Energy Sources For Electricity Generation Research Articles

Impact of turbine characteristics on low temperature organic Rankine cycles operating with zeotropic and azeotropic mixtures

The urgent need to mitigate the environmental impacts of fossil fuel combustion has spurred interest in renewable energy sources for electricity generation, particularly solar organic Rankine cycles (ORCs). This study investigates the potential of fluid mixtures in low-temperature ORCs, focusing on a radial turbine. While fluid mixtures have shown promise for heat recovery in low-temperature applications, previous research often overlooked turbine characteristics by assuming constant efficiencies. This study set out to examine the impact of turbine characteristics on the ORC performance when adapting fluid mixtures by coupling a cycle-turbine model incorporated with real gas analysis. The outcomes of the turbine model are exported to the cycle model to evaluate its performance. Results reveal significant variations in cycle performance due to turbine power and efficiency, outweighing the effects of temperature glide in fluid mixtures. Although fluid mixtures enhance thermal compatibility with heat sources, certain pure fluids exhibit superior cycle performance owing to better turbine characteristics. Moreover, the assumption of constant turbine efficiency compromises result accuracy by up to 45 % compared to dynamic turbine efficiency. Notably, the isobutane/isopentane mixture (0.7/0.3) emerges as the most favourable, achieving a turbine power of 48.90 kW, turbine efficiency of 71 %, and thermal efficiency of 12.29 %.

IoT-enabled Smart Weather Stations: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions

The evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in innovative approaches facilitated by breakthrough technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in smart weather stations, focusing on IoT-enabled solutions. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies has revolutionized traditional weather monitoring systems, enabling seamless data collection, analysis, and dissemination. Commercially available automated weather stations offer cost-effective solutions for comprehensive meteorological data collection. However, challenges such as limited local deployment and reliance on expensive options persist, hindering comprehensive monitoring efforts. The critical need for improved data collection methods is underscored to enhance the accuracy of weather forecasts and address evolving climatic conditions. Climate change impacts, including shifts in weather patterns and rising temperatures, highlight the importance of effective weather monitoring for agriculture, infrastructure, and national security. Additionally, the dependence on non-renewable energy sources for electricity generation emphasizes the environmental and economic implications of energy production. In response to these challenges, numerous IoT based smart weather station systems have been proposed by earlier researchers. The introduction of IoT-enabled smart weather stations represents a significant advancement in weather monitoring technology. These stations leverage IoT technologies to collect, analyse, and visualize meteorological data in real time. In order to identify the challenges and prospects in this area of technology, the purpose of this study is to present a thorough analysis of the suggested designs as well as to compare, evaluate, and assess the outcomes, contributing to the development of robust and efficient weather monitoring systems.

Effective-diode-based analysis of industrial solar photovoltaic panel by utilizing novel three-diode solar cell model against conventional single and double solar cell.

Currently, the majority of the country has moved to renewable energy sources for electricity generation, and power companies are concentrating their efforts on renewable resources. Solar, wind, hydropower, and biomass are examples of renewable resources; of these, due to a lack of non-renewable resources, the solar industry is expanding. All year long, solar electricity is available, and it creates a calm, quiet atmosphere. The majority of large and small companies, as well as individual consumers, have shifted to PV solar cells for electricity generation. A trustworthy and precise simulation design of a photovoltaic system prior to installation is required to predict a photovoltaic system's performance. The current research aims to build models for solar PV systems with one, two, and three diodes and determine which model is most appropriate for each environmental circumstance to forecast performance accurately. By contrasting the experimental data of solar panel with simulated results of single-, double-, and triple-diode models, this study examines the accuracy of each model. These models' comparative performance study has been done using the MATLAB/Simulink, taking into account the influence of changing model parameters and the performance of the models under varying climatic circumstances. These models, despite their simplicity, are quite sensitive and react to even a little change in temperature and irradiance. Under conditions of low solar irradiance or shading conditions, three-diode photovoltaic models are shown to be more accurate. We can forecast the power output of solar photovoltaic systems under changeable input circumstances by understanding the I-V curves with the help of the performance assessment of the models used in this work.

Design and optimization of a combined heat and power system with a fluidized-bed combustor and stirling engine

In this study, a fluidized-bed biofuel system was integrated with a Stirling engine (SE) to create a combined heat and power (CHP) system with high energy efficiency. Methods for ensuring the stability of the SE and fluidized-bed combustion were investigated and implemented. The proposed design was tested experimentally, and the system successfully produced electricity from the heat of the flue gas generated during biomass combustion. The Taguchi method was employed to maximize the temperature of the fluidized bed by modifying three parameters: the sand height, air flow rate, and biomass feed rate. The biomass used in this study was discarded mushroom sawdust waste. The biomass feed rate was varied from 9.5 to 17 g/min, and the air flow rate was varied from 50 to 60 L/min. The integrated CHP system was found to yield 90−100 W of electric power and 1077.3 W of heat energy for producing hot water. The oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitric oxide concentrations of the flue gas produced under the optimized system parameters were analyzed, and minimal emissions of carbon monoxide and nitric oxides, which are harmful gases, were discovered. In most experiments on SEs in the literature, liquid or gaseous fuels have been used to power the engine. However, this study successfully used solid biomass fuel to power a practical SE, thus widening the knowledge on the utilization of this renewable energy source for electricity generation. The results of this study indicate that the proposed CHP system is stable, clean, and efficient. This system potentially provides a solution for two problems, namely the disposal of mushroom sawdust waste and the eco-friendly generation of heat and electricity. Therefore, the proposed system is promising for green and sustainable power generation in the future.

Willingness to pay for renewables: Insights from a meta-analysis of choice experiments

Renewable energy policies contribute to solving some of the current environmental challenges, such as climate change mitigation and decarbonization, and people around the world are usually willing to pay for a greater presence of renewable energies. That willingness to pay (WTP) can be translated into a gain in social well-being. But not all renewables are equally valued, nor do all people experience the same gain in terms of well-being. Over the last 25 years, many choice experiments have focused on analyzing social preferences for different external effects associated with renewables. This article presents a meta-analysis of choice experiments to examine the evidence on WTP for renewable energies. We examined 63 articles across 28 countries, with a total sample of 52,948 participants and 84,821 observations. We used three econometric approaches (Generalized Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, and a Panel Data Model) to estimate the willingness to pay of households for renewables around the world. Results show that the promotion of renewable energies is socially demanded, with an average minimum WTP of between €113 and €124 per household per year. The results also show that onshore wind farms are the preferred renewable energy source for electricity generation, whereas people are more reluctant about offshore wind in comparison with other renewable technologies. Finally, some geographic patterns are found, with people from Asia and southern Europe showing, respectively, a lower and higher willingness to pay for renewable energies.

A benchmarking analysis on electric vehicle emissions of leading countries in electricity generation by energy sources

A benchmarking analysis on vehicle emissions has been performed in this study. Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) powered by electricity is taken into consideration in emission analysis. Calculations have been conducted for leading G20 countries in certain energy sources in electricity generation. According to the analysis, most optimal results are obtained in Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Particulate Matters (PM10 & PM2.5), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions, if the vehicle is charged in France. Only Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emissions are calculated as to be the lowest values in Canada, compared to other countries. Emissions of an average SUV Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (ICEV) powered by gasoline are also added to the comparison.

Potential Electrical Power Generation and Installation Cost Analysis of a Biogas Plant Chicken Farm

Poultry waste is a promising renewable energy source for electricity generation. A poultry farm comprising 20000 chickens can generate a maximum of 2000 kg of waste daily, and this waste contains a substantial amount of stored energy. Typically, this waste is disposed of resulting it doesn't become a daily burden. The main objective of this research was to focus on the extraction of electrical energy from waste through the utilization of a biogas plant. For this study, a digester with a diameter of 8.24 m and a height of 3.30 m was designed for the biogas plant, which can produce up to 148 m3 of gas per day. Consequently, a total of 208.45 KWh of energy can be generated by employing a 13-kW generator. Regarding biogas plants, the estimated cost for installation amounted to approximately BDT 1145500. Furthermore, the payback period for this plant was calculated to be 2 years.

Reactive Power Management at PCC with DFIG Based Wind Energy System

Reduction in availability of conventional energy sources and their scarcity in the future has led to the research on adoption of renewable energy sources for electricity generation. Wind is recognized as the prominent renewable energy source for electricity generation. Due to the erratic pattern of wind, variable speed generators such as doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) are preferred over fixed speed wind generators which use synchronous generators. Due to the increase in contribution of electricity generation through renewable energy sources, power quality of the system is deteriorating. In the present paper, a new economical and tangible scheme of DFIG is proposed to compensate for the reactive power at PCC, thus improving the power quality of the grid. The effectiveness of the scheme in compensating for the reactive power is evaluated using MATLAB / Simulink environment.

Electricity production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) through the integration of a microbial fuel cell and bilirubin oxidase-producing bacteria

The microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that harnesses microbial metabolism to convert chemical energy into bio-electrical energy. Extensive research has demonstrated its efficacy in both wastewater treatment and power generation applications. This study focused on the integration of a microbial fuel cell (MFC) with a biocathode constructed using the oxidoreductase-producing bacterium <em>Bacillus</em> sp. MCO22 and rice straw as a cost-effective substrate. The MFC utilized palm oil mill effluent (POME) as a chemical energy source for electricity generation in the anodic chamber. The ability of the MFC was evaluated by monitoring biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) activity and electrochemical properties. Post-operation, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal were measured. The results revealed that the MFC with the BOD-based cathode achieved a maximum current density and power density of 0.58±0.01 A/m<sup>2</sup> and 0.17±0.00 W/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively. Furthermore, it exhibited high COD and color removal rates of 95.10±0.10% and 98.53±0.33%, respectively, without requiring an external power supply. This study presents novel insights into utilizing a BOD-producing bacterium as a whole-cell biocatalyst on the MFC cathodic surface for both electricity generation and agricultural wastewater treatment.

A Review of Biomass Thermal Analysis, Kinetics and Product Distribution for Combustion Modeling: From the Micro to Macro Perspective

Driven by its accessibility, extensive availability, and growing environmental consciousness, solid biomass has emerged as a viable alternative to enhance the diversity of renewable energy sources for electricity generation. To understand the phenomena involved in solid biomass conversion, it is necessary not only to understand the stages of the biomass combustion process but also to understand specifically the kinetics of the reaction and the release of the volatiles. The present work presents an overview of the existing literature on several topics related to the biomass combustion process, its characterization, as well as strategies to develop simple and effective models to describe biomass conversion with a view to the future development of numerical simulation models. Since the focus of most of the investigations is the development of a numerical model, a summary and identification of the different model assumptions and problems involved in thermal analysis experiments are presented. This literature review establishes the significance and credibility of the research, providing the main concepts and assumptions with a critique on their validity. Hence, this work provides specific contributions from a multi-scale perspective which can further be extended to provide insights into the design and optimization of biomass combustion technologies, such as boilers and furnaces.

Computer-aided design of membrane-free batteries using conductor-like screening model for real solvents

The use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation is increasing, and effective energy storage solutions are needed to manage the mismatch between energy production and demand. Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs), particularly Membrane-Free Flow Batteries based on Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABSs), are a promising technology for stationary energy storage. However, to prevent the crossover of species, the redox-active compounds used in the catholyte and anolyte must be selectively dissolved, which is currently achieved using expensive physical barriers. In this study, an approach was developed to predict the partition coefficient of redox-active compounds in ABSs formed by ionic liquids or polymers, salt, and water using the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS). Experimental data from literature was used to validate the model, resulting in a good correspondence between predicted and experimental data. Furthermore, the method was used to design viologen derivatives and predict their partition coefficients, nine of which were synthesized and validated experimentally. It was found that derivatives containing amine groups have the highest partition coefficients to the salt-rich phase. COSMO-RS proved to be a powerful tool to accelerate the development of advanced biphasic membrane-free flow batteries by designing and finding combinations of redox species with suitable partition coefficients.

Liquid Vibration Energy Harvesting Device Using Ferrofluids.

Mechanical vibrations can be effectively converted into electrical energy using a liquid type of energy harvesting device comprised of a ferrofluid and a permanent magnet-inductor coil assembly. Compared to solid vibration energy harvesting devices, the liquid nature of the ferrofluid overcomes space conformity limitations which allow for the utilization of a wider range of previously inaccessible mechanical vibration energy sources for electricity generation and sensing. This report describes the design and the governing equations for the proposed liquid vibration energy harvesting device and demonstrates vibration energy harvesting at frequencies of up to 33 Hz while generating up to 1.1 mV. The proposed design can continuously convert mechanical into electrical energy for direct discharge or accumulation and storage of electrical energy.

Are battery-powered vessels the best solution for the domestic ferry segment? Case study for the domestic ferry segment in the Philippines

The Philippines is aiming to significantly reduce its carbon footprint by 75% by 2030 as part of its Nationally Determined Contribution. One way the country is focusing on achieving this goal is by making its domestic ferries emit zero emissions. To this end, the use of electrified and battery-powered vessels is being explored, especially for short sea shipping. A life cycle analysis of diesel-powered ships and battery-powered ships for five different energy sources for electricity generation was carried out using the GABI 2020 software. The results showed that the environmental friendliness of a vessel depends on the primary source of electricity generation. While electrified ships can be environmentally friendly, they are not necessarily better than diesel-powered ships, particularly if the source of electricity is coal or heavy fuel oil. Based on the data obtained from the Philippines, transitioning to battery-powered ships necessitates the expansion of the national grid and the utilization of natural gas as an interim solution, while focusing on renewable energy sources for the medium and long term. Sustainable infrastructures such as shore power and smart grids in ports are crucial during this transition. To expedite the process, implementing effective policies like pay-for-pollution principles and providing incentives such as carbon levies, low-risk loans, and state contributions are essential.

Can the new energy vehicles (NEVs) and power battery industry help China to meet the carbon neutrality goal before 2060?

China is working to boost the manufacture, market share, sales, and use of NEVs to replace fuel vehicles in transportation sector to get carbon reduction target by 2060. In this research, using Simapro life cycle assessment software and Eco-invent database, the market share, carbon footprint, and life cycle analysis of fuel vehicles, NEVs, and batteries were calculated from the last five years to next 25 years, with a focus on the sustainable development. Results indicate globally, China had 293.98 m vehicles and 45.22% worldwide highest market share, followed by Germany with 224.97 m and 42.22% shares. Annually China's NEVs production rate is 50%, and sales account for 35%, while the carbon footprint will account for 5.2 E+07 to 4.89 E+07 kgCO2e by 2021–2035. The power battery production 219.7 GWh reaches 150%–163.4%, whereas carbon footprint values in production and use stage of 1 kWh of LFP 44.0 kgCO2eq, NCM-146.8 kgCO2eq, and NCA-370 kgCO2eq. The single carbon footprint of LFP is smallest at about 5.52 E+09, while NCM is highest at 1.84 E+10. Thus, using NEVs, and LFP batteries will reduce carbon emissions by 56.33%–103.14% and 56.33% or 0.64 Gt to 0.006 Gt by 2060. LCA analysis of NEVs and batteries at manufacturing and using stages quantified the environmental impact ranked from highest to lowest as ADP > AP > GWP > EP > POCP > ODP. ADP(e) and ADP(f) at manufacturing stage account for 14.7%, while other components account for 83.3% during the use stage. Conclusive findings are higher sales and use of NEVs, LFP, and reduction in coal-fired power generation from 70.92% to 50%, and increase in renewable energy sources in electricity generation expectedly will reduce carbon footprint by 31% and environmental impact on acid rain, ozone depletion, and photochemical smog. Finally, to achieve carbon neutrality in China, the NEVs industry must be supported by incentive policies, financial aid, technological improvements, and research and development. This would improve NEV's supply, demand, and environmental impact.

Financial Feasibility of Solar Energy for Household Consumption and Its Impact

Solar energy is one of the renewable energy sources that will be a leading renewable energy source for electricity generation in the future. Generation of electricity through solar power plant is clean, environment-friendly and reliable. Solar power is cheaper than the electricity grid. Thermal energy production comes more costly contrarily than rooftop solar energy which offers a one-time investment for your property.

Cyanobacteria-based double-mediated photo-microbial electrochemical cells are promising future energy sources for electricity generation and hydrogen production

Photoelectrons generated from water oxidation in cyanobacteria are transferred to the anode by double mediators and used for photocurrent generation and H2 production. Photocurrent and hydrogen production were successfully achieved from DM-PMECs.

Water availability for bioenergy in Kazakhstan: Review, preliminary results, and key points

In transitional countries with arid climates, water stress is rising as the demand for water rises with population, economic growth, and intensive development of agriculture and energy and change in climate environment. In this regard, transitional nations plan in national programmes and policies alternative energy sources, sustainable food development, and circular water resource usage. However, these nations frequently approach current water, energy, and food planning without taking interactions of these resources and their impact on each other into account. This paper intends to demonstrate the significance of the water, energy, and food nexus approach for Central Asian countries in transition. Kazakhstan is used as an example of a resource-rich, transitional economy in Central Asia. Kazakhstan has set a goal of reaching a 50% share of renewable and alternative energy sources in electricity generation by the year 2050 to reduce water and energy poverty, improve water and energy efficiency, achieve carbon neutrality, and rank among the top 30 developed nations. To meet the water and renewable energy goal, bioenergy plantation is anticipated to develop between 2030 and 2050. The findings of paper show that total withdrawals for bioenergy increase from the reported data of 15503.68 m3 in 2020 to 32182.16 m3 in 2050 under a bioenergy-intensive scenario. The average total increase, or 75.5%, would be 16678.48 m3. As such, policymakers and stakeholders in Central Asian region and Kazakhstan needs to carefully design its national energy goals given its future increase of water withdrawals, and shortage environment.

2030 YILI ISPARTA İLİ ELEKTRİK SİSTEMİNDE YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ SENARYOSU

In recent years, many challenges have emerged globally, such as climate change, energy supply security, and air pollution. The biggest reason for these problems is increased energy demand and the dependence on fossil fuels for energy. Increasing concerns about the adverse effects of fossil fuels have led to increased investments in renewable energy sources for electricity generation. While the transition to 100% renewable energy systems continues, there are also concerns about sustainability, cost and storage areas. In this study, energy planning for 2030 for the province of Isparta was carried out using the EnergyPLAN program. In the energy scenario of 2030, biomass was used to ensure sustainability by accepting the energy balance. A methodology for technical and economic modeling of 100% renewable energy systems in 2030 was presented. The results showed that the CO2 emission amount, 0.231 Mt in 2020, decreased to 0.096 Mt by 2030 year. It has been seen that the adverse effects of fossil fuels can be eliminated with the increase in the use of renewable energy systems. As a result of the study, it has been shown that the transition to 100% renewable energy systems for the year 2030 in Isparta province can be realized theoretically.

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION OF UKRAINIAN THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN THE CONTEXT OF INCREASING THE COST OF CO2 EMISSIONS

The efficiency of investments in the thermal energy of Ukraine to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the conditions of increasing the tariff for CO2 emissions is analyzed. Assuming a linear increase in the tariff, the relationship between the levelized cost of energy of thermal power plants (LCOE) with the growth rate of the emission tariff, technical parameters of thermal power plants, time frame and interest rate of the project. For different types of thermal power plants, grouped by the value of the coefficient of conversion of thermal energy into electricity, the reduced cost of electricity in medium-term and long-term projects using the main fuels. The level of profitable investments in the reconstruction of thermal power plants is estimated at the increase of the tariff for carbon dioxide emissions. High efficiency of TPP reconstruction in medium-term projects is substantiated, which allows to achieve significant reduction of gross CO2 emissions with constant production volume and constant value of LCOE. The efficiency of investments in the reconstruction of thermal energy and in renewable energy to reduce CO2 emissions is compared. It has been shown that investments in the reconstruction of thermal power plants give the greatest reduction in CO2 emissions per unit of investment compared to alternative projects. At the same time, the reconstruction of TPPs increases the shunting power in the United Energy System of Ukraine, which will allow more active implementation of renewable energy sources for electricity generation. The possibility of using ammonia as a fuel for thermal power plants to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is discussed. The importance of thermal power plants to ensure the sustainable operation of the United Energy System of Ukraine in today’s conditions is emphasized. Bibl. 18, Fig. 1, Tab. 4.

Ranking of energy sources for sustainable electricity generation in Indonesia: A participatory multi-criteria analysis

An evaluation of energy sources for electricity generation should consider manifold aspects of the sustainable development concept. The evaluation also needs active participation from all involved stakeholders. The objective of this paper is to rank energy sources for sustainable electricity generation in Indonesia. A multi-criteria decision analysis using the analytic hierarchy process method was applied to deal with multiple aspects of the sustainable development in the ranking of selected energy sources. Four criteria, twelve sub-criteria and nine energy source alternatives (three fossil fuels and six renewables) were defined. Relevant Indonesian energy stakeholders from government institutions, universities, think tanks, the energy industry, civil society and international organisations participated in this research. They gave judgements on pair-wise comparisons of the criteria and sub-criteria and a performance evaluation of the alternatives against four sub-criteria. The performance of the alternatives against the other eight sub-criteria was evaluated using data from relevant literature. This paper indicates that solar is the top ranked alternative for sustainable electricity generation in Indonesia, followed by hydro and oil as the top three. To fulfil the solar energy potential, the Indonesian government should consider policies that focus on the strengths of solar in the economic and social criteria.