Energy Sector Research Articles

Comprehensive forecasting of California’s energy consumption: A multi-source and sectoral analysis using ARIMA and ARIMAX models

California’s significant role as the second-largest consumer of energy in the United States underscores the importance of accurate energy consumption predictions. With a thriving industrial sector, a burgeoning population, and ambitious environmental goals, the state’s energy landscape is dynamic and complex. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of California’s energy consumption trends and provides detailed forecasting models for different energy sources and sectors. The study leverages ARIMA and ARIMAX models, considering both historical consumption data and exogenous variables. We address the unique challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and the limited data for 2022, highlighting the resilience of these models in the face of uncertainty. Our analysis reveals that while fossil fuels continue to dominate California’s energy landscape, renewable energy sources, particularly solar and biomass, are experiencing substantial growth. Hydroelectric power, while sensitive to precipitation, remains a significant contributor to renewable energy consumption. Furthermore, we anticipate ongoing efforts to reduce fossil fuel consumption. The forecasts for energy consumption by sector suggest some decline in the commercial and residential sectors, reflecting California’s recently declining population and the shift away from brick-and-mortar shops and offices to online websites and remote work. In contrast, the industrial and transportation sectors are expected to experience some growth until they return to more constant pre-COVID levels.

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on some fiscal and monetary indicators in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on some fiscal and monetary indicators in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Design/methodology/approachThe research relied on data, studies and reports issued by the International Monetary Fund, Arab Monetary Fund, Saudi Central Bank, Investing Website and the World in Data Website.FindingsMany sectors have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which outbreak has been associated with a high cost, in addition to increased inflation and prices, a result that was confirmed by the increase in consumer price indices for different sectors. The general consumer price index for the second period rose above that of the first period, while an upward shift occurred in the curve depicting the Saudi Riyal exchange rate against the United States (US) dollar during the second period above that of the first period, only in slope, due to outbreak of the pandemic. Impact of the number of daily new cases infected with COVID-19 was the highest on the opening and closing price indices of the food retail sector, the pharmaceutical sector and the transportation sector; while impact of the number of daily deaths by COVID-19 was the highest on the opening and closing price indices of the banking sector, the general index and the investment and finance sector. In addition, impact of the daily reproduction rate of COVID-19 was the highest on the opening price indices of the energy sector, the food production sector and the transportation sector.Research limitations/implicationsThe research aims to demonstrate measures taken by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through fiscal and monetary policies.Practical implicationsThe COVID-19 pandemic is still an ongoing global pandemic. The virus was first identified in Wuhan City in China at the beginning of December 2019. At the end of January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the outbreak of the virus represented a public health emergency, and later, on March 11, 2020, WHO declared the situation had transformed into a pandemic. Until January 17, 2022, the pandemic had caused more than 328 million cases and 545 million deaths, while 188 million of the cases had recovered. It is worth mentioning that the pandemic caused several social and economic disruptions, including a global economic recession; shortages in goods, supplies and equipment due to consumers' panic and thus tendency to buy; besides causing other disruptions like the negative impacts on health, as well as political, cultural, religious and sport events that influenced economic policies, including both the fiscal and monetary policies of world countries (Wikipedia, 2022).Social implicationsSocial implications steps that taken to reduce the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to measuring the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (as the main event next to which other events fade up) on some of the fiscal and monetary indicators for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Originality/valueThe research aims to demonstrate measures taken by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to measuring the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (as the main event next to which other events fade up) on some of the fiscal and monetary indicators for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Analyzing the effectiveness of energy aid for driving the transition towards energy decarbonization; Evidence from Asian developing countries

Environmental degradation poses a significant challenge in many developing countries, as they heavily rely on fossil fuels to drive economic activities. The transition towards renewable energy is crucial to mitigate ecological depletion, yet numerous Asian developing countries may struggle to achieve the desired levels of renewable energy adoption due to financial constraints. Foreign aid in the energy sector can expedite this transition process. This study aims to examine the impact of foreign aid on the energy decarbonization transition in 22 Asian developing countries from 2003 to 2022 to analyze its contributions and challenges to promote renewable energy adoption. This paper incorporates the two types of foreign aid in the energy sector (nonrenewable and renewable energy aid) provided by the OECD to developing economies. Utilizing the System-Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM), the findings reveal that energy aid significantly contributes to the transition towards energy decarbonization by providing financial support for embracing renewable energy technologies. Specifically, the analysis indicates that a 1% increase in energy aid leads to approximately 3% enhancement in the decarbonization transition process. Moreover, this study adds to the existing body of knowledge by examining the mediating impact of human capital and financial development as well as the moderating effect of institutional quality and demand for clean fuel. These factors play a pivotal role in energy decarbonization transition by fostering financial development and enhancing human capital through capacity-building initiatives and facilitating the adoption of renewable energy technologies.

Key forecasts and prospects for green transition in the region of Central Asia beyond 2022

BackgroundThe transition to energy-sustainable systems is a globally accepted concept, but it is implemented with various degrees of success around the world. The aim of this paper is to determine the status of green transition in five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic) that are among the highest energy consumers globally and the most vulnerable to climate change. Despite a notable improvement in living conditions across all countries over the past two decades, the region remains underdeveloped. Economic growth is based on the export of natural resources and remittance inflows, but the structure of the economy is monolithic.Main findingsUpon analysing transition indicators for the period 2000–2020, no evidence of significant changes towards a sustainable energy transition is found. All countries in the region (except Uzbekistan) have recorded an increase in carbon emissions, while the carbon intensity of the energy mix is almost the same. While there has been visible progress in reducing energy intensity, the countries in the region remain among the most energy-intensive economies. Despite the region’s substantial potential for renewable energy production, it remains underutilized.ConclusionsA multitude of varied problems accompanies the green transition in Central Asian countries. The energy market that has not yet been liberalised, along with significant subsidies and low energy tariffs, discourages investments in renewable energy sources and energy efficiency initiatives. A high level of corruption, rigid legislative and institutional infrastructure, and insufficient capital are additional factors that determine the speed, scope, and effectiveness of the green transition. Thus far, the primary focus in these countries has been on ensuring energy security. However, there has been a discernible surge in investments (particularly from China) in renewable energy projects. Although energy efficiency and climate change issues are formally defined, the energy transition goals are often declarative without an action plan that provides concrete steps in transition process. Strategic planing of economic development that includes all related sectors (not only the energy sector) and paying attention to socio-economic and environmental indicators of sustainable development are prerequisites for successfully implementating the energy transition in these countries.

Anthropogenic and atmospheric variability intensifies flash drought episodes in South Asia

Flash droughts are abrupt and rapid intensification of droughts that affect agriculture, water, and ecosystems and are commonplace in South Asia. Despite their potential impact, flash drought evolution characteristics and underlying mechanisms in South Asia remain underexplored. We use a multivariate approach to analyze the onset speed, frequency, severity, duration, and return period of flash droughts, and the role of atmospheric circulation and human-induced climate change. We find that flash droughts are more common and intense in the crop season, especially in central India, western Pakistan, and eastern Afghanistan. They are caused by persistent atmospheric patterns that block moisture transport to South Asia. Additionally, anthropogenic climate change has intensified flash droughts in the spring-summer season, with a median fraction of attributable risk of 60%, 80%, and 90% for Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, respectively. Our results suggest that flash droughts will expand and worsen in the future, requiring adaptation measures for the water, agriculture, and energy sectors.

The contagion of extreme risks between fossil and green energy markets: evidence from China

This paper combines the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity-Extreme Value Theory-Value at Risk (GARCH-EVT-VaR) method in conjunction with the Time-Varying Parameter Diebold-Yilmaz (TVP-VAR-DY) model to investigate the contagion of extreme risks between fossil and green energy markets in China. Specifically, the study concentrates on coal, crude oil, and natural gas markets as representative sectors for fossil energy, while green bonds, investments, green power, and associated new energy markets are chosen as representatives for the green energy sector. Our analysis reveals that extreme events can rapidly propagate risks between fossil and green energy markets, particularly during significant shifts in the external environment. Notably, green energy markets exhibit greater susceptibility to severe risks compared to their fossil energy counterparts, indicative of their instability and immaturity. Moreover, the analysis highlights the green bond market's heightened sensitivity to extreme risks, with green investments playing a pivotal role in propagating such risks throughout the system. These insights underscore the intricate dynamics of risk contagion between fossil and green energy markets, emphasizing the need for comprehensive risk management strategies in both sectors.

Nilai Perusahaan: Implikasi Profitabilitas dan Ukuran Perusahaan

This research reveals the relationship between profitability and company size on firm value. The research type is quantitative research. The population in this study is companies in the energy sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The analysis method used is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with Smart PLS 4.0 program. The results of this study indicate that profitability has a negative effect on firm value, while company size has no effect on firm value.

ESG guidance and artificial intelligence support for power systems analytics in the energy industry.

In order to increase the precision and effectiveness of power system analysis and fault diagnosis, this study aims to assess the power systems in the energy sector while utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and environmental social governance (ESG). First, the ESG framework is presented in this study to fully account for the effects of the power system on the environment, society, and governance. Second, to coordinate the operation of various components and guarantee the balance and security of the power system, the CNN-BiLSTM power load demand forecasting model is built by merging convolutional neural network (CNN) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). Lastly, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to introduce and optimize the deep belief network (DBN), and a power grid fault diagnostic model is implemented using the PSO technique and DBN. The model's performance is assessed through experimentation. The outcomes demonstrate how the CNN-BiLSTM algorithm significantly increases forecasting accuracy while overcoming the drawback of just having one dimension of power load data. The values of 0.054, 0.076, and 0.102, respectively, are the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Effective processing of large-scale nonlinear data is achieved in the area of power grid fault diagnosis, resulting in prediction accuracy of 96.22% and prediction time of only 129.94s. This is clearly better than other algorithms and increases fault prediction efficiency and accuracy. Consequently, the model presented in this study not only produces impressive results in fault diagnosis and load demand forecasting, but also advances the field of power system analysis in the energy industry and offers a significant amount of support for the sustainable and intelligent growth of the energy industry.

Long-Term Energy System Modelling for a Clean Energy Transition in Egypt’s Energy Sector

Egypt has the potential to generate a significant amount of energy from renewable technologies, in particular solar PV, concentrated solar power (CSP), and onshore and offshore wind. The energy sector is reliant on fossil fuels, particularly natural gas, for electricity production and is at risk of locking itself into a high carbon pathway. Globally, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with national energy sectors is a target outlined in the UN’s Paris Agreement. To reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with a higher dependence on fossil fuels, Egypt must consider upscaling renewable energy technologies (RETs) to achieve a clean energy transition (CET). This research modelled six scenarios using clicSAND for OSeMOSYS to identify the technologies and policy target improvements that are needed to upscale RETs within Egypt’s energy sector. The results showed that solar PV and onshore wind are key technologies to be upscaled to contribute towards Egypt’s CET. The optimal renewable target is the International Renewable Energy Agency’s (IRENA) target of 53% of electricity being sourced from RETs by 2030, which will cost USD 16.4 billion more up to 2035 than Egypt’s current Integrated Sustainable Energy Strategy (ISES) target of 42% by 2035; it also saves 732.0 MtCO2 over the entire modelling period to 2070. Socio-economic barriers to this transition are considered, such as recent discoveries of natural gas reserves combined with a history of energy insecurity, political instability impacting investor confidence, and a lack of international climate funding. The paper concludes with policy recommendations that would enable Egypt to progress towards achieving a CET.

Corporate positioning in Australia for a new investment outlook

Government intervention and increased regulatory scrutiny have altered the investment environment for the energy sector in Australia. Asia’s efforts to decarbonise will drive long-term investment in Australia’s renewable, hydrogen and carbon capture potential. But as the energy sector shifts emphasis back towards security of supply and affordability, Australia remains a key destination for upstream investment. Looking closer at Australia’s oil and gas sector, how are companies positioned to manage the rising complexity and uncertainty faced when making long-term capital decisions? Are Australia’s homegrown players leaders or laggards when pitched against their international peers? And how competitive are Australia’s oil and gas champions in the context of the country’s wider natural resources sector? Benchmarking corporate positioning through the lens of near-term resilience and long-term sustainability, we will identify the challenges, opportunities and strategic implications for Australia’s corporate oil and gas landscape.

Australia–Japan energy partnerships for regional security and decarbonisation

Australia and Japan stand at a pivotal juncture in their energy futures, with shared imperatives of ensuring energy security, affordability, and sustainability. As key players in the global energy landscape, their collaboration holds the potential to shape the trajectory of the Indo-Pacific’s energy transition, as outlined in Japan’s ‘New Plan for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ (FOIP). A central aspect of this collaboration involves securing liquefied natural gas (LNG) supplies from Australia to Japan and the region while simultaneously decarbonising the supply chain through carbon capture and storage (CCS) and advancing hydrogen technologies. Both nations recognise the significance of natural gas in ensuring regional energy security and affordability. Japan, heavily reliant on energy imports, particularly LNG, is motivated by past crises and geopolitical tensions to diversify its energy sources. The partnership between Australia and Japan not only addresses Japan’s energy needs but also influences the power dynamics within the Indo-Pacific. Challenges such as regulatory uncertainties and policy shifts dampen confidence for Japanese investors in Australia’s energy sector. Despite this, CCS technology offers a promising pathway to reduce emissions from natural gas production, with infrastructure facilitating low-emission hydrogen production. Policy coherence and streamlined regulations are essential to fostering innovation and scaling up these technologies. Collaboration on CCS and hydrogen commercialisation presents opportunities for both nations to lead the energy transition. Japan’s ambitious plans to increase its domestic hydrogen supply highlight the potential for joint efforts.

Prioritising mental health: a focus on energy sector fabrication workforce

INPEX and McDermott have teamed up to implement an impactful mental health campaign, in Batam, Indonesia – at the project fabrication site for the INPEX-operated Ichthys LNG energy development. This campaign forms part of a larger program known as ‘Five Star HSSE Program’. Anchored as one of its five key pillars, the mental health element of the program is being championed by senior leadership from both organisations. While mental health awareness is already broadly addressed at the project’s headquarters in Australia, the program’s primary focus has been at the project fabrication site – McDermott’s Batam Fabrication Yard. The program aims to support the mental health and well-being of all yard employees, taking into consideration that statistically construction workers tend to be more susceptible to mental stress.

Geoscience skills supplement emissions reduction through carbon solutions

As the energy sector transitions, traditional geoscience occupations have been impacted by the decrease in upstream oil and gas activity. However, these roles are highly technical and innovative, and could benefit many sectors if re-deployed. Carbon offsetting is available now to support meeting emission reduction targets and is expected to be deployed in the long term for hard-to-abate areas. In 2018, Woodside started a carbon business that includes the origination of offsets through carbon farming. Millions of seedlings have been planted on less productive farmland in WA. The program has been enhanced through the transferable skills that geoscientists provide, including uncertainty analysis, software technology and data acquisition. Much like the petroleum geoscience discipline, carbon offset investment requires an assessment of a natural resource. There is uncertainty in the total volume, the future state, and the policy conditions impacting the resource. Geoscientists at Woodside have led initiatives to assess carbon yield, quantify and forecast uncertainty, and develop decision-making frameworks for project investment. These initiatives have informed the business as a market participant and project developer in the nascent carbon market. Geospatial analytics is critical throughout the value chain of a planting project, including site selection, project design, site execution, monitoring and reporting. Remote sensing and imagery analysis are used for monitoring growth and quantifying carbon sequestration. Further, geospatial projects have aided efficiency, providing accurate, real-time data to and from the field and re-deploying geoscientists from in-house has contributed towards Woodside’s success.

Innovation and opportunity through regulatory change

Adapting to change and seizing opportunities is a constant process for all involved in offshore energy, government and industry alike. The offshore energy sector continues to adapt approaches and adopt new ways of doing business as community expectations and the regulatory framework continue to evolve. As industry explores new frontiers in carbon capture and storage and infrastructure reuse for renewables, the historic challenges of legacy wells and decommissioning remain at the forefront of planning considerations. Recognising this changing landscape, the regulator has undergone its own evolution from investigations to drive change and enhance safety standards through to consultation best practice based on cultural awareness. This change has been driven by a refocusing of priorities and increased emphasis on where the greatest regulatory impact can be achieved. This paper outlines critical learnings from the past year – what industry is doing well and ongoing opportunities for improvement, the changes being implemented by the regulator and what they mean for industry, and what lies ahead for the offshore sector in the broader legislative and regulatory regime.

A methane monitoring station siting method based on WRF-STILT and genetic algorithm

Reducing methane emissions in the oil and gas industry is a top priority for the current international community in addressing climate change. Methane emissions from the energy sector exhibit strong temporal variability and ground monitoring networks can provide time-continuous measurements of methane concentrations, enabling the rapid detection of sudden methane leaks in the oil and gas industry. Therefore, identifying specific locations within oil fields to establish a cost-effective and reliable methane monitoring ground network is an urgent and significant task. In response to this challenge, this study proposes a technical workflow that, utilizing emission inventories, atmospheric transport models, and intelligent computing techniques, automatically determines the optimal locations for monitoring stations based on the input quantity of monitoring sites. This methodology can automatically and quantitatively assess the observational effectiveness of the monitoring network. The effectiveness of the proposed technical workflow is demonstrated using the Shengli Oilfield, the second-largest oil and gas extraction base in China, as a case study. We found that the Genetic Algorithm can help find the optimum locations effectively. Besides, the overall observation effectiveness grew from 1.7 to 5.6 when the number of site increased from 1 to 9. However, the growth decreased with the increasing site number. Such a technology can assist the oil and gas industry in better monitoring methane emissions resulting from oil and gas extraction.

Why global decarbonisation requires cross-sector understanding

The global private sector is exploring and developing decarbonisation pathways for each of the energy sectors – transportation and its many sub-sectors, power, and industry. Each of these sectors and sub-sectors interacts with the others, and these interactions should be understood and considered at a governance level. As an example, rapid decarbonisation of the maritime sector will impact the refining sector, which in turn will have implications on the availability and cost of fuels for the remaining sectors. This paper examines how decarbonisation of one sector affects other sectors, and how our continued medium-term reliance on oil, in particular, introduces complex constraints. Renewable energy, fossil fuels, low-carbon hydrogen and synthetic fuels will need to be balanced and coordinated in such a way that decarbonisation pathway decisions are not made independently by isolated sectors that will hinder or even set back the decarbonisation efforts and options of other sectors. This paper also looks at the supply chain realities of decarbonising certain transportation sectors.

International Legal Approach to Understanding Energy Diplomacy

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of the research topic is determined, firstly, by the increasing importance of energy diplomacy for solving modern problems arising in the field of international energy cooperation, and secondly, by the significance of studying the problems of energy diplomacy from the point of view of the science of international law. Despite the fact that energy diplomacy is being formed and realizing its potential in the international legal environment, it is not given adequate attention to its role in the legal literature, including in scientific works on international law, which, in turn, looks like a gap in international legal science. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the international legal concept of energy diplomacy, to identify its connection with the classical model of diplomacy and at the same time specific, to objectively identify the main directions of the relationship between energy diplomacy and international law.MATERIALS AND METHODS. When writing the work, scientific works related to the topic, international treaties and documents of international law, acts of national legislation of states are analyzed. General scientific and special methods of cognition, including comparative legal and formal legal, were used as a research method.RESEARCH RESULTS. Energy diplomacy is derived from the “classical” model of diplomacy. There are various interpretations of diplomacy, focusing on its various aspects and manifestations. The article substantiates the understanding of diplomacy as a means of implementing the state’s foreign policy through the activities of special entities (bodies of foreign relations) using non-military techniques and methods in accordance with international law. The evolution of diplomacy and the emergence of its new forms are traced, their specificity and international legal component are noted. Taking into account the specifics of energy, international energy cooperation, their legal support based on the potential of international and national law, the independent nature of energy diplomacy, its increasing role in modern conditions is substantiated. The specific features of energy diplomacy are identified and its concept is proposed, taking into account the international legal component. In modern conditions, full-fledged regulatory and institutional legal foundations of the EU’s foreign energy policy and energy diplomacy have not developed. It is noted that the legitimacy of unilateral restrictive measures applied in energy diplomacy by a number of states is indisputable from the point of view of international law. The main directions of the relationship between energy diplomacy and international law are outlined in detail, options for legitimizing the national interests of states in the energy sector based on the potential of international law are highlighted.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The main conclusions of the study are as follows. Firstly, energy diplomacy is a new functional area of diplomatic activity. It has a single essence with “classical” diplomacy (to serve as a means of implementing foreign policy, in accordance with international law) and, at the same time, is characterized by a number of features derived from the energy sector and energy law (a special focus on the implementation of the goals and objectives of the state's foreign energy policy, the participation of energy departments in it and the connection of energy companies, methods used in it). Secondly, energy diplomacy and international law in the process of their development and functioning are mutually linked and have a reciprocal influence. International law, firstly, defines the legal framework and forms of implementation of energy diplomacy (as well as diplomatic activity in general), and secondly, plays a decisive role in legitimizing the national interests of states in the field of foreign energy policy carried out through energy diplomacy. In turn, energy diplomacy, relying on the potential of international law, contributes to ensuring energy security (national and international) and, thereby, to maintaining the international energy order. In general, energy diplomacy influences the process of creation and operation of international law norms and contributes to the development of international law.

Renewable Energy Investments in Poland: Goals, Socio-Economic Benefits, and Development Directions

Renewable energy sources (RES) will play a key role in the transition to clean energy. Financial and socio-economic benefits determine the investment management in these energy sources. This article aims to indicate current energy policy goals, present socio-economic benefits resulting from renewable energy investments, and review further development directions in Poland. The research was carried out using desk research, case studies, and literature review methods to provide a broader economic context for RES investments. The scope of the research included both the Polish and the European Union contexts. The authors examined the Polish objectives of investment in renewable energy contained in strategic, planning, and other legal documents compared to EU targets, reviewed possible investments in renewable energy, and indicated wind farms and photovoltaic investments as the most effective ones from the point of view of further development which aims to meet the EU’s goals by 2030. The authors also demonstrated a wide range of socio-economic benefits based on literature reviews, analysis of policy documents, and regulations regarding the energy sector, and examined a specific example of investment implementation and identified the ecosystem of beneficiaries and their benefits.

PENGARUH CARBON EMISSION DISCLOSURE (CED), CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR), DAN GREEN ACCOUNTING TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN DENGAN PROFITABILITAS SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

This study aims to determine the effect of Carbon Emission Disclosure (CED), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Green Accounting on Firm Value with Profitability as an intervening variable. This research is a type of causality research with a quantitative approach. This study uses data on annual reports, sustainability, and energy sector finances on the ASEAN Stock Exchange website with a total of 22 companies. The sampling technique used purposive sampling and obtained 66 energy company data. The analysis method uses SEMPLS with SmartPLS 3.0 software. The results of this study indicate that 1) Carbon Emission Disclosure has no significant effect on firm value, 2) Corporate Social Responsibility has a significant effect on firm value, 3) Green Accounting has no effect on firm value, 4) Carbon Emission Disclosure has no significant effect on profitability, 5) Corporate Social Responsibility has a significant effect on profitability 6) Green Accounting has no effect on profitability, 7) Profitability has a significant effect on firm value, 8) Carbon Emission Disclosure through profitability has no significant effect on firm value. 9) Corporate Social Responsibility through profitability has no significant effect on firm value, 10) Green Accounting through profitability has no significant effect on firm value. Keywords: Carbon Emission Disclosure, Corporate Social Responsibility, Green Accounting, Profitability, Firm Value

Overview of edge computing applications in energy sector

Overview of edge computing applications in energy sector