Enforcement Behavior Research Articles

Standing Up to the Maskless: Antecedents of Norm Enforcement Behavior and Meta-Norm Misperception During COVID-19 at a College Campus

Extending theorization on bystander intervention, this study examined antecedents of upstanding, a communication practice in which bystanders communicate disapproval to norm violators, using the context of mask wearing during COVID-19. Survey findings from undergraduate students revealed that perceived legitimacy of intervention played a key role in decisions to stand up to mask norm violators. In addition, anticipation of hostile responses from the confronted party and bystander indifference discouraged upstanding behavior or intentions. Participants also expected to receive less support from bystanders in a hypothetical episode as an upstander than what they intended to offer an upstander as a bystander.

The Importance of Law Enforcement Based on Progressive Law in Realizing Community Welfare

Progressive Law emerged from Satjipto Rahardjo's idea of ​​seeing the worrying reality of law enforcement in Indonesia. The law tends to favor the strong and oppress the weak, sharp downwards but dull upwards. This article discusses the importance of having behavior based on Progressive Law in law enforcement. The method used in writing this article is a normative legal research method with a conceptual approach. The results of this research are that law enforcement that improves the welfare of the people in the style of Progressive Law will be formed if law enforcement officers have progressive law enforcement behavior. The meaning of progressive behavior is law enforcement that is sensitive to the realization of the values ​​of justice, and is not confined solely to the formulation of the text of the law. Such law enforcement will create justice, benefit and welfare for society.

Determinants of traffic safety enforcement behaviour among police officers: A narrative review

Traffic safety enforcement (TSE), which includes policing of traffic laws, is a key component of safe transport systems. Effective TSE depends on law enforcement professionals’ (i.e., police officers’) ability and willingness to proactively engage in TSE activities. By conducting a narrative review of past literature, this article documents (i) factors reported to influence law enforcement professionals’ willingness to engage in TSE, and (ii) policy recommendations to improve TSE and thus traffic safety. The extensive literature review presented in this report identified four main types of factors that influence officers’ willingness to engage in TSE: (i) individual-level factors (e.g., officers’ perceptions of TSE), (ii) situational factors (e.g., traffic offenders’ demographic characteristics), (iii) organization-level factors (e.g., traffic citation quotas), and (iv) community-level factors (e.g., political influence). Policy recommendations to improve TSE recognized that a country’s economic condition poses significant barriers to effective TSE. Results of this literature review summarize and provide insights into factors that influence TSE and can be used by road safety professionals, including transport engineers and law enforcement professionals, to improve TSE efforts and outcomes.

A Link Between the George Floyd Incident and De-Policing: Evidence From Police Arrests Across Three Racial and Ethnic Groups

The purpose of this study is to examine the George Floyd effect on depolicing. Police misdemeanor and felony arrests by the Houston Police Department (HPD), with these police actions serve as the primary measures of law enforcement behavior. Specifically, we break down police misdemeanor and felony arrests among Hispanic, Black, and White residents. An Interrupted Time Series Analysis model is used in the analysis. The primary findings suggest that there was an initial steep drop of police arrests immediately after the Floyd incident for both misdemeanor and felony arrests. The long-term effect, however, remains present in only misdemeanant arrests. Police felony arrests went back to pre-incident levels within a short period of time. In addition, it is noted that the pattern of arrests between Blacks and Hispanics is similar. Some policy implications and the limitations of the study are discussed in a concluding section.

Policy complexity and implementation performance in the European Union

This study examines the relationship between the complexity of EU directives and their successful implementation at the national level. Moving beyond the state‐of‐the‐art, we propose a comprehensive framework considering structural, linguistic, and relational dimensions of policy complexity. We argue that policy complexity entails higher transaction costs, hindering effective implementation. Using a novel dataset covering roughly 1000 directives from 1994 to 2022, we find strong evidence of policy complexity negatively impacting implementation performance. Moreover, we find that states with higher administrative capacity are better able to process high complexity efficiently and that Eurosceptic member states attract fewer infringement proceedings in highly complex policy environments than Europhile member states. This could alternatively point to strategic enforcement behavior of the Commission or to bureaucracies that are less Eurosceptic than their political masters might wish for. Our study thereby contributes to a deeper understanding of the challenges of successful implementation of EU directives.

Do Cops Still Care? A Phenomenological Exploration of Narcotics (De)Criminalization and Officer Discretion in Southern California

<i>The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore how law enforcement officers in Los Angeles County described their lived experiences of engaging in discretionary enforcement behaviors when policing narcotics crimes. Rational choice theory was utilized as the theoretical lens for the study. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 15 active law enforcement officers in Los Angeles County. Data were collected through open-ended surveys, semi-structured interviews, and reflexive memos. The data were coded utilizing thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo 12 Plus. Three primary themes were evident from the data: (1) positive reinforcement-motivators, (2) justifications for reduced narcotics enforcement, and (3) methods of reduced enforcement. Findings revealed law enforcement officers, much like offenders’ criminal behaviors in rational choice theory, can be dissuaded from discretionary enforcement behaviors with adequate negative reinforcement. Implications of the study’s findings, limitations, and recommendations for future research are discussed. </i>

Law Enforcement Perspectives on Police Vehicle Cybersecurity

Cyberattacks on law enforcement officers’ vehicles can compromise and disrupt emergency response, yet there is little knowledge of how law enforcement officers understand and respond to cybersecurity concerns within their work vehicles. This study gathered data on law enforcement officers’ perceptions of vehicle cybersecurity. A survey study was conducted with 80 law enforcement officers, focusing on gathering information to quantify the relationship between their experience as an officer, their cybersecurity experience, and their perception of vehicle cybersecurity. Overall, there was a lack of understanding and knowledge regarding vehicle cybersecurity. Results also revealed a small relationship between how many hours an officer spends in the vehicle and vehicle cybersecurity and an even stronger relationship between the officer’s cybercrime experience and their perceptions of vehicle cybersecurity. With appropriate interventions (e.g., training), there is an opportunity to impact law enforcement behavior to positively promote vehicle cybersecurity resiliency.

Attribute-based product reputation as a market signal: examining product safety recalls in the US auto industry

PurposeThis study examines how firm product reputation functions as an internal and external expectations-setting mechanism shaping firm and external stakeholder behavior.Design/methodology/approachLongitudinal analysis of 17,879 recalls from 15 automobile manufacturers operating in the United States between 1967 and 2016.FindingsApplying the behavioral theory of the firm (BTF) and signaling theory, this study’s findings suggest that product safety reputation creates variability in the likelihood of both voluntary and government-ordered recalls.Research limitations/implicationsPerformance expectations set by past product performance influence managerial decision-making such that products with a higher reputation for quality are more likely to be voluntarily recalled than are their less reputable counterparts. Similarly, regulators are more likely to order the recall of higher reputation products, suggesting that past product performance also influences enforcement behavior. Finally, the scope and severity of product defects are shown to interact with product reputation to influence the likelihood of government-ordered recall.Practical implicationsFirms and firm stakeholders make distinct decisions based on performance variations within firm product portfolios.Social implicationsOverall firm reputation is important, but there are distinct dynamics that result in product performance variability within firm product portfolios that have important implications on issues such as product safety recalls.Originality/valueThis study's findings reveal that as an internal signal, managers' expectations of product performance can change their behavior following product safety defects. Specifically, voluntary product recalls are more likely for higher-reputation products than those with lower reputations for product safety. This suggests that firm behavior regarding product safety recalls is not consistent within their own product lines. Externally, this study’s findings suggest that product reputation also influences relationships with key stakeholders. Product reputation for quality was shown to be associated with an increased likelihood of government sanctions. Regulators will also be more likely to initiate punitive sanctions against higher-reputation products as the severity and scope of safety defects increase. Under such circumstances, higher-reputation products are more likely to face government sanctions than lower-reputation products. Hence, government regulatory behavior is subject to influence from performance signals such as product reputation.

Chinese Aid Projects and Local Tax Attitudes: Evidence from Africa

The provision of Chinese aid to Africa is characterized by a policy of minimal conditions, whereby aid is extended to African leaders in response to their requests. This approach may afford African leaders greater discretion in expediting the implementation of Chinese aid projects. However, it also renders Chinese aid vulnerable to corruption, as leaders may exploit it to secure political favor for a specific region without the need to adjust government tax and spending policies. Such a characteristic of Chinese aid projects may ultimately shape local attitudes towards taxation and, thereby, influence state–society relations. This paper puts this claim to an empirical test using data from the Afrobarometer surveys and the AidData. The results indicate that exposure to Chinese aid projects creates negative perceptions among citizens regarding the state’s tax enforcement behavior. Interestingly, the study also reveals a positive association between Chinese aid and tax morale or compliance among citizens residing around Chinese aid projects. Noteworthily, these results are confined only to less democratic settings. A similar analysis for World Bank aid projects does not exhibit such a relationship. The findings suggest a tradeoff associated with Chinese aid. On the one hand, it promotes compliance among beneficiaries. On the other hand, it engenders weak tax enforcement perceptions. The implication is that if the negative consequences outweigh the positive ones, Chinese aid has the potential to undermine the government’s reputation for fiscal responsibility, which in turn poses challenges to the development of state capacity through robust fiscal contracts.

Normative language understanding and behavioral compliance longitudinally predict 2.5-year-olds' social norm enforcement

Young children’s emerging normative views are a central topic in developmental science. However, there is little evidence on the longitudinal precursors of young children’s norm enforcement behavior. The present study combined longitudinal and experimental analyses to address this research gap. At 2.5 years, we assessed children’s protest behavior against moral and conventional violations. We assessed children’s compliance and normative language understanding at 1.5 and 2 years as longitudinal predictors of norm enforcement behavior. Most importantly, children’s compliance and normative language understanding longitudinally predicted their conventional protest, while arousal to moral transgressions concurrently related to their moral protest. Moreover, children protested more against conventional than against moral transgressions while evaluating both types of transgressions negatively. Overall, these results support a social-cognitive approach to early moral development.

Efforts to Prevent Acts of Abuse Authority That Result in Harm State Finances Using the Government’s Internal Supervision Apparatus

Law enforcers are trapped in the legal mechanism along with the punishment criteria determined by the legislators, for that reason our positive law has been regulated which is far from and contrary to the objective of a just law. The presence of excessive criminalization/criminalization with various kinds and types of negative law enforcement behavior in determining the criminal process, makes criminalization ultimately have a negative meaning and has the potential to hinder the development process. The research method used in this research is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach to the abuse of authority by internal government apparatus which is detrimental to state finances. The results of this study indicate that the assessment of the Government's Internal Supervisory Apparatus on administrative errors that cause state losses needs to be revised again. Because the assessment of the Government Internal Supervisory Apparatus will be followed up at the State Administrative Court. This is very risky because it is related to the element of causing harm to state finances, in fact it is the authority of the Corruption Court to decide it.

Does revenue‐motivated policing alter who receives traffic citations? Evidence from driver race and income in Indiana

AbstractRevenue‐motivated policing is a common explanation for law enforcement behavior. This means in times of fiscal stress police alter their behavior to increase the financial returns to their actions. But does variation in the institutional features of local governments lead to variation in law enforcement behavior? Using a plausibly exogenous measure of revenue need, this research explores how fiscal institutions that determine a local government's ability to retain ticketing revenue interact with revenue need to affect the number of tickets issued and the type of driver ticketed. There are four major findings. First, revenue‐motivated policing only occurs when local governments retain the revenues from ticketing. Second, in the context of revenue retention and high revenue need, wealthier drivers are more likely to receive tickets. Third, these effects are particularly pronounced among White drivers. Finally, revenue‐motives extend beyond law enforcement by altering judicial decision‐making. When general purpose governments do not retain ticketing revenues from law enforcement action, there is little evidence of revenue‐motivated policing. Municipal courts play a vital role in revenue‐motivated policing by determining the distribution of ticketing revenues. When a municipality has an increased need for additional revenue, judges pursue unpaid ticketing debts more aggressively. Judicial behavior is thus affected by the same fiscal pressures that lead police to engage in revenue‐motivated policing. Increased revenue need leads police to target drivers who are not typically the subject of enforcement actions: wealthier, white drivers. We find no such effect for Black drivers. Policies altering revenue retention are a promising way to reduce revenue‐motivated policing. But reducing revenue‐motivated policing might not improve outcomes for Black drivers.

Adult Drug Treatment Courts and Community-Level Drug Possession Arrests.

Though the literature largely recognizes adult drug treatment courts (ADCs) as beneficial to participants, with lower rates of recidivism and drug use, the question remains of how ADCs impact communities and how other institutions (e.g., law enforcement) react to their presence. This study extends previous work estimating higher arrests associated with ADCs, particularly for crimes involving higher degrees of law enforcement discretion. Results indicate lower drug possession arrest rates for White residents in rural communities, and higher in urban areas, generally, but especially for Black citizens. Though the exact source of these changes has yet to be determined, current analysis indicates larger effect sizes for arrests scaled per officer, as compared to per population, pointing toward changes in law enforcement behavior.

Influence of social media exposure on knowledge and behaviour of COVID-19 preventive measure: a cross sectional study

<div align="center"><p>A lot of misinformation about COVID-19 on social media possibly hinder the practice of healthy behaviors that are essential to protect individuals. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of health literacy in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the influence of social media information exposure on the knowledge and behavior of Indonesians in compliance with COVID-19 protocols. An online survey of 909 people was conducted from July 2 to August 10, 2020. The data collected were knowledge and behavior of preventing COVID-19, while independent variables were socio-demographic characteristics and exposure to social media information. Inclusion criteria were defined as follows: minimum age of 18 years and domiciled in the country during the data collection period. The analysis used for the data collected were univariate and multivariate. The result showed that gender, age, marital status, and social media presence significantly affect a person's knowledge about COVID-19 with a p-value less than 0.05. Enforcement behavior of health and healthy living protocols is significantly influenced by the respondent’s gender, marital status, education level, the island of residence, and exposure to online information. The frequency of exposure to information affects people's knowledge and behavior to implement health protocols and healthy living in the COVID-19 era, and it is further influenced by socio-demographic characteristics.</p></div>

‘We were the Guinea pigs’: Police uncertainty enforcing coronavirus regulations in the UK.

The regulations introduced under the UK's Coronavirus Act 2020 to help curb the spread of COVID-19 caused considerable confusion due to conflation between what was regarded as ‘guidance’ and what was ‘law’. The fast-paced nature of the pandemic meant that restrictions on public liberty and increased police powers to enforce the new ‘rules’ led to accusations of over-zealous enforcement behaviour of some officers, including a record number of Fixed Penalty Notices (FPNs) issued. This paper explores the experiences of police officers in a range of English police forces, using 28 h of qualitative interview data at two research points in time (2020 and 2022). The extracts presented here illustrate some of the challenges that officers faced enforcing the frequently changing rules and regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.

The ontogenetic emergence of normativity: How action imitation relates to infants’ norm enforcement

Major developmental theories allot imitation a pivotal role in the cultural acquisition of social norms. Although there exists considerable evidence of young children’s norm enforcement behavior, the ontogenetic emergence of normativity and the role of imitation is debated. Here, we assessed two pathways of how general imitation tendencies might relate to norm enforcement: The compliance path holds that young children’s general imitation tendencies lead to displaying compliant behavior, which in turn predicts norm enforcement toward third parties. The internalization path suggests that young children’s general imitation tendencies lead to an internal representation of normative rules. As children observe third parties’ normative transgressions, a perceived discrepancy between internalized representation of the rule and observed behavior arises, which in turn triggers corrective action, that is, norm enforcement behavior. We assessed 18-month-olds’ (N = 97) general imitation tendencies across four tasks, their compliance with maternal directives across two tasks, and their self-distress as well as protest behavior following normative transgressions. Results showed that (a) whereas imitation significantly predicted compliance behavior, compliance did not predict norm enforcement behavior, and that (b) imitation predicted self-distress, which in turn predicted norm enforcement. These findings speak to internalization as one psychological basis of norm enforcement behavior and highlight the importance of imitation in the ontogenetic emergence of normativity.

Crime and (a Preference for) Punishment: The Effects of Drug Policy Reform on Policing Activity

Researchers still know very little about the incentives of police. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city variation in punishment severity, I shed light on enforcement behavior. I find a 13 percent decrease in drug arrests in parts of a city where drug sale penalties were weakened. There is no displacement of nondrug offenses. If offenders are significantly deterred by harsher penalties, as the law intended and Becker’s model of criminal behavior predicts, drug arrests should increase in areas with weaker penalties. My results are therefore consistent with police officers treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complements. I also find that citywide crime and drug use do not increase after the reform. I thus call into question the War on Drugs view of punishment and suggest that certain types of enforcement can be reduced without incurring large public safety costs.

Ambiguity and enforcement

Law enforcement officials face numerous decisions regarding their enforcement choices. One important decision, that is often controversial, is the amount of knowledge that law enforcement distributes to the community regarding their policing strategies. Assuming the goal is to minimize criminal activity (alternatively, maximize citation rates), our theoretical analysis suggests that agencies should reveal (shroud) their resource allocation if criminals are uncertainty seeking, and shroud (reveal) their allocation if criminals are uncertainty averse. We run a laboratory experiment to test our theoretical framework, and find that enforcement behavior is approximately optimal given the observed non-expected utility uncertainty preferences of criminals.

Discretion of Power of the Indonesian National Police Impacts the Abuse of Power in the Case of Letter Forgery of Red Notice "Fugitive Djoko Tjandra"

This research was a case study presenting a red notice that was suspected of being false against fugitive Djoko Tjandra by two police generals at the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia. This was a case study research and the research approach method was qualitative. Creswell defines the qualitative method as a research method based on a constructive perspective, that is various meanings; meanings that are constructed socially and historically to develop a theory or pattern. The researchers collected and developed open data, intending to develop themes from the data obtained. The results of the study, based on the exposure to the case analysis, it is suspected that there has been an abuse of power against the power and authority of the state institution of the Indonesian National Police. The researchers suggested that it is better if the legislators of the laws and regulations of the Police of the Republic of Indonesia think about it whether operational accountability is appropriate to the executive of the President of the Republic of Indonesia. Therefore, there is a check and balance of law enforcement behavior carried out by the police.

The influence of artificial intelligence technology judicial decision reasoning on contract performance in manufacturing supply chain: A simulation analysis using Evolutionary Game approach

Today's world revolves around technology, which has a total impact not only on human life but also on manufacturing companies. Many companies have embraced artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of powerful computers, applications, or software that can screen job applicants, alert when a machine is about to break down, and read legal contracts. However, the rapid expansion of AI and its use in legal settings, such as contract performance, in a company is a major challenge on the judicial side. This article, thus, establishes an evolutionary game model of whether manufacturing suppliers are performing contracts or not when the court chooses to use artificial intelligence (AI) technology. Considering the complexity of choosing manufacturers' AI strategy, the method constructs a simulation analysis model of manufacturers' contract enforcement behaviour with the participation of several subjects. We can simulate the influence of the factors selected on the strategy chosen by both parties (manufacturers and court) by changing the different influence factors and studying the evolutionary law of different court guidance and regulation strategies on the production behaviour of green products. The results show that the choice of the court and manufacturers to use the AI technology strategy or not is based on the rate of error reduction, through the computational implementation of multi-subject modelling.