Energy Sources For Generation Research Articles

Support for Advanced Nuclear Power Growing in the United States

Global clean energy and decarbonization goals are forcing governments around the world to take a hard look at their energy resource portfolios and future plans for meeting increasing electricity demand. While the last several years have seen a significant uptick in the deployment of solar, both terrestrial and offshore wind, and battery storage here in the United States, nuclear energy is once again being considered a critical energy generation source. Nuclear power, and in particular small modular nuclear reactors, are being considered as carbon‐free power generation sources to strategically meet new loads.

Fault analysis in clustered microgrids utilizing SVM-CNN and differential protection

The integration of distributed generation, microgrids, and renewable energy sources has significantly enhanced the resilience of modern electrical grids. However, this transition presents challenges in control, stability, safety, and protection due to low fault currents from renewables. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing novel methodologies to enhance fault detection, classification, and localization in microgrids. The literature review highlights a shift towards intelligent learning methods in microgrid protection systems, improving fault response times and identifying electrical faults, including high impedance faults. Nonetheless, existing methods often neglect high impedance fault detection and the integration of differential protection in clustered microgrids. To fill these gaps, this study presents a methodology combining support vector machines and convolutional neural networks for fault detection in microgrids, integrating differential protection for high impedance fault detection. The paper also proposes approaches to optimize protection in clustered microgrid systems. The effectiveness of the methodology is validated using Opal-RT through comparative analyses of signal decomposition techniques, performance and accuracy of support vector machines and convolutional neural networks, K-Fold validation, and sensitivity analysis. Results demonstrate robustness and high performance, achieving up to 100 % accuracy in fault detection and classification.

Enhancing Renewable Energy Integration in Developing Countries: A Policy-Oriented Analysis of Net Metering in Pakistan Amid Economic Challenges

Net metering (NM) is among the potent regulatory tools used globally for supporting distributed generation and renewable energy sources. This paper examines the trajectory of NM in a developing country such as Pakistan, analyzing the impact of regulatory changes, confidence-building strategies, hindering factors, and technical/financial issues. The three-stage methodology involves three components, namely techno-economic analysis, stakeholder engagement surveys, and impact analysis of financing mechanisms. This study emphasizes the importance of clear regulatory and financial frameworks, grid upgrades, and public–private partnerships for technology distribution in the context of a developing country with weak grid utilities and an import–export energy ratio. It also explores the role of financial incentives, such as tax breaks and subsidies, to encourage investment in NM systems from the perspective of lucrative rates, impact on paybacks, and return on investments, and proposes concrete solutions to enhance financial inclusion for ambitious renewable energy goals. Until April 2023, over 56,000 NM/distributed generation facilities were commissioned, with an installed capacity of 950 MW. By May 2024, the number of NM consumers reached ~100,000, with a 1950 MW capacity, nearly doubling. However, the import and export ratio of IESCO changed most, with 61% exports and 39% imports, directly impacting the revenue stream. A total of 60% of banks have adopted actions linked with green banking criteria, aiming to limit their environmental impact. The change in tariff will result in reduced ROI for NM consumers to 20%, and increase the payback period from less than 4 years to 13 years. Government subsidies, tax breaks, and green financing frameworks are proposed to encourage investment, but have been abruptly halted, and were previously at a 6% interest rate. This research aims to provide insights into effective market evaluation methodologies for NM programs and offer policy recommendations to strengthen legislative and institutional frameworks governing NM.

Возможности и проблемы энергогенерации в Республике Тыва

RELEVANCE. The energy sector forms the basis for functioning of other economic sectors and social services. Presentday technologies of energy generation are based on using coal, gas, oil, hydro, nuclear and renewable sources. PURPOSE. Analysis of the current state of energy generation in the Republic of Tyva, identification of drivers for development and optimization of its structure. RESULTS. A review is made of the current global trends in energy generation. Directions for diversifying energy generation sources are proposed, e.g. using both imported and coal seam gas as well as hydro resources along with coal. CONCLUSIONS. Focusing on only one energy source reduces the energy security of the region. Energy shortages and the presence of costly diesel-based power generation hinder the economic development of the Republic of Tyva. In the republic that has extensive coal reserves, coal generation has to introduce modern “clean coal” technologies. A high share of thermal power plants in the structure of the coal-fired generation capacity will allow the development of cogeneration using innovative, environmentally friendly Russian technologies. Options for solving the challenge of energy shortage in Tuva in the future until 2035 are proposed.

ANALYSIS OF THE PROSPECTS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF POWER GENERATING FACILITIES BASED ON THE SMALL MODULAR REACTORS IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

The most vital task for any state is long-term guaranteed and reliable satisfaction of internal energy needs in the necessary amount. This task is becoming particularly valuable and critical in the modern context of Kazakhstan, since the main sources of energy generation are based at coal thermal power plants, whose share in the structure generation nowadays is over 70%. All existing thermal power plants are in a state of severely deterioration and have negative impact on the environment.The development of atomic energy in the Republic of Kazakhstan is regarded as a long-term source for producing clean energy that will allow to solve all aspects of industry diversification, ensure energy safety and independence for a long period of time and achieve carbon neutrality in the shortest possible time.Advancement of small modular reactors (SMR) is one of the fundamental directions of modern atomic energy development worldwide. This paper is devoted to overview and analysis of currently available SMR projects, along with a preliminary analysis of their conditions, perspectives, and criteria for their implementation in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Optimization of the Offshore Wind Turbines Layout Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Wind turbines have gained popularity as one of the efficient micro grid energy generation sources over the years. However, wind energy yield has been greatly impacted by the wind farm wake effect, especially when the size of the wind farm becomes very large. One way to address this challenge is through wind turbine arrangements and their scalability. Developing effective means of optimizing wind farm configurations is a major concern for energy communities. This has continuously led to increased power generation and a corresponding cost reduction. As such, this research article developed an optimal large-scale offshore wind turbine placement based on wind farm layout design. The system developed focuses on wind turbine placement in wind farm layouts that have a negative influence on the capital investment due to the increasing wake effect thereby reducing energy production. A multi-objective function consisting of wake effect and component costs within the wind farm is formulated. After-which a cuckoo search algorithm technique is employed in the wind farm model to optimize the optimization problem (minimizing the wake effect while improving power output and cost). Four test case scenarios were considered when implementing the wind model. The results obtained from the developed scheme were compared with those obtained when other optimization techniques were used, using power output and cost as performance metrics. The obtained power output and cost for the test case scenario in the ideal wind turbine position on the wind farm are 18288.3KW, 19680.1KW, 18879.9KW, 21105.8KW and 26.9, 28.7, 26.9, and 29.8KW, respectively. This shows that the result obtained from the developed scheme outperformed that obtained from PSO and that of WOA.

Perspectives on microbial fuel cells cathode improvement for bioenergy generation

Studies have shown the unlimited benefits attributed to using microbial fuel cell (MFC) in our scientific societies for the conversion of organic waste materials into bio-energy with the aid of micro-organisms catalyzed anode and enzymatic-microbial influenced cathode via electrochemical reactions. However, numerous shortcomings calling for serious investigations have equally been identified despite the inestimable benefits of this clean energy technology. A major one is the need for MFC cathode improvement to enhance bioenergy generation. The current situations and challenges of using MFC together with loop holes that are needed to be filled by researchers were critically explained. Additionally, this paper examines the importance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a source of renewable energy generation. The major focus was on techniques of improving the output of MFCs via its cathode. The addition of catalyst on cathode surface, upscale integration of MFCs and antifouling of gas diffusion electrodes used in MFCs were discussed. Relevant areas that can be considered for future research on improvement of MFCs cathode for long term operation were stated.

Development of water hyacinth as an alternate biomass source for power generation: Saguling Reservoir Case Study

Abstract Energy security consists of three aspects: the availability of energy sources, the affordability of energy supplies, and the sustainable development of new renewable energy. This paper proposed to help overcome energy problems while solving environmental problems using water hyacinths at Saguling Dam in West Java province, Indonesia. Using an integrated community empowerment approach, the scheme for using water hyacinth is to be developed into an energy source for electricity generation or other thermal energy sources. This scheme is a new concept in developing water hyacinths as an alternative to renewable energy. To ensure the sustainability of this scheme, community support and financial benefits must be established. The results showed that the scheme to use water hyacinth as a source of heat energy is a new scheme in addition to benefiting the community by encouraging local economic development and solving the problem of water hyacinth that disrupts the operation of the Saguling Dam. Utilizing water hyacinth as an alternative energy will improve the community’s economy, which will contribute to increasing the economic activities of a region. This paper steps to develop a design scheme for the use of water hyacinth as alternative energy, especially in rural areas in low- and middle-income countries. Finally, using water hyacinth as alternative energy can guide local communities to encourage them to use biomass resources as an incentive for regional economic prosperity.

Development of wind turbines for urban environment using innovative design thinking methodology

This work focuses mainly on wind energy usage as a renewable source for energy generation in urban environments, where the variability of air current flow is a challenge. One of the main objectives to be achieved in this study is to develop small vertical wind turbines. Design thinking methodology was used to innovative ideas development using the application of concepts from rapid prototyping (additive manufacturing). As a target object to idealize an innovative product, was the providing of a mobile equipment recharging system, using the air current generated by the urban public transport vehicles. As a result, a modular system of small power generation was produced, tested, and validated. The mini-turbine with the best performance in power generation in wind flows lower than 4 m/s was the VAWT, which achieved the smallest difference, 18 % greater. Therefore, it was demonstrated that the installation of small wind turbines in an urbanized area requires a minimum of wind measurements at the exact location to validate the innovative design.

China Toward a Green Economy: Current Situation and Perspective in the Use of Different Energy Sources for Electricity Generation

China Toward a Green Economy: Current Situation and Perspective in the Use of Different Energy Sources for Electricity Generation

Magnetic cobalt metal organic framework for photocatalytic water splitting hydrogen evolution

Using water as a renewable and safe energy source for hydrogen generation has reduced the need to use toxic fossil fuels. Photocatalytic approaches provide a worthy solution to avoid the high expenditure on complicated electrochemical pathways to promote Hydrogen Evolution Reactions. However, several types of photocatalysts including noble metal-based catalysts have already been in use for this purpose, which are generally considered high-cost as well. The present study aims to use the benefits of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with semiconductor-like characteristics, highly porous structures and high design flexibility. These properties of MOFs allow more efficient and effective mass transport as well as exposure to light.in this paper, using MOF technology and benefiting from the characteristics of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as catalyst support for more efficient separation of catalyst, we have synthesized a novel composite. Our proposed photocatalyst demonstrates efficient harvest of light in all wavelengths from UV to visible to generate electron/hole pairs suitable for water splitting with a turnover frequency of 0.222 h−1 at ambient conditions without requiring any additives.Graphical abstract

A decentralized federated learning based interoperable and heterogeneity aware predictive optimization method for energy and comfort in smart homes environment

It is a known fact that a comfortable residential space or workspace is crucial to productivity and well-being. In smart home environments, sensors can be used to sense environment and occupant data and actuators can be controlled accordingly for maximizing thermal comfort. However, keeping in view the growing demand of energy and scarcity of energy generation sources, it is mandatory to optimize the energy usage complementary to optimize thermal comfort. In order for the developed method to be interoperable and heterogeneity aware across different edge device vendors and for ease of hardware connectivity in smart homes, a REST API based framework is developed. Sensors mounted with IoT devices collect data from its respective smart home environment and store the data in its local database. An edge server is used to control the connectivity among these IoT devices and to initiate the decentralized federated learning mechanism. Each IoT device train local deep learning models for predicting energy usage, indoor temperature, indoor humidity for maintaining a comfortable environment state using minimal energy. Models from each IoT devices are aggregated at each IoT device iteratively to make federated learning independent of central server. Global deep learning model is iteratively trained for each prediction requirement. Later, these models are used to predict indoor temperature, humidity and energy consumption for time stamp (t+1), keeping in view environmental and occupant related sensed data at time stamp (t). Optimization of energy consumption and thermal comfort is mathematically modeled and based on the predictions of DL models, environment is controlled by handling actuators using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) mechanism. Relevant constraints are incorporated in PSO for limiting the positional variations in particles for efficient learning. The method continually learns and adapts to changes in the surroundings, providing real-time monitoring and control of thermal comfort to the end users. To validate our approach, data is collected and experiments are conducted in a real-time smart home’s environment. The results are compared with those obtained without using the proposed predictive optimization mechanism. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of proposed predictive optimization mechanism in providing a comfortable and productive smart home or workspace environment utilizing 38% less energy as compared to competitor.

Preface

International Conference on “Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2023 (ICAME-2023) December, 22-23, 2023 Nagpur, India International Conference on “Advances in Mechanical Engineering-2023” (ICAME-2023) was organized on 22nd & 23rd December 2023 in association with Journal of Physics: Conference Series IOP-publishing organized by Department of Mechanical Engineering GHRCE, Nagpur. ICAME-2023 was provided a platform to understand the latest technological and innovative advancements especially in the fields of Materials, Thermal, Design and Industrial/Production Engineering. The inaugural function of ICAME-2023 was conducted at the auspicious presence of Chief Guest Dr. Sukanta Roy, Curtin University, Malaysia, the Guest of Honor Dr. B.J. Shinde, Divisional Manager, Force Motors Limited, Pune, Patrons Mr. Sunil Raisoni, Hon’ble Chairman, BOG, GHRCE & Mr. Shreyas Raisoni, Executive Director, RGI, Dr. Sachin Untawale, Honorary Chair & Director, GHRCE, Nagpur, Dr. Rupesh Shelke, Convener & Head of Mechanical Engineering Department, Dr. Vivek Khond, Conference Chair, Ashish Raut Conference Co-chair and Dr. S.B. Jaju, Organizing Chair & Dean (R&D), and many acclaimed academicians & Researchers from India and abroad, also renowned industrial personals on 22nd December 2023 at 10 am. The unveiling of proceeding was conducted by the hands of dignitaries present on WEBEX platform At inauguration it was declared that the conference received huge response with 100 plus papers from across the India such as Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, Uttarkhand etc. Papers prominently received from IIT, Government colleges, reputed private institutions and environment consultants. Out of total papers received, 62 papers were accepted for publication for online oral presentation and 43 papers were registered authors and presented in four sessions and also, invitees taken advantage of the plenary, keynote and technical sessions. Dr. Vivek Khond, Conference Chair proposed vote of thank at end of inaugural function. Dr. Sukanta Roy, Curtin University, Malaysia, in his keynote talk said that renewable energy is important source of future energy and wind energy have lot of potential in coastal part of India. And Dr. B.J. Shinde, Divisional Manager, Force Motors Limited Pune delivered keynote talk on hydrogen as a sustainable fuel for next generation energy source on 22nd December 2023. Plenary talk of Dr. Vishal Zade, Intel Packaging Innovation Chandler, Arizona USA was arranged for all the participant and he give emphasis on use of nano technology and its application in various field. For the valedictory function, on 23rd December 2023, the chief guest was Dr. Neelesh Kumar Jain, Professor, IIT, Indore. He appreciated the efforts of conference organizer for organizing conference in the recent development in mechanical engineering and congratulated GHRCE. All the accepted and presented papers will be published in Journal of Physics; Conference Series, IOP Publishing Scopus indexed proceedings subjected to quality & policy check by IOP.The ICAME 23 Organizing Committee extends its gratitude to all who contributed to the Success of the conference, including Keynote speakers, International advisory committee, National advisory committee, reviewers authors, presenters, participants. Moreover, we extend our special gratitude to the dedicated conference Organizing Committee. Our special gratitude to management of GHRCE,Shri Sunilji Raisoni, Chairman RGI, Mr. Shreyas Raisoni, Executive Director, RGI, Dr. Sachin Untawale, Honorary Chair & Director, GHRCE, Nagpur, for continuous inspiration and support. The organizing committee convey deep regards and hearty thanks to IOP Journal of Physics conference series editors for their support to get indexing and publishing conference proceedings.List of ICAME-2023 Conference Committees are available in this pdf.

Impact of turbine characteristics on low temperature organic Rankine cycles operating with zeotropic and azeotropic mixtures

The urgent need to mitigate the environmental impacts of fossil fuel combustion has spurred interest in renewable energy sources for electricity generation, particularly solar organic Rankine cycles (ORCs). This study investigates the potential of fluid mixtures in low-temperature ORCs, focusing on a radial turbine. While fluid mixtures have shown promise for heat recovery in low-temperature applications, previous research often overlooked turbine characteristics by assuming constant efficiencies. This study set out to examine the impact of turbine characteristics on the ORC performance when adapting fluid mixtures by coupling a cycle-turbine model incorporated with real gas analysis. The outcomes of the turbine model are exported to the cycle model to evaluate its performance. Results reveal significant variations in cycle performance due to turbine power and efficiency, outweighing the effects of temperature glide in fluid mixtures. Although fluid mixtures enhance thermal compatibility with heat sources, certain pure fluids exhibit superior cycle performance owing to better turbine characteristics. Moreover, the assumption of constant turbine efficiency compromises result accuracy by up to 45 % compared to dynamic turbine efficiency. Notably, the isobutane/isopentane mixture (0.7/0.3) emerges as the most favourable, achieving a turbine power of 48.90 kW, turbine efficiency of 71 %, and thermal efficiency of 12.29 %.

Improvement of solar concentrator structure

Green energy includes solar, wind, geothermal and other types of energy sources generation. The object of this research is solar concentrators. The problem to be solved is related to the development of the structure frame, especially for solar concentrators with flat triangular or square mirrors that approximate a parabolic shape surface. The essence of the investigation is developing and producing several prototypes of solar concentrators that have a low cost of materials but the devices were assembled by hand and therefore the manufacturing cost is sufficiently high. Therefore, it is important to reduce the cost through automation of the solar concentrator production process. To obtain better conditions for future automation, we need to reduce the number of metal structural elements of the solar concentrator. In this case, the automation problem is simpler for its realization. The results obtained are related to the improved solar concentrator structure that can be technologically simpler than the previous one and lighter in weight. The development of improved solar concentrator design and structure can help reduce the cost of assembly and accelerate the solar concentrator assembly process. In the case of mass production, they can be used in practice. The proposed solar concentrators can be used for different applications, for example, green buildings in rural areas, or chemical reactors to accelerate the chemical process of organic waste processing. Another application is to use solar concentrators in combination with agricultural fields. These solar concentrators can be used with small-scale thermal energy storage (TES). Using TES, it is possible to make power plants for green buildings. Small solar power plants can support all the energy demands of residential houses

Characterization of Geochemical and Isotopic Profiles in the Southern Zone Geothermal Systems of Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Province, Indonesia

The Seulawah Agam geothermal area exhibits significant potential as a source of energy for power generation, with an estimated capacity of 130 MW. Geological and geochemical investigations indicate that the Seulawah Agam geothermal system is part of the extensive Sumatra Fault. Analysis of the geochemical composition of geothermal water at the South Zone manifestation location of Mount Seulawah Agam, Aceh Province-Indonesia, involves examining cation (K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), anion (Cl-, HCO3-, and SO42-), and isotope (δD and δ18O) contents. This data aids in estimating reservoir temperatures using geothermometer equations. Surface characteristics of the South Zone manifestation reveal neutral to alkaline pH values (6.02 to 8.68), relative temperatures (29.97 to 42.57 ºC), conductivity (49.8 to 100.7 mV), and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) ranging from 352.6 to 497.0 mg/L. The dominant water composition is sodium–calcium–bicarbonate (Ca–Na–HCO3), indicating a bicarbonate water type. Average temperature depths in the South Zone manifestation of Mount Seulawah Agam are estimated as follows: Alue Ie Seu’um around 288.84 ± 2.19 ºC, Alue Ie Masam around 304.17 ± 20.9 ºC, Alue PU around 290.02 ± 6.85ºC, and Alue Teungku around 265±11.39 ºC. Isotope data (δD and δ18O) suggest meteoric water as the source for this manifestation. Fluid geochemical analysis indicates the potential for utilizing the geothermal manifestations of the South Zone of Mount Seulawah Agam for geothermal development or the construction of a geothermal power plant, given its high enthalpy system with an average temperature exceeding 225 ºC. Further research, including data drilling, is essential to gather precise subsurface data. Additionally, the Aceh Provincial Government should formulate policies to identify strategic areas for geothermal development, leveraging the existing exploitable potential.

Sustainable energy generation: High-performance NiCo2S4@S-g-C3N4 bifunctional electrocatalyst advances water splitting efficiency

Efforts to create cost-effective electrocatalysts from abundant materials, for the utilization of water electrolysis reactions, are viewed as promising sources for sustainable clean energy generation. This article describes the synthesis of cobalt sulphide (CoS) nanoparticles using a straightforward and environmentally friendly one-pot hydrothermal process. The series of nickel-doped CoS (NiCo2-x S4) introduced with varying the weight percentage of Ni (1, 2, 4, 8, 6, and 10 wt%), and the composite Ni-dopped CoS on varying the weight percentage (10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 wt %) of sulfur-doped graphitic carbon nitride (NiCo2S4@S-g-C3N4) was created. Utilizing X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), EDS, FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) synthesized electrocatalysts were characterized. Doped with Fluorine After being changed with an electrocatalyst, tin oxide was used as the working electrode to monitor the electrochemical activity of the whole water splitting process using chronopotentiometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and EIS. NiCo2S4@S-g-C3N4 exhibited higher electrocatalytic performance with an overpotential 370 mV for OER and 415 mV for HER at the current intensity of 10 mAcm−2. Transition metal sulfide electrocatalysts exhibit good electrolytic performance, due to their high surface areas and intrinsically high catalytic activity. These findings suggest that the NiCo2S4@S-g-C3N4 composite possesses a significant role for use in energy conversion and energy storage applications.

Reinvestigating the EKC hypothesis: Does renewable energy in power generation reduce carbon emissions and ecological footprint?

For a developing nation such as Malaysia with a significant reliance on fossil fuels for electricity, understanding the environmental consequences of this dependency is crucial. Thus, this study utilizes the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to explore the impact of electricity intensity (EINT), renewable energy in electricity generation (ERE), and gross domestic product (GDP) on Malaysia's environmental quality, from 1985 to 2020. By using carbon emissions (CO2 emissions) and ecological footprint (EF) as proxies, the study finds a significant long-run impact of these factors on environmental degradation. Notably, the study also observed an inverted U-shaped relationship between GDP and environmental degradation, validating the existence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The findings also imply that while electricity intensity is associated with increased emissions, the use of renewable energy (RE) sources for electricity generation may contribute to emission reduction. But the results for both variables show reversal signs on EF. The study's adoption of the fully ordinary least square (FMOLS) method reinforces the same results, thus, justifying the cointegrating relationship between studied variables. Drawing from these outcomes, the study advocates for a comprehensive approach to renewable energy management, emphasizing both its utilization and waste in order to improve ecological footprint. Moreover, the pressing need to enact legislation on energy efficiency and conservation is crucial in ensuring decoupling and securing sustainable development in Malaysia.

Eco-Friendly Approach to Palm Oil Biodiesel Production: Torrefied Palm Frond Carbon as a Source for CaO/C/NaOH Catalysts

Biomass-based sources for energy generation have attracted much attention recently due to its environmental benefits. These days, using edible oils and alkali catalysts, such as CaO, is standard practice for the transesterification step of the biodiesel synthesis process. Glycerine and methanol will form hydrogen bonds with the oxygen ions on the CaO surface, increasing the viscosity of the glycerine and causing CaO to suspend. Even though CaO was utilized directly as a catalyst in the transesterification process, extracting the CaO and glycerine from the final product will be challenging. To solve this issue, any extra metal oxides or catalyst supports ought to be impregnated into the CaO. This work has investigated the possible use of eggshells and palm fronds in developing bifunctional catalysts for biodiesel production. A series makes the processes' catalyst, including impregnation, calcination, and torrefaction. To assess the catalyst's performance, the esterification and transesterification of palm oil with a 2.9% free fatty acid content were investigated at a methanol/oil ratio of 6:1, catalyst concentration of 1-3% by weight, reaction temperature of 70 °C, and duration of 3 hours. The catalyst was found to have a specific surface area of 8.266 m2/g. There was an 89.4% yield of biodiesel produced. A viable, economical, and ecologically friendly method of producing biodiesel is to use eggshells and palm fronds in catalyst synthesis.

Selection of Fuel Mixture for a New Generation Membraneless Fuel Cell

Membraneless fuel cells running on ethanol have been proposed as a clean energy source for a new generation. The use of two conducting immiscible liquids is shown, the phase boundary of which acts as a virtual membrane. The advantages of this development over membrane fuel cells and membraneless flow fuel cells are noted. The main reactions occurring in the fuel cell are considered, a rationale is presented, and the choice of fuel mixture is made.