Engine Power Plant Research Articles

A Constructivist Leader Avoids the Bankruptcy of an Emblematic Company and the Deepening of Deindustrialization in Europe: Lessons From a Case Study

Confronting a complex reality always causes a mixture of shock that continues, even after acceptance. The moment Bertrand Martin takes over C.M.M. Sulzer-France in 1984, the company is in the disaster situation. With the Naval Construction crisis, the order book quickly ran out, the stock warehouses were full, and people's morale was at a level close to exhaustion. Everyone expected either closure or, at the very least, a massive collective dismissal. B. Martin's position surprises everyone and everything, equivalent to a real electroshock, according to his own expression. In a staff meeting, called by him to “say what he came for”, B. Martin (or a member of his management team) holds back and does not even formulate a word that evokes “solutions”. Faced with the dramatic events that the company was experiencing, B. Martin says he is at this staff meeting to hear… solutions, as an alternative to closure or massive layoffs. Rarely have words like these been heard in companies in a country accustomed to a hierarchical organizational culture and job cuts in response to crises. Voluntary problem-solving groups, involving more than 300 people from all hierarchical levels, developed a plan with 450 measures. The workers' assembly votes on the plan unanimously. In a short time, the company changes radically and comes out of the red, accepting a difficult challenge, associated with an order for two large power plant engines, for China, previously considered unrealizable. The dynamics introduced into the company become proverbial with unusual repercussions throughout France. The case seems to fit more into the order of counter factuality than a plausible situation. Four orders of reasons seem to have contributed to the novelty of the director general's communication: (1) A general director who, instead of starting by presenting a speech of hope (to create a climate of positive expectation), as is customary to do, exposes the naked reality for everyone to observe. (2) A leader who says he has no solutions but was available to listen to the solutions to be found within the organization. (3) An entrepreneur who knew how to listen to himself and listen to what he would call a “crazy dream” that mobilized the talents of each subject. (4) A people engineer who knew how to intuit, as an organizational reference, the thirst for collectively shared change and which would allow 70% of all four hundred proposals from the working groups to be carried out in six months. The constructivist transformational leadership of this leader, unlikely given the context, Bertrand Martin, made the difference, in a situation where “hope seemed to have disappeared”, in the words of Dante, in the “Divine Comedy” – sequel to Inferno.

Investigation of microstructural and thermal stability of Ni-Y-Zr ternary nanocrystalline alloy

This investigation focused on the thermal stability of nanocrystalline (NC) binary and ternary Ni-Y-Zr alloys synthesized through ball-milling. The microstructural changes following annealing, conducted up to 1200 °C, were studied using various techniques, including X-ray-line-broadening, micro-hardness, and transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the rate of grain growth observed in the Ni-Y-Zr ternary alloy at 600 °C resembled that in pure NC-Ni at 100 °C. Moreover, the Ni-1.4Y-1.1Zr ternary system exhibited a maximum hardness of 753 HV (average) at 600 °C, which was approximately 60 HV higher than the Ni-1.2Y/1.9Y and Ni-1.5Zr/2.7Zr binary alloys and more than double that of pure NC-Ni for similar grain sizes. These characteristics were linked to the formation of nano-sized oxides and nitrides of Y and Zr within the microstructure. In summary, this study emphasizes the notable high-temperature microstructure stability of Ni-based ternary alloys, attributed to the additive effects of Y and Zr. Due to this extended stability, this ternary system could find potential applications at elevated temperatures in areas such as jet engine turbine blades and power plants.

Civil site selection of the gas engine power plant by value-based decision multicriteria in Kupang, Indonesia

Civil site selection of the gas engine power plant by value-based decision multicriteria in Kupang, Indonesia

Prognozowanie procesu emisji wodoru z obudowy turbogeneratora z powstawaniem palnych mieszanin wodorowo-powietrznych i spalaniem pochodni

Predicting the process of hydrogen emission from the turbogenerator housing with the formation of flammable hydrogen-air mixtures and flare combustion The operation of turbogenerators of nuclear and thermal power plants is accompanied by the release of heat, which contributes to the heating of generator components and can lead to an emergency situation (fire). Since As turbogenerators operate for long periods of time, the process of continuous cooling of generator equipment plays an important role, as its overheating can lead to emergency chain reactions, fires, explosions, etc. Analysis of statistical data on the occurrence of emergency situations (fires) related to hydrogen leaks from process equipment indicates insufficient operational qualifications of operational personnel, poor quality of equipment repair, errors of repair personnel and their violation of technical requirements for repairing equipment and their systems, design defects in equipment and systems that ensure its operation. It has been established that the causes of emergency situations are: hydrogen leakage due to leaks in equipment, spontaneous ignition of hydrogen, the presence of air space in turbogenerator equipment, violation of technological regulations, contamination of hydrogen with moisture and pollution, unhermetization of the generator body. Modeling of the hydrogen combustion process during its release from the casing of a turbine-generator was carried out using the example of a power plant engine room. The study showed that the longest hydrogen combustion time will occur when hydrogen is released through holes with geometric size d0 in the range of 0.05--0.1 m (50--100 mm). At larger values of the geometric size of the hole d0 > 0.1 m, the hydrogen burning time is insignificant, and at values of d0 < 0.005 m, the length of the flame burner L does not exceed 1.15 m. The results of the study confirm that hydrogen flame torch combustion can occur as a result of turbogenerator failure. The calculations established the need for fire protection of the supporting metal structures of the engine room to ensure a fire resistance limit of at least 45 minutes under the hydrocarbon curve.

Condition Monitoring of Power Plant Engine Oil Through FTIR Analysis

Condition Monitoring of Power Plant Engine Oil Through FTIR Analysis

Investigation of water resistance of semi-submersible floating cranes of various designs

The paper considers the effect on water resistance of the movement of a semi-submersible floating crane model on quiet deep water in working and transport positions and different heading angles. The research was conducted in the experimental pool of Sevastopol State University. The performed towing tests of the model made it possible to plot the dependence of the coefficient of impedance on the Froude number. Each of the presented graphs refers to a certain horizontal clearance and heading angle, as well as the number of intermediate stabilization columns. According to the obtained graphs, it is possible to estimate the power of the power plant, mainline and shunting engines of a semi-submersible floating crane of the selected design scheme at the initial stages of design. In the future, it is planned to carry out research to determine the coefficient of additional resistance from the excitement of the considered cases of the hull shape.

Quantumness in Diagnostics of Marine Internal Combustion Engines and Other Ship Power Plant Machines

Abstract The article provides proof that the diagnostics of marine internal combustion engines and other ship power plant machines should take into account the randomness and unpredictability of certain events, such as wear, damage, the variations of mechanical and thermal loads, etc., which take place during machine operation. In the article, the energy E, like the other forms (methods) that it can be converted into (heat and work), is considered the random variable Et; at time t, this variable has the mean value E ¯ t {\bar E_t} , which is the observed value of the statistic E ¯ s t {\bar E_{st}} with an asymptotically normal distribution N ( E ( E t ) , σ t n ) N\left( {E\left( {{E_t}} \right),{{{\sigma _t}} \over {\sqrt n }}} \right) , irrespective of the functional form of the random variable Et. A proof is given that shows that the expected value estimated in the above way, considering the time t of the performance of task Z by a marine internal combustion engine or other ship power plant machine, can be used to determine the machine’s possible action (DM). When compared to the required action (DW) needed for task Z to be performed, this possible action makes it possible to formulate an operating diagnosis concerning whether the engine or machine of concern is able to perform task Z. It is assumed that an energy device of this type is able to perform a given task when the inequality DM≥DW holds. Otherwise, when DM < DW, the device cannot perform the task for which it was adopted in the design and manufacturing phase, which means that it is in the incapability state, although it still can be started and convert energy into the form of heat or work..

Determination of Rational Design Values for Gas-Air Coolers Components of Exhaust Gases of Marine Power Plants

Abstract Modernisation of marine power plants in the transport vessel fleet to satisfy the requirements of the International Maritime Organization is an urgent scientific and technical problem. Currently, the use of catalytic selective filters, dry and wet scrubber systems and exhaust gas recirculation for marine diesel engines is widely used for this purpose. An analysis of the use of ejection gas-air coolers is presented as an additional method of emission reduction. However, the use of such device does not neutralise the harmful emissions of power plant engines, but only increases the volume concentration of their exhaust gases. But this will help to increase the efficiency of dispersion of harmful emissions, by reducing the concentration of harmful emissions to values not exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations. Its efficiency depends on the load mode of the diesel engine. It is found that the initial concentration of harmful substances in combustion products due to their dilution with fresh air at 100% engine load is reduced by about 50%. The values of the reduction of the concentration and temperature of exhaust gases with the reduction of the engine load to 75% and 50% depending on the louvre angle are obtained. It is proved that ejection gas-air coolers can be an effective additional means for compliance with modern environmental parameters, especially when vessels are in special areas of the world’s oceans.

Design of the parametric appearance of the power plant for modifications of the regional passenger aircraft An-158

The object of research is the process of remotorization of a regional passenger aircraft to increase its fuel efficiency. Based on the conceptual requirements for the remotorization of the An-158 aircraft with turbojet bypass engines, a parametric appearance of three modifications of this aircraft with turboprop engines for 80, 100, and 120 passenger seats was formed. The study was carried out on the basis of the well-known modular software systems «Integration 2.1» and «Air propeller 2.2» for typical flight profiles of the An-158 aircraft. Improved procedures of weight design and determination of the takeoff characteristics of aircraft with different types of power plant engines have made it possible to identify the most advantageous flight speeds of aircraft modifications with a turboprop engine corresponding to different flight masses. The results of the study of flight performance for optimal and «non-optimal» modifications of the aircraft are reported. The parametric appearance of the propeller was formed, the shape of the propeller blade for the cruising flight mode was determined for modifying the aircraft with a maximum number of passengers – 120 people. It is shown that the propeller for this modification of the aircraft cannot have less than 8 blades since with a smaller number of blades, the maximum chord of the propeller blade increases. The inductive power costs increase significantly due to the small elongation of the blades and, as a result, the flight efficiency of the propeller decreases. It is shown that the total fuel consumption for the entire typical flight of all modifications of the aircraft with turboprop engine at all studied flight speeds is less than the total fuel consumption of the An-158 base aircraft

Performance Analysis of Wartsilä Turbocharger W18V50SG at Gas Engine Power Plant Sumbagut-2 Peaker 250 MW

A turbocharger is a device that uses the energy in the exhaust gas produced during combustion to increase the amount of air intake that goes into the cylinder. At gas engine power plant SUMBAGUT 2 PEAKER 250 MW, the use of a turbocharger is thought to be efficient because it can recycle combustion exhaust gases, whose pressure and temperature are still high, to rotate the turbine on the turbocharger. As a result, the compressor forcibly suctions air and delivers it to the combustion chamber cylinder because one requirement for good combustion results is that the air must be in a solid state. Thermal efficiency is another way to assess the efficacy of the gas generator engine's performance. With these conditions, a study was conducted with the goal of determining the working system on the turbocharger and calculating the efficiency of the Otto cycle with a compression ratio = 12 (maximum for the Otto cycle), at a peak load of 18,445 kW, engine speed of 500 rpm, ambient temperature (T 1) = 27° C, the mass flow rate of fuel (m _fuel) = 2814 kg/h 0.781 kg/s, then the thermal.

Synthesis of A Robustly Stabilizing Compensator for an Uncertain Jet Engine Power Plant

We propose a new algorithm based on interval analysis for design of a robust first order compensator for a jet engine. The proposed algorithm generates the entire set of stabilizing controller parameters. We demonstrate the algorithm on the acceleration control loop of a jet engine in the presence of parametric uncertainties.

Some Practical Hints on Preservation of Aircraft Engines Using a Rig from Corrosion Problems

Aircrafts need to be grounded for want of routine scheduled maintenance and inspection after certain period of flying hours. During such maintenance practices, the turbo-propeller engines are kept dismantled, un- installed and non-operative conditions for a longer period even up to two years. During this non-operative period, the engines and components are susceptible to extensive chronic corrosion hazards. To prevent this hazard, the engines and components are required to be preserved both internally and externally from corrosion that is the engine components such as turbine, turbine blades, compressor, fuel nozzles, fuel system pipelines, diffuser, combustion cum mixing chamber, expansion nozzle and exhaust manifold. Over the long experience of operating the aircrafts, it has been observed that the appliance provided by the manufacturer is only meant for internal corrosion preservation purposes of the operative and installed engines and cannot be used for external corrosion preservation of non-operative and un installed engines which led to drastic reduction of engine lives and unsafe operating conditions to the aircrafts due to inherent materialistic corrosive effects. The material of the turbine blades could not able to withstand its designed high combustion temperature due to the corrosion problems, which leads to unsafe engine conditions. The problem was attributable to the design factor that the high pressure cock in the fuel supply system could open and allow the preservative oil to enter into the main fuel system only when sufficient oil pressure is built up in associative oil system, which needs rotating the engines at least in idling speeds. Simulating this mandatory condition is not possible for the non-operative uninstalled engines. To overcome the corrosion hazard problem of aircraft engines, a bogie hinge joint flushing device has been designed, fabricated and tested using the local resources after taking into consideration of this important engine external preservation requirements, layout of the turbo-propeller engine power plant and fuel supply systems. This innovative external preservation rig has got multiple options coupled with internal preservation for preserving the engine components such as turbine, turbine blades, compressor, fuel nozzles, fuel system pipelines, diffuser, combustion cum mixing chamber, expansion nozzle and exhaust manifold during the course of long maintenance period. The newly designed and developed external preservation rig has resulted in achieving the complete external preservation requirements of following categories of turbo-propeller engines. a) New/overhauled engines in storage and kept on expiry of preservation life b)Installed engine required to be removed for storage but cannot be cranked or rotated c) Installed engines that are not in running condition/installation-seized engines d) Uninstalled engine for defect investigations/defect rectifications e) Non operative unsafe engines

Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine Characteristics under Various Loads

Internal combustion engines (ICEs) are widely used in the road, sea, air and railway vehicles and stationary such as generators, pumps elevators or agricultural and construction machinery. The features expected from the ICEs differ according to the usage areas. For example; a vehicle engine should operate at a certain lower and upper engine speeds according to the engine load in constant gas condition and the features of the engine should be known in this range. On the other hand, a power plant engine must work at a constant speed under various loads for the electricity produced to be at a desired frequency. Diesel engines are widely used as stationary engines due to the higher fuel economy, especially in places where high power is required.Therefore, it is important to be known of the characteristics of the stationary engine under various operating conditions. In the presented study, it is aimed to determine experimentally the characteristics of a diesel engine under variable loads and at constant speed. In the experimental study, the characteristics of the engine such as air excess coefficient, torque, brake power, various efficiencies and fuel consumption were determined under variable loads by using a single–cylinder, four–stroke and water–cooled direct injection experimental diesel engine. Experimental results show that the variation of engine load affected considerably the investigated engine characteristics.

Dynamic performance simulation of combined gas electric and steam power plants for cruise-ferry ships

This work aims at investigating the feasibility of COmbined Gas Electric and Steam (COGES) plants onboard Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fueled ships, by means of a novel, flexible tool. Firstly, the nominal operating conditions of 6 commercially available gas turbines (GTs) as well as their dynamic performance are simulated. Secondly, 6 different integrated COGES-reciprocating engine power plants are assembled and compared in terms of cogeneration efficiency within an optimized repowering study for the cruise-ferry ship GNV La Suprema. The optimization accounts for variable ship speed, season and GT control strategy for an overall number of 264 operating conditions considered. Thirdly, the time-dependent performance of the best COGES plant is assessed under actual navigation conditions for La Suprema. Overall, the results show the great potential of combining COGES plants with reciprocating engines for the marine sector. In particular, in the ship speed range centered around the actual cruise speed for La Suprema (i.e. 22 knots), all the COGES plants are able to cover the propulsion and hotel power demands more efficiently than reciprocating engines, with a 1–5 % benefit on cogeneration efficiency. Overall, a 51 % maximum cogeneration efficiency is found to be provided by COGES plants based on LM2500 and TITAN250 gas turbines.

Impact of crude palm oil on engine performance, emission product, deposit formation, and lubricating oil degradation of low-speed diesel engine: An experimental study

The higher emissions are one of the main issues associated with the use of diesel power plants. Therefore, various previous studies have been conducted on the substitution of diesel with renewable base liquid fuels for internal combustion engines, such as Crude Palm Oil (CPO). In this study, a comprehensive evaluation was carried out on the impact of using CPO on a low-speed diesel engine with a large capacity. The objective of this study is to determine the viability of modifying the existing diesel engine to operate on CPO fuel, with the aim of minimizing the requirement for additional capital expenditures. Furthermore, a diesel power plant engine with a rated capacity of 2554 kW and a rated speed of 600 RPM using a modified injector was employed. The testing phase was divided into two stages namely, a performance test for 7 h and a running test for 375 h. During the running test, the level of emission was also tested with different load variations using a portable flue gas analyzer. Following this, the lubrication oil sample was collected both before and after the engine running test. The deposits sample obtained from the engine was analyzed using SEM-EDX. Prior to being introduced into the engine, the fuel pre-treatment plant ensured that the kinematic viscosity and temperature of the CPO were properly maintained. The results show that operating the low-speed diesel engine with the continuous use of 100% CPO is not recommended due to the reducing of the engine gross power, the peak combustion pressure, the engine's IHP (indicated horse power) and the exhaust temperature of each cylinder. Furthermore, deposits were found on the cylinder head, piston, valve, and nozzle. Besides, the lubricating oil quality also degraded. Therefore, necessary to conduct a comprehensive study on the technical and financial aspects of using other biofuels that have a minimal risk impact on engine reliability and performance as an alternative to diesel or biodiesel fuel in low-speed diesel power plants.

Design of Quadruple Offset Butterfly Valve Used in Power Plants

The elliptical disc is a specific characteristic of a triple offset butterfly valve (TOBV), but the structure of the elliptical disc leads to a non-uniform distribution of contact at the closing position with non-uniform wear. On the other hand, the continuous processing of elliptical sections to finish the entire disc contour is expensive compared to the processing of a circular section. In the present study, to improve the above disadvantages of an elliptical disc, an elliptic cone function was established to describe the quadruple butterfly valve (QOBV) disc shape, which has a circular section disc. In addition, some designs of a fixed thickness (7 mm) laminated seal for good sealing were proved. Sealing performance simulations were carried out using the thermal–structural coupling analysis. The best design of the QOBV showed that the maximum contact pressure was 37.2% lower than the TOBV using the seven-way laminated seal layers (thickness of A240–316 stainless and graphite was 1.3 mm and 0.6 mm, respectively). Compared to TOBV, the QOBV disc operation during the opening and closing process was faster and smoother. The disc can be applied widely to various industrial fields, engine exhaust systems, and turbine and power plants under severe environments.

Classification and Unified Expression of General Aircraft Product Functions

With the continuous progress of The Times, the complexity and innovation of products in the design and manufacturing process are gradually increasing. Because of the interdependence and coupling between the composition or function of complex products, the product development cycle is greatly extended, and the problem of low reuse in the design process is also caused. This paper aims at the problems of product function coupling, iteration and reuse. By analyzing the design status of domestic complex products and adopting the combination of black box model, complex network model and GA genetic algorithm. The model of product function classification and unified expression is put forward. Finally, the helicopter engine power plant is taken as an example to demonstrate. It helps demonstrating the validity of the research and provides an effective reference for the design of general aircraft product functions.

Energy prosumerism using photovoltaic power plant and hydrogen combustion engine: Energy and thermo-ecological assessment

Renewable Energy Sources (RES) represent an attractive way to save natural resources and improve the overall impact of power systems on the environment. A continuous increase of share of RES in national energy mixes is observed, and due to the energy policy of the European Union and many other countries, further increase is expected. A disadvantage of RES is their random, weather-dependent availability, which requires energy storage. A promising method of integrating RES with the energy system is the use of hydrogen as an energy carrier (e.g. coupling RES with electrolyzers in order to directly use the renewable electricity for production of hydrogen). In the present work, a simulation of cooperation of a photovoltaic power plant with a gas piston engine fueled by hydrogen was performed, with and without the presence of energy storage. The aim of the analysis is twofold. First, the “compensation losses” due to forced part-load operation of the engine coupled with RES are evaluated and compared with “storage losses” resulting from the thermodynamic imperfectness of the storage; this allows to calculate the minimum round-trip efficiency of storage required for positive energy effect. The “compensation losses” have been determined to be of the order of magnitude of 2%, and the minimum round-trip efficiency of storage to be at the level of 85%. Second, a thermo-ecological analysis was carried out to determine the impact of the source of hydrogen on the overall ecological effectiveness of the system. Contrary to the commonly used measure of “energy efficiency” describing a local balance boundary, thermo-ecological cost (TEC) evaluates the consumption of non-renewable exergy within a global balance boundary. The analysis confirmed that comparing various hydrogen production methods (especially renewable and non-renewable) in terms of local energy efficiency is inadequate, because it does not tell much about their sustainability. For a hydrogen energy system basing on the water electrolysis – hydrogen transport/storage – combustion in a gas piston engine pathway to be considered sustainable, the input electricity to the electrolysis process should be characterized by TEC lower than ∼0.15 J∗/J, a value which even some renewable energy sources fail to achieve.

Deposit Characteristics of Diesel Engine Power Plant Fueled by Crude Palm Oil

This study emphasizes the impact of using Crude Palm Oil (CPO) as fuel (Bio-oil) on the deposit characteristics formed in the diesel engine power plant. Before entering the engine, CPO was treated by heating, separation, and filtering to decrease its viscosity. Deposit composition and morphology were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with a spectrometer. The result showed that unburned fuel on the surface of the cylinder head and liner wall was found after the performance test. Furthermore, inspection after durability test shows that there are carbon deposits on the combustion chamber, hard deposits on the cylinder head edge, and scratches on the surfaces of the liner. Hard black deposits were also found in the fuel nozzle tip. These deposits can disrupt the fuel atomizing process and create an unbalance pressure between the chambers. The deposits formed were continuous and contained Calcium (Ca), Aluminium (Al), and Iron (Fe). The SEM and spectroscopy analysis showed that the deposit formed by using CPO as fuel for diesel engines contain complex substances and erode materials from the cylinder liner.

Cooling System in Machine Operation at Gas Engine Power Plant at PT Multidaya Prima Elektrindo

In this work, it is reported that the development of technology makes the need for electrical energy in recent years has increased very rapid. PT Multidaya Prima Elektrindo is a company engaged in power generation using gas energy sources, namely the Gas Engine Power Plant. with a capacity of 2x6 MW. The energy produced by this plant will later be distributed to consumers through the State Electricity Company. Along with its use, generating machines continuously work for long periods of time. If this continues, there will be overheating of the engine which can cause a trip to the engine, to prevent a trip on the engine, monitoring the cooling system on the engine can prevent overheating which can cause a trip on the engine. By using a cooling system, the performance of the engine at the generator in generating energy is optimal. The processed data is weather data around the PLTG location and characteristic data from the gas turbine. The results of data processing are taken into consideration in choosing a cooling system. Other processing data in the form of cooling load is then used to design the components of the cooling system that will be applied. The results of the study show that reducing the outside air temperature entering the gas turbine compressor to 22 °C, can increase the output power of the PLTG gas turbine by more than 10 MW.