compound Control Strategy for an Ultralight Power Generation System

Ultralight power generation equipment has high requirements for the power density, continuous operation, and transient stability of the whole machine, and there is a direct conflict between high power density and substantial stability control in the power unit design. In order to meet the power density requirements of ultralight power stations, three main problems need to be solved, namely engine speed oscillation and flameout in the process of load power mutation, matching of the generator and engine torque, and stabilizing the voltage waveform of the AC output end. In this paper, we proposed an exquisite compound control strategy for ultralight power generation systems in engines, generators, and inverters. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed strategy are verified by both simulation and experiment. The results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively solve the instability problem of the ultralight generator set and improve the stability of the system, where response recovery can be achieved within 0.9 s under the conditions of a total load increase or decrease, and the mismatching degree of the generator following the engine is reduced by 90%. The strategy could also guarantee long-term stable operation with high-quality electrical energy output.

Long noncoding RNA LRG modulates Drosophila locomotion by sequestering Synaptotagmin 1 protein.

Apparently, the genomes of many organisms are pervasively transcribed, and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) make up the majority of cellular transcripts. LncRNAs have been reported to play important roles in many biological processes; however, their effects on locomotion are poorly understood. Here, we presented a novel lncRNA, Locomotion Regulatory Gene (LRG), which participates in locomotion by sequestering Synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1). LRG deficiency resulted in higher locomotion speed which could be rescued by pan-neuronal overexpression but not by limited ellipsoid body, motoneuron or muscle-expression of LRG. At the molecular level, the synaptic vesicles (SVs) release and movement-related SYT1 protein was recognized as LRG-interacting protein candidate. Furthermore, LRG had no effects on SYT1 expression. Genetically, the behavioral defects in LRG mutant could be rescued by pan-neuronal knock-down of Syt1. Taken together, all the results suggested LRG exerts regulatory effects on locomotion via sequestering SYT1 thereby blocking its function without affecting its expression. Our work displays a new function of lncRNA and provides insights for revealing the pathogenesis of neurological diseases with motor disorders.

Comparison of the transient response of a compression ignition engine running with gasoline, naphtha, and methanol as fuels

This study conducted a detailed investigation to evaluate the transient operation of a compression ignition engine using three low-reactivity fuels. The fuels tested were gasoline, methanol, and naphtha. This research gives valuable insight into how these alternative fuels behave under dynamic operating conditions compared to stationary conditions. Employing a comprehensive two-part methodology, the study firstly undertakes experimental procedures involving parametric sweeps to optimize the engine performance across three operating conditions, and a dedicated calibration was achieved for the engine operation for each of the three fuels. With this calibration, two transient cycles were proposed for evaluating the engine response regarding the injection system, air management system, and emissions. The transient response was assessed through load variations at fixed engine speeds and combined cycles of speed and load transitions. The second part of the work covered a numerical assessment using GT-Power to simulate global emissions in a Class 3 WLTC. The findings reveal that naphtha outperforms other LRFs like methanol and gasoline in torque response and stability in fixed-speed cycles. Methanol, while exhibiting almost negligible soot emissions, encountered significant combustion stability challenges under low-load conditions, rendering it less suitable for exclusive use in real vehicle scenarios. On the other hand, naphtha showed promising results as a diesel alternative in the WLTP cycle, achieving similar torque and speeds, with a substantial reduction of 40 % in NOx emissions, a slight increase of 9 % in soot emissions, and an important reduction of 10 g CO2/km in carbon impact. However, the rise in unburned hydrocarbon species poses a challenge for meeting tailpipe emissions regulations.

Study on high-altitude ceiling strategy of compression ignition aviation piston engines based on BP-NSGA II algorithm optimization

This paper explores the influence of different turbocharging modes and multi-parameter coordinated control on the performance of compression-ignition (CI) aviation piston engine (APE). Firstly, based on a constructed one-dimensional thermodynamic model of a CI APE, the study investigates the effects of different turbocharging modes and combinations of high and low-pressure stage variable geometry turbines (VGT) on the operational performance of the engine. Subsequently, a novel stepwise approximate multi-objective optimization algorithm is proposed, combining backpropagation neural networks and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. This algorithm evaluates the influence of multiple control parameters on a two-stage turbocharged engine's performance, achieving a balance between fuel economy and reliability. The research shows that equipping CI APEs with twin VGT for supercharging can notably enhance engine performance, enabling the achievement of favorable power recovery objectives at an altitude of 8000 m. The proposed optimization algorithm exhibits strong predictability and reliability, substantially accelerating the computation speed and reducing the data volume by approximately 95%. At an engine speed of 3887 rpm, compared to the unoptimized conditions, the brake specific fuel consumption of the best scenario at altitudes of 2000 m, 4000 m, 6000 m, and 8000 m is reduced by 7.1%, 7.2%, 8.6%, and 6.9%, respectively.

Energy, exergy and sustainability analyses of nanoparticles added to fuels to reduce carbon footprint

In this study, experimental and thermodynamic analyses were used to investigate the use of fuel blends created by adding cerium oxide (CeO2) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles to diesel/heavy fuel oil (HFO) fuel blends in a compression ignition engine. In the study, a single-cylinder compression ignition engine was tested at four different engine loads at a constant engine speed of 3000 rpm. The experiments measured engine power, fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, engine casing temperature and exhaust pollutants. Thus, a study on energy, efficiency and sustainability was carried out by comparing fuel blends. All fuel blends were subjected to energy and exergy efficiency, lost exergy and sustainability index calculations. The addition of nanoparticles to the fuel increases the energy loss compared to the D80F20 (80% Diesel + 20% HFO) fuel blend. Comparing D80F20AL100 (80% Diesel + 20% HFO + 100 ppm Al2O3) and D80F20CE100 (80% Diesel + 20% HFO + 100 ppm CeO2) fuel blends, the exergy loss of D80F20 fuel is 10.76% and 14.23% higher when the engine power is 4000 W, respectively. The energy efficiency of D80F20 fuel increases as more nanoparticles are added and reaches 12.60% and 12.80% for D80F20CE25 (80% Diesel + 20%HFO + 25 ppm CeO2) and D80F20CE100 fuels under 3000 W engine load, respectively. The inclusion of nanoparticles in diesel/HFO fuel blends gives results in line with the sustainability index.

Exposure to polystyrene microplastics and perfluorooctane sulfonate disrupt the homeostasis of intact planarians and the growth of regenerating planarians

Microplastics (MPs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) are widespread in the global ecosystem. MPs have the ability to adsorb organic contaminants such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), leading to combined effects. The current work aims to explore the individual and combined toxicological effects of polystyrene (PS) and PFOS on the growth and nerves of the freshwater planarian (Dugesia japonica). The results showed that PS particles could adsorb PFOS. PS and PFOS impeded the regeneration of decapitated planarians eyespots, whereas the combined treatment increased the locomotor speed of intact planarians. PS and PFOS caused significant DNA damage, while co-treatment with different PS concentrations aggravated and attenuated DNA damage, respectively. Further studies at the molecular level have shown that PS and PFOS affect the proliferation and differentiation of neoblasts in both intact and regenerating planarians, alter the expression levels of neuronal genes, and impede the development of the nervous system. PS and PFOS not only disrupted the homeostasis of intact planarians, but also inhibited the regeneration of decapitated planarians. This study is the first to assess the multiple toxicity of PS and PFOS to planarians after combined exposure. It provides a basis for the environmental and human health risks of MPs and PFAS.

Speed-based analysis and prediction of fatigue life for the crankshaft via genetic algorithm

To improve the accuracy of crankshaft fatigue life prediction, a new method for predicting the fatigue life of crankshafts was proposed, considering the influence of rotational speed on fatigue life. This study investigates the relationship between engine speed and crankshaft fatigue life, and the engine speed will obviously affect the fatigue life of the crankshaft. Considering the influence of different engine speeds, a crankshaft fatigue life prediction model considering the engine speed is proposed. The method first obtains the crankshaft force time domain data under different loads through multi-body dynamics simulation, and analyzes the relationship between different engine speeds and crankpins force. The crankshaft fatigue life under different loads of the engine is calculated based on fatigue damage accumulation theory. Genetic algorithm is used to find the optimization of the relevant parameters of the crankshaft fatigue life prediction model considering the engine speed and determine the values of the parameters. The fatigue life and remaining fatigue life of the crankshaft is calculated using the proposed crankshaft fatigue life prediction model according to the engine speed signal. The proposed model in this study demonstrates a higher level of accuracy, as evidenced by the result showing a prediction error of 3.45%.

Time-delay-aware power coordinated control approach for series hybrid electric vehicles

Series hybrid electric vehicles (S-HEVs) have attracted extensive attention thanks to the simple structure and excellent efficiency, which power transfer rely on high-voltage microgrids consisting of engine-generator set, battery, motor, and other actuators. However, with possible communication time delays (CTDs), the interaction between the actuators and control unit in terms of state and control command is desynchronize, resulting in the unstable operation of S-HEVs, such as engine stalls and bus voltage jitter. This presents a great challenge to the power coordinated control approach (PCCA) design that controls different actuators. Motivated by the mentioned above, this paper presents a time-delay-aware PCCA to achieve the stable driving of S-HEVs. First, an integrated powertrain control-oriented model that incorporates communication is built. Second, an increment model predictive control method (MPC) is designed. And then by leveraging the Lyapunov-Razumikhin stability theorem, a stability condition is derived by defining a parameterization weight matrix and known upper bound of CTDs, reducing the complexity of parameter designing. Additionally, an adaptive mechanism is designed to extend application of the proposed approach in unknown CTDs condition. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop experiment is performed, and the results demonstrate that the presented approach in the mean and root mean square of the engine speed error and DC-bus voltage error decrease 39.87%, 43.85%, 44.67%, and 79.94% than nominal MPC in one period CTDs condition, respectively. And for the larger CTDs condition, the proposed method also shows efficient robustness. These substantiate that the proposed control method effectively improves vehicle running stability when encountering CTDs.

Mechanisms of enhanced heat transfer of piston oscillating cooling in a heavy-duty diesel engine

The thermal load and reliability of pistons become major concerns with the increase of power density of internal combustion engines. The oscillating cooling technology is often adopted to enhance the heat transfer of pistons in heavy-duty diesel engines. To understand the heat transfer mechanisms, this study developed an optical oscillating cooling piston based on a real heavy-duty engine. The characteristics of two-phase oscillating flows were optically observed under different conditions. As engine speed increased from 100 to 700 r/min or oil supply pressure decreased from 0.2 to 0.8 bar, the oscillation intensity of the two-phase flow gradually increased and the oscillating flow pattern developed from slug to intermittent mist flow. Furthermore, computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to analyze the heat transfer mechanisms of oscillating cooling and optimize the structure of the piston. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient of oscillating cooling can be decomposed into three components, namely conventional flow, oscillation enhanced and jet flushing parts. The conventional flow part accounts for the largest proportion of the total heat transfer coefficient, whose value is positively correlated with oil flow rate. The oscillation enhanced part is optimal when the oil filling rate is between 40 % and 60 %. The jet flushing part can lead to a higher temperature gradient in the outer cooling gallery and thus increased thermal stress. The cooling capacities of inner and outer galleries are mainly influenced by the diameters of the oil outlet and distributor pipes, respectively. The jet flushing part can be controlled by changing the inclination angle of the distributor pipe. Finally, optimization achieved an improvement of 8.3 % in cooling capacity of inner cooling gallery and a reduction of 27.5 % of heat dissipation inhomogeneity in the piston.

Experimental analysis of slewing energy recovery potential of large hydraulic excavator

Large hydraulic excavators, characterized by large inertia of slewing movement, frequent accelerating and braking, have ideal working conditions for energy recovery and reuse. This paper investigates the slewing energy-saving potential of large hydraulic excavators via experiments conducted under different working conditions. Firstly, the working principle and energy flow of the slewing system of the hydraulic excavator are analyzed, and the evaluation indexes for energy-saving potential are proposed. Additionally, a 50 ton slewing experimental prototype is established, and comparative experiments are conducted. The energy flow analysis demonstrates that the energy loss due to slewing overflow is the primary factor for the low energy utilization rate of the slewing system. Finally, the influence of engine speed, slewing angle, and load on the potential of slewing energy recovery are analyzed. The experiential results reveal that the energy-saving contribution rates of accelerating and braking range from 42% to 45.36% while the energy regeneration rate is 56% under the single-action condition. And the comprehensive contribution rate of accelerating and braking energy is about 9.2% under the compound-action working condition, which has a significant energy-saving potential.

Numerical model of variable valve timing distribution for a supercharged diesel engine

Recently, there's been a strong drive to improve performance of diesel engines while reducing their greenhouse gases emissions. Techniques like exhaust gas recirculation, turbocharging, and variable valve timing have become widespread. The last technique fine-tunes valve operation based on engine speed, which optimize efficiency and power output while saving fuel. This study zeroes in on a specific 4-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine of 1.56-liter, GT-Power software is employed to examine a supercharged version and implementing diverse valve lift techniques. The findings are revealing a substantial 30% increase in power output. At 1000 rpm, power rises from 15.1 kW for the standard engine to 19.72 kW for the modified version. For higher engine speeds, the improvements become even more pronounced, reaching a 66% boost compared to the standard configuration. Furthermore, the newly configured engine showcases an impressive 13% decrease in fuel-specific consumption at elevated engine speeds, contributing to enhanced technical performance and fuel efficiency. The numerical model developed in this study holds the potential to aid in the design of novel diesel engines equipped with variable valve timing systems. To lend further support to these findings, experimental validation is recommended.

Performance and carbon emissions of a diesel/oxy-hydrogen dual-fuel engine with oxy-hydrogen injection variation under low and medium load conditions

Reducing carbon emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) from diesel engines struggled with engine performance challenges and fossil fuel limitations. Besides, huge transportation such as ships hardly replaced diesel engines due to the higher thermal efficiency and low operation cost. Oxy-hydrogen gas, as a carbon-free gas, could potentially improve diesel engine performance and carbon emissions. Most of the studies tried to identify the effect of oxy-hydrogen induction into diesel engine combustion on performance and emissions. However, this study evaluated oxy-hydrogen injector sizes to the diesel engine performance and carbon emissions at several loads and several engine speed conditions. Overall, the result showed that the oxy-hydrogen gas injection into the diesel engine’s intake port improved the performance and carbon emissions compared to the single diesel fuel as a baseline. High engine performance with low carbon emissions could be achieved at low and medium engine load conditions with high engine speeds. Moreover, smaller oxy-hydrogen injector sizes were suitable for the medium engine load and vice versa, to improve the performance and carbon emissions. At low load, the engine performance improvement of engine torque, specific fuel consumption, and thermal efficiency were 1800 to 2200 rpm. Moreover, the CO2 and CO emissions reductions were also suitable with 2200 rpm with a bigger oxy-hydrogen gas injector (6 mm). Furthermore, at medium load, the engine performance improved at 1400 rpm but the CO2 and CO emissions were lower at 2200 rpm with a small oxy-hydrogen gas injector (4 mm). The engine operation at 2200 rpm with a 4 mm injector also improved the engine performance regarding carbon emissions reduction. However, injecting oxy-hydrogen gas into diesel engines had the potential to enhance the engine performance and reduce carbon emissions, moving closer to achieving zero emissions

A numerical investigation of the influence of ozone on combustion to improve the performance of spark ignition engines

The aim of this work is to exploit the influence of using ozonized air to achieve stable and efficient combustion of lean mixtures in a gasoline-fuelled Spark-Ignition (SI) engine. The influence of ozone on the combustion of near-stoichiometric mixtures, which are typical of SI engines, has also been assessed. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model has been employed to simulate compression, combustion, and expansion of a spark ignition, axisymmetric engine fuelled with iso-octane/air/ozone mixtures. The aim is to assess how ozone improves the engine performance under different engine speeds, ignition timings and equivalence ratios. The model has been validated against experimental data available in the literature. Parametric analyses have been carried out by considering three values of engine speeds (800, 1000 and 1200 rpm), three different ozone concentrations at Intake Valve Closure (IVC) (0, 100 and 200 ppm) and two equivalence ratios (0.9 and 0.7). The results show that ozone enables reactions in the Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) regime, modifies the mixture chemical composition and the auto-ignition tendency. Specifically, for all the cases under examination, the addition of ozone to the air/fuel mixture reduces the combustion duration, leading to an increase in terms of work output and a reduction of the specific fuel consumption. Moreover, the advantage of using ozone is greater for lean mixtures than for near-stoichiometric mixtures. Finally, for the near-stoichiometric cases, when the residence time of the mixture is high enough, auto-ignition occurs in the end gases.

Perencanaan Daya Dan Perbedaan Jenis Bantalan (Bearing) Pada Mesin Pengupas Kulit Kacang Tanah Kapasitas 60 Kg/Jam

Appropriate technology is technology that is right on target to be used and developed by the community. The development of technology aims to ease human work. The Indonesian state, with the majority of its population working as farmers, really needs appropriate technological innovation to increase agricultural productivity. In this case, the author highlights the low productivity of peanut farmers in Indonesia. On the other hand, the level of peanut demand is increasing from year to year, but consumer demand cannot be met due to low domestic peanut production. Therefore, this study aims to determine the power and bearing maintenance on peanut shell peeling machines using an electric motor, which uses a Tachometer measuring instrument and is carried out at the Production Laboratory of HKBP Nommensen University Medan located at JL. Sutomo No. 4 Medan. The peanut shell peeling machine is made horizontally with 1 shaft and 40 peeling rods transmitted by a V-belt and pulley using an electric motor that functions to peel peanuts to separate the seeds from the shell. By designing and designing a peanut shell peeling machine, the bearing life used in the peanut peeler machine is 3440.78 and 909.86 hours at a rotation speed of 1382 rpm and 58623.94 and 20877.55 hours at a rotation speed of 795.7 rpm. The faster the engine speed, the enumeration load received by the bearing will be lighter, the slower the engine speed, the heavier the enumeration load received by the bearing. The production capacity that can be produced by this peanut shell peeling machine is 60 kg / hour with a peeling force of 51,012 and AC motor power of 1 Hp with a rotation of 2930 rpm.

Effects of an Exhaust System Equipped with a Thermoelectric Generator on Combustion, Performance, Emissions, and Energy Recovery in a Diesel Engine Using Biodiesel

The predominance of petroleum-based fuels is lessened by the preference for biodiesel as an alternative. However, one of the adverse effects arising from the use of biodiesel is the formation of waste heat. The novel aspect of this study proposes a sustainable solution that will decelerate global warming by recovering waste heat through a new exhaust design equipped with thermoelectric generators. The study obtained test fuels by blending vegetable-derived biodiesel in five different volumetric ratios (0, 10%, 20%, 50%, and 100%). The experiments were carried out at three different constant engine speeds (1000, 1250, and 1500 RPM) and five different engine loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) on a single-cylinder diesel engine. At the end of the experiment, the combustion characteristics, engine performance, exhaust emissions, waste heat values, and electrical energy gained from the thermoelectric system of biodiesel blend fuels compared to diesel were evaluated. Specific fuel consumption, effective efficiency, exhaust gas temperatures, exhaust emissions, and electrical power generation with TEG in the diesel engine were evaluated, focusing on the different biodiesel blend ratios, engine load, and engine speeds.

Experimental study on the effects of water addition in methanol on the performance of diesel-methanol diffusion combustion on a high-speed engine

Methanol is regarded as a low-carbon renewable fuel which is friendly to the environment. For purpose of investigating the impact of water introduction in methanol on diesel-methanol diffusion combustion, experimental tests were performed on a refitted dual-fuel high-speed diesel engine test bench. This research compared the differences between diesel-methanol diffusion combustion (DMDC) mode and diesel-hydrous methanol diffusion combustion (DHMDC) mode with a water mass content of 20%. The tests were performed by maintaining the engine speed of 3000 rpm and varying engine load as well as methanol injection timing (MIT). The results indicate that the heat release process in DHMDC mode begins later but is more rapid and concentrated compared to DMDC mode. The addition of 20% water in methanol does not significantly decreases the peak average in-cylinder temperature. However, it decreases the NOx emissions by up to approximately 40%. Water introduction leads to higher CO and THC emissions in DHMDC mode, but the retardation of MIT helps mitigate the increase in CO and THC emissions. The exhaust losses in DHMDC mode decrease by about 5%–8%, while the heat transfer losses increase by over 20%, resulting in a lower indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) in comparison with DMDC mode. The effects of the 20% water addition in methanol are sensitive to changes in engine load and MIT. Higher engine load and appropriately retarded MIT facilitate more efficient and cleaner combustion in DHMDC mode.

In-cylinder spray evolution in a motored central-injection gasoline engine: Imaging and simulating the effects of flash-boiling and intake crossflow

Accurate predictions of fuel spray behavior and mixture formation in simulations of direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) engines are fundamental to ensure proper description of all subsequent processes including ignition, combustion, and emissions. In this work, the spray evolution in a single-cylinder optical DISI engine was studied experimentally and numerically with the goal of enabling predictive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of in-cylinder sprays. The authors explored a wide range of operating conditions characterized by several fuel injection temperatures and engine speeds, using a well-characterized nine-component gasoline surrogate known as PACE-20. The effect of flash boiling and intake crossflow on the spray is discussed, with a focus on evaluating the ability of the spray models to capture highly transient spray behavior. In the experiments, the fuel temperature was varied between 20°C and 80°C, allowing for non-flash- to flash-boiling transition to emerge with enhanced flashing intensity at the highest temperatures. Spray collapse resulted in vapor-rich regions, owing to the locally lower inertia of the fluid. Varying the engine speed from 650 to 1950 rpm promoted increasingly more turbulent in-cylinder crossflow which interacted with the spray during the injection event and resulted in enhanced spray dispersion. The CFD model was able to capture the spray morphology transition at different fuel temperatures and engine speeds adequately. It is shown that the spray breakup model could capture the transitional spray behavior induced by flash boiling atomization and intake flow via proper initialization of the spray cone angle and calibration of the spray models’ constants.

A Complete Assessment of the Emission Performance of an SI Engine Fueled with Methanol, Methane and Hydrogen

This study explores the potentiality of low/zero carbon fuels such as methanol, methane and hydrogen for motor applications to pursue the goal of energy security and environmental sustainability. An experimental investigation was performed on a spark ignition engine equipped with both a port fuel and a direct injection system. Liquid fuels were injected into the intake manifold to benefit from a homogeneous charge formation. Gaseous fuels were injected in direct mode to enhance the efficiency and prevent abnormal combustion. Tests were realized at a fixed indicated mean effective pressure and at three different engine speeds. The experimental results highlighted the reduction of CO and CO2 emissions for the alternative fuels to an extent depending on their properties. Methanol exhibited high THC and low NOx emissions compared to gasoline. Methane and, even more so, hydrogen, allowed for a reduction in THC emissions. With regard to the impact of gaseous fuels on the NOx emissions, this was strongly related to the operating conditions. A surprising result concerns the particle emissions that were affected not only by the fuel characteristics and the engine test point but also by the lubricating oil. The oil contribution was particularly evident for hydrogen fuel, which showed high particle emissions, although they did not contain carbon atoms.

Using renewable alternative fuels and studying their impact on the performance and emissions of compression ignition engines

AbstractThis practical study examined the effect of engine torque on engine performance and emissions. The most important parameters of engine performance are thermal efficiency, brake power (BP), and specific fuel consumption. As for exhaust emissions, the most important of which are hydrocarbons (HCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The experiment was conducted for a single‐cylinder, four‐stroke compression ignition engine. Mixtures (B0, B10, B20, B30, and B40) were taken from biodiesel prepared from sunflower oil by the esterification method. The engine speed was fixed at 1700 rpm, and torque variable was from 0 to 10 N m. The results indicated a decrease in engine BP by an average of 19.5 W, a decrease in thermal efficiency by an average of 1.058%, while an increase in fuel consumption by an average of 0.095 kg/kW h−1 compared to diesel. As for exhaust emissions, HC emissions decreased by 5.8 ppm, while CO decreased by 0.0207%, and NOx emissions increased by 138.5 ppm compared to diesel, due to changes in the properties of biodiesel, such as high density, viscosity, and low calorific value compared to the properties of regular diesel

Cisplatin Toxicity Causes Neutrophil-Mediated Inflammation in Zebrafish Larvae.

Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent used to treat various tumors. In mammals, it can cause nephrotoxicity, tissue damage, and inflammation. The release of inflammatory mediators leads to the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells, particularly neutrophils, at the site of inflammation. Cisplatin is often used as an inducer of acute kidney injury (AKI) in experimental models, including zebrafish (Danio rerio), due to its accumulation in kidney cells. Current protocols in larval zebrafish focus on studying its effect as an AKI inducer but ignore other systematic outcomes. In this study, cisplatin was added directly to the embryonic medium to assess its toxicity and impact on systemic inflammation using locomotor activity analysis, qPCR, microscopy, and flow cytometry. Our data showed that larvae exposed to cisplatin at 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) displayed dose-dependent mortality and morphological changes, leading to a decrease in locomotion speed at 9 dpf. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (il)-12, il6, and il8 increased after 48 h of cisplatin exposure. Furthermore, while a decrease in the number of neutrophils was observed in the glomerular region of the pronephros, there was an increase in neutrophils throughout the entire animal after 48 h of cisplatin exposure. We demonstrate that cisplatin can have systemic effects in zebrafish larvae, including morphological and locomotory defects, increased inflammatory cytokines, and migration of neutrophils from the hematopoietic niche to other parts of the body. Therefore, this protocol can be used to induce systemic inflammation in zebrafish larvae for studying new therapies or mechanisms of action involving neutrophils.