Energy Recuperation Research Articles

Vehicle Acceleration and Speed as Factors Determining Energy Consumption in Electric Vehicles

Energy consumption in electric vehicles is a key element of their operation, determining energy efficiency and one of its main indicators, i.e., range. Therefore, in this article, mathematical models were developed to evaluate the impact of selected factors on energy consumption in electric vehicles. The phenomenon of energy recuperation was also examined. The study used data from mileage measurements of the electric vehicle (EV) driving on a motorway and in built-up areas. The results obtained showed a strong correlation between acceleration, vehicle speed, battery power, and energy consumption. In urban conditions, engine RPM and vehicle speed had an additional impact on energy consumption. Findings from this study can be used to optimize vehicle acceleration control modules to increase their range, develop eco-driving styles for EV drivers, and better understand the energy efficiency factors of EVs.

Effective thermal management through feasibility study of energy recuperation on synthesised SiC-propylene glycol nanofluids for achieving environmental sustainability

Effective thermal management through feasibility study of energy recuperation on synthesised SiC-propylene glycol nanofluids for achieving environmental sustainability

Turbine selection for hydraulic energy recovery in the Yuribia dam aqueduct

The recuperation of hydraulic energy in aqueducts is based on utilizing the energy dissipated by hydraulic devices aimed at regulating the flow or pressure within the system, in addition to fulfilling their primary purpose. This paper presents the methodology for the selection of a turbine coupled to a generator for the recovery of hydraulic energy in the aqueduct of the Yuribia dam situated in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. The results of system modeling, simulation, and calculation of the generated energy are presented.

E-Heater Performance for Aftertreatment Warm-Up in a 48V Mild-Hybrid Heavy-Duty Truck over Real Driving Cycles

High-efficiency and low-emissions heavy-duty (HD) internal combustion engines (ICEs) offer significant GHG reduction potential. Mild hybridization via regenerative braking and enabling the use of an electric heater component (EHC) for the aftertreatment system (ATS) warm-up extends these benefits, which can mitigate tailpipe GHG and NOx emissions simultaneously. Understanding such integrated hybrid powertrains is essential for the system optimization of real-world driving conditions. In the present work, the potential of a low engine-out NOx (1.5–2.5 g/kWh range) ‘Low-NOx’ HD diesel engine and EHCs were analyzed in a 48V P1 mild-hybrid system for a class 8 commercial vehicle concept and compared with those in an EPA-2010-certified HD diesel truck as a baseline under real-world driving cycles, including those from the US, Europe, India, China, as well as the world harmonized vehicle cycle (WHVC). For analysis, an integrated 1-D vehicle model was utilized that consisted of models of the ‘Low-NOx’ HD engine, the stock ATS, and a production EHC. For the real driving cycles, ‘GT-RealDrive’-based vehicle speed profiles were generated for busy trucking routes for different markets. For each cycle, the effects of the Low-NOx and EHC performances were quantified in terms of the ATS warm-up time, engine-out NOx emissions, and net fuel consumption. Depending on the driving route, the regenerative braking fully or partly neutralized the EHC power penalty without a significant impact on the ATS thermal performance. For a two-EHC system, the fueling penalty associated with every second reduction in the warm-up time FCEHC (g/s) was several-fold higher for the real driving routes compared with the WHVC. Overall, while a multi-EHC setup accelerated the ATS warm-up, a single EHC integrated at the SCR inlet showed minimized EHC heating power, leading to a minimized fueling penalty. Finally, for the India and China routes, being highly transient, the P1 hybridization proved inadequate for GHG reduction due to the limited energy recuperation. A stronger hybridization was desirable for such driving cycles.

Highly Efficient Drive System for Elastocaloric Heat Pumps and Cooling Systems

The need for alternative cooling technologies aside from compressor based cooling is growing since more and more refrigerants get regulated. One promising technology is cooling with the elastocaloric effect by using a phase change of elastocaloric materials that induces a temperature change within the material. The crucial point in the commercialization of this technology is the efficiency of the elastocaloric system including elastocaloric material and the drivetrain. Literature often gives values for the efficiency without including the actuator that drives the system although this is necessary to determine the overall total efficiency. In this study, we introduce a highly efficient drive system based on energy recuperation and deduce the efficiency of this concept. The actuator drive consists of an oscillating armature and is driven by reluctance forces. For the characterization of the system, the elastocaloric material is exchanged with preloaded springs. This gives rise to the possibility of measuring the efficiency of the actuator system itself without considering the elastocaloric material. The efficiency of the drive system is determined to be ηA=95.7%\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\eta }_{\ ext{A}}=95.7 \\%$$\\end{document}.

Research on regenerative braking control of electric vehicles based on game theory optimization.

The energy-efficient, clean, and quiet attributes of electric vehicles offer solutions to conventional challenges related to resource scarcity and environmental pollution. Consequently, thorough research into harmonizing energy recuperation during braking, enhancing vehicle stability, and ensuring occupant comfort in electric vehicles is imperative for their effective advancement. The study introduces a regenerative braking control strategy for electric vehicles founded on game theory optimization to enhance braking performance and optimize braking energy utilization. Develop a regenerative braking control approach based on the dynamic model of an electric vehicle equipped with hub motors. Employing game theory, we establish participants, control variables, strategy sets, benefit functions, and constraints to optimize the coefficient K for regenerative braking. The efficacy and superiority of the control strategy model are validated through joint simulations using Matlab/Simulink and AVL Cruise. Research findings indicate: (1) Speed tracking error remains below 3% in both NEDC and CLTC-P simulations, underscoring the effectiveness of the dynamic model and control strategy devised in this study. (2) The energy recovery rate achieved by the game theory-based optimization strategy surpasses that of the Cruise self-contained strategy and fuzzy control strategy by 18.06% and 4.5% in the NEDC simulation, and by 13.48% and 3.85% in the CLTC-P simulation, respectively. The adhesion coefficient curves implemented on the front and rear axles, derived from the game theory optimization control strategy, closely approximate the ideal adhesion coefficient curve, leading to a substantial enhancement in the car's braking stability. The degree of jerk magnitude regulated by the game theory optimization strategy consistently falls within the ±3 m/s³ threshold, resulting in a considerable enhancement in the comfort of vehicle occupants. These outcomes underscore the efficacy of the game theory-based optimized control strategy in enhancing energy recovery, braking stability, and comfort throughout the braking process of the vehicle.

Carbide lime as substrates to boost energy recuperation and dyestuff removal in constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell integrated with copper oxide/carbon cloth cathode.

Methylene blue (MB) was regarded as a highly toxic and hazardous substance owing to its irreparable hazard and deplorable damage on the ecosystem and the human body. The treatment of this colorant wastewater appeared to be one of the towering challenges in wastewater treatment. In this study, a microbial fuel cell coupled with constructed wetland (CW-MFC) with effective MB elimination and its energy recuperation concurrently based on the incorporation of carbide lime as a substrate in a new copper oxide-loaded on carbon cloth (CuO/CC) cathode system was studied. The crucial influencing parameters were also delved, and the MB degradation and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies were correspondingly incremented by 97.3% and 89.1% with maximum power output up to 74.1 mW m-2 at optimal conditions (0.2 g L-1 carbide lime loading and 500 Ω external resistance). The carbide lime with high calcium ion content was greatly conducive for the enrichment of critical microorganism and metabolic activities. The relative abundances of functional bacteria including Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were vividly increased. Moreover, the impressive results obtained in printed ink wastewater treatment with a COD removal efficiency of 81.3% and a maximum power density of 58.2 mW m-2, which showcased the potential application of CW-MFC.

Spontaneous Dipole Reorientation in Confined Water and Its Effect on Wetting/Dewetting of Hydrophobic Nanopores.

The properties of nanoconfined fluids are important for a broad range of natural and engineering systems. In particular, wetting/dewetting of hydrophobic nanoporous materials is crucial due to their broad applicability for molecular separation and liquid purification; energy storage, conversion, recuperation, and dissipation; for catalysis, chromatography, and so on. In this work, a rapid, orchestrated, and spontaneous dipole reorientation was observed in hydrophobic nanotubes of various pore sizes d (7.9-16.5 Å) via simulations. This phenomenon leads to the fragmentation of water clusters in the narrow nanopores (d = 7.9, 10 Å) and strongly affects dewetting through cluster repulsion. The cavitation in these pores has an electrostatic origin. The dependence of hydrogen-bonded network properties on the tube aperture is obtained and is used to explain wetting (intrusion)-dewetting (extrusion) hysteresis. Computer simulations and experimental data demonstrate that d equals ca. 12.5 Å is a threshold between a nonhysteretic (spring) behavior, where intrusion-extrusion is reversible, and a hysteretic one (shock absorber), where hysteresis is prominent. This work suggests that water clustering and the electrostatic nature of cavitation are important factors that can be effectively exploited for controlling the wetting/dewetting of nanoporous materials.

Improved Energy Management of Capacitive Energy Storage in Metro Railcar by Simulation

This paper focuses on the use of modeling and simulation of a renewable energy. The capacitive energy storages contribute to the rapid energy recovery associated with regenerative braking in electric vehicles. This power system allows the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle with a lower loss of energy. Short-distance passenger traffic on electrified lines is a domain where brake energy recuperation might reduce the total energy consumption significantly. In this paper the results of simulation models by Matlab-Simulink for an urban-metro railcar and some methods for reducing the needed value of capacitance by an improved energy management are presented. The aim of the new management of the energy storage system for decreasing the needed value of capacitance and improving the system performance is presented.

Reducing CO2 Emissions of Hybrid Heavy-Duty Trucks and Buses: Paving the Transition to Low-Carbon Transport

This study investigates the CO2 reduction potential of powertrain hybridisation on heavy-duty lorries and city buses. The analysis considers modern parallel and serial hybrid architectures, assessing their efficiency and limits in CO2 emission reduction through vehicle simulation in VECTO, which is the official tool of the European Commission for calculating heavy-duty vehicle fuel and energy consumption. The results reveal distinct trends for each vehicle type and architecture. In lorries, more significant improvements are observed in urban delivery profiles, reaching up to ~16%, indicating the benefits of hybridisation in transient conditions with energy recuperation opportunities. City buses, particularly those with serial architectures, exhibit significant emission reductions that reach 36%, making them suitable for urban environments. The optimisation of electric motor size and performance plays a crucial role in achieving emission reductions, while battery capacity must be carefully considered to avoid adverse effects. For lorries in urban delivery use, further improvements of 17.5% can be achieved by utilising a 160 kW engine motor and 30 kWh battery. Buses are already quite well optimised, with serial architecture presenting the highest benefits with a 120 kW electric motor and a battery of 11 kWh. Future research should focus on supercapacitors and gearboxes to improve efficiency at higher vehicle speeds and assess hybridisation potential in interurban coach travel. The heavy-duty vehicle sector can make significant strides towards low-carbon transport by maximising hybrid powertrain efficiency and emission reductions.

Approbation of the test stand for piston hydraulic cylinders

Test of the end production in the mechanic engineering requires extensive energy consumption which is often lost irrevocably during testing processes and inflict damage on environment. Thus, issues of energy conservation during testing processes become actual. The most productive way of energy conservation during the process of machine testing is recuperation of energy. The objective of the present article is to confirm of the proposed theory about the possibility of recuperating part of the energy while testing piston hydraulic cylinders. Piston hydraulic cylinders are actively used in machines’ hydraulic drive and various stationary production equipment. Operating time to failure of the hydraulic cylinder is usually regulated by a manufacturing plant and commonly includes number of working cycles or general piston’s motion distance. To achieve the stated objective, the structure of the test stand for a trial run of piston hydraulic cylinders. The principal diagram is also developed. On the basis of the theory of volume stiffness, the simulation of test stand’s operation is made. The software program is developed using the software package SimInTech. The preliminary calculations of test stand’s functioning are made. Its operating factors are obtained.

Разработка и исследование усовершенствованных алгоритмов ШИМ активных выпрямителей с целью улучшения качества электроэнергии во внутризаводских электрических сетях 6–35 кВ

Currently, application of frequency converters with active front end rectifiers (FC-AFE) has become a standard solution for powerful adjustable AC drives with frequent dynamic modes. The advantages of these converters include the possibility of recuperation of braking energy to the supply network, as well as the best electromagnetic compatibility of electromagnetic capability (EMC) with the supply network as stated by the manufacturers of converter technology. This statement is only partly true, since FC-AFE manufacturers do not consider possible resonant phenomena in the 6–35 kV intra-factory distribution network caused by the interaction of reactive elements of the power supply system. When significant harmonics of the FC-AFE current are superimposed on the resonant region, dangerous voltage distortions of 6–35 kV may occur. Traditional methods of providing electromagnetic capability of FC-AFE in this case may not have the desired effect. Therefore, it is relevant to develop alternative technical solutions to ensure an acceptable level of electromagnetic capability of FC-AFE. One such solution is the use of advanced PWM algorithms in the FC-AFE adapting to resonant phenomena in the 6–35 kV intra-factory network. The materials for the study are the oscillograms of the currents and voltages at the input of the FC-AFE obtained experimentally and using mathematical modeling. Experimental data have been obtained on operating equipment with FC-AFE and on a special laboratory setup. When developing improved PWM algorithm of AFE, a well-known mathematical apparatus is used. It describes the dependence of individual harmonics on the number of switching and switching angles. The results obtained show the effectiveness of improved PWM algorithms in terms of reducing the effect of FC-AFE on the supply network and improving the quality of electricity in intra-factory networks of 6–35 kV. The results of the study are implemented at a number of metallurgical enterprises, thanks to which it is possible to reduce voltage distortions of 6–35 kV and increase the stability of the operation of sensitive electrical receivers. The developed improved PWM algorithm of FC-AFE can significantly improve the quality of electricity in the in-house electrical networks of 6–35 kV without additional capital costs and installation of additional equipment. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to use the developed PWM algorithms on the operating equipment with FC-AFE of industrial enterprises.

The additional consumption and savings of paid energy of traction substations when using on-board and stationary storage devices

In traction power supply systems for city electric transport without storage devices, a significant part of the recovery energy is usefully reused for the load in the process of inter-train flows along the contact network. The excess part of the recuperation is dissipated by heat in the braking resistors. The use of on-board storage devices makes it possible to redirect all recovery energy from the car's traction drive to them. The remaining amount of no more than two-thirds of the received recuperation energy is supplied back to the traction drive from the storage device, excluding internal losses, since due to ohmic resistance, the actual efficiency of any type of storage device does not exceed 64 %. The on-board storage device consumes a significant amount of paid energy from the traction substation for its transportation by car, compensation for self-discharge, etc. The total balance of recovery energy returned to traction and losses from additional energy consumption for on-board storage devices is negative. When stationary storage devices operate in the contact network, useful recuperation flows are completely preserved. The excess part of the recovery is redirected to the contact network, where one part of it powers a low-power non-traction load while charging the storage device, and the other goes to the storage device, charging it. After a short period of storage in the storage device, the remainder of the excess recovery is released into the network for the load that appears in it. A stationary storage device has no energy consumption for transportation, and the consumption of paid energy for its own needs and compensation for self-discharge is significantly less than that of an on-board storage device due to its higher load factor. The stationary storage device has a positive balance of recovery energy which allows additional savings of paid energy from the traction substation in the amount of up to 10 % relative to such consumption during useful recovery flows without the use of storage devices.

The Role of Environmental Management Systems and Energy Management Systems in the Adoption of Energy Recuperation Technologies in Central European Manufacturing Companies

The diffusion of technologies within an economic system is an intricate process, influenced by a variety of factors, including governmental policies, the characteristics of adopting companies, and the technologies that can be adopted. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the implementation of environmental management systems (EMSs), such as ISO 14001, or energy management systems (EnMSs), such as ISO 50001, and the adoption of energy recuperation technologies (ERTs), which are a subset of energy efficient technologies (EETs). To achieve this, our research leveraged data from the 2018 European Manufacturing Survey, specifically a subsample of 798 companies across five European countries: Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Slovakia, and Lithuania. Due to the investigation of relationships and the type of variables used, we employed a two-step ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis. Our analysis uncovered that the current utilization of EMSs and EnMSs within companies is significantly linked to the current use of ERTs. However, upon further examination of the implementation timeline, it became improbable that EMSs or EnMSs have a substantial impact on enhancing the adoption of these technologies in the short term. Moreover, our results show that technological intensity and product complexity does not play a determining role in the adoption of ERTs, but they did show that larger companies tend to invest more in ERTs, which is in line with the findings of previous studies.

Incorporating photocatalytic fuel cell with dual S-scheme CuBi2O4/Bi2WO6/ZnO NRA photoanode for energy recuperation from municipal wastewater treatment under sunlight

Photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) utilized the chemical energy contained in the molecules by combining photocatalytic treatment of wastewater with fuel cell electrochemical reaction. Herein, a PFC system with a novel dual S-scheme heterojunction CuBi2O4/Bi2WO6/ZnO nanorod array (CBO/BWO/ZnO NRA) composite photoanode was first constructed for municipal wastewater treatment accompanied with electricity generation under direct sunlight. The introduction of CBO and BWO not only contributed to the narrowing of the band gap which enabled the ZnO NRA to utilize sunlight more efficiently, but also led to the excellent electron-hole segregating capability. The 10% CBO/BWO/ZnO NRA composite photoanode achieved a significantly ameliorated electrical power with maximum power density of 7.707 µW/cm2, which was superior to those pristine ZnO NRA and BWO/ZnO NRA binary materials. The composite photoanode was then tested for its mineralization activity in the municipal wastewater and 98.4% of COD removal was acquired within 90 min. The main attribution that conducive to its spectacular performance in municipal wastewater treatment came from the one-dimensional nanorod array architecture along with the synergistic relation among the three efficient components in the CBO/BWO/ZnO NRA heterojunction that can effectively hinder the charge carrier recombination rate and facilitated a good route for electron transport. The composite photoanode also manifested good stability in five cyclic runs. The dual S-scheme CBO/BWO/ZnO NRA enabled the free active species partook in the photoelectrocatalytic reaction and the working principle of PFC system was also speculated. Additionally, phytotoxicity findings signified that the comprehensive toxicity of municipal wastewater was eliminated after PFC treatment.

EVALUATION OF THE INDICES OF ENERGY RECUPERATION PART BY THE TROLLEYBUSES IN URBAN CONDITIONS

An investigation of a power consumption by the electric buses, trolleybuses is especially actual nowadays, in the time when an economous using of energy resources is necessary. Finding the power consumption during the tests or separate researches gives only a general image about the indices, but in real conditions of exploitation of the electric drive vehicles, when there is a row of external factors, such as movement conditions, driver’s qualification, movement intensity etc., a value of power consumption can vary a lot, an indice of quantity of the recuperated electric power by a vehicle is especially sensitive to different factors. Buying the new modern movable units by the Urkainian trolleybus parks gives a possibility to make the volume researches of power consumption not only by separate trolleybuses, but also on separate routes and to determine this indice for a trolleybus park in general.
 The analysis of literary sources shows that there is no determination of the fate of the recovered energy during the movement of the vehicle along the established route. Modern trolleybuses are equipped with direct current meters, which provide information on the amount of recovered energy during the vehicle's operation on the route. This fact was the basis of the conducted research.
 In the given research work there is shown that a meaning of an electrical energy recuperation part by the vehicles with an electric traction unit that are powered from a contact system, are distributed by a normal law. It was established that the parameters of the normal distribution law are individual for each city of Ukraine, as they are significantly affected by traffic conditions. There were determined the confiding bounderies for further evaluation of applying this function in the trolleybuses operating systems.
 Keywords: electric power, power consumption, recuperated energy, distribution law, trolleybus.

Rubble Sandstone Unloading and Screening Unit with Non-Volatile Auxiliary Equipment Drive

For the road industry, it is quite important to reduce costs and energy consumption, as well as energy recovery in process plants. To solve this problem at one of the stages of the industrial process, which is production of road metal, an important material for road construction, it is proposed to develop autonomous power unit based on recuperation of the kinetic energy of dump trucks, namely a unloading and screening unit of crushing and screening plant with non-volatile drive of auxiliary equipment.A non-volatile unloading and screening unit separates the feedstock at the primary stage of production in a non-volatile operating mode, using recovery of the kinetic energy of trucks been unloaded. After loading rubble sandstone into the receiving hopper, the unit activates the process of material segregation into coarse and fine fractions. The respective fractions are fed to the appropriate feeders for subsequent technological processing. The advantage of the unit is the autonomy of the vibrator and feeders’ drives, which helps to raise the efficiency of the process of unloading and separation of the rubble sandstone and reduce energy costs for production of the finished product.The evaluation of the functional capabilities of the non-volatile hydraulic drive of the unloading and screening unit was carried out for hydraulic motors of the screening and conveying equipment. The apron feeder of KM PP-2–10–60B type providing a continuous and uniform supply of feedstock was assumed as the basic equipment, and the volume of working fluid in the hydraulic accumulator supplied by hydraulic jacks was calculated. The results showed that two hydraulic jacks with the specified parameters can provide the required flow and allowed determining the amount of energy stored in the accumulator during feedstock loading. The calculated power of the hydraulic motor allows its use in the feeder. The economic efficiency of the installation with an autonomous drive is estimated considering the mode of operation, the number of shifts and the tariff for electricity.

Synthesis of an electromechanical system of body tilt and recuperation of vibration energy for a high-speed electric train

This paper considers issues related to the undercarriage system of a high-speed electric train with body inclination and a vibration recovery system. The main suspension systems of the electric train body, which are currently used, were investigated. The existing shock absorption systems and alternative approaches and solutions for increasing the speed characteristics of electric rolling stock have been highlighted. A basic problem of these suspension systems was put forward, which is the lack of the possibility of recovery of oscillations, as well as the complexity of systems for tilting the body. The main dimensional and power parameters of the proposed promising shock absorber are presented. The characteristics of basic parameters of the electromechanical shock absorber were compared with those of a pneumatic spring shock absorber. A simulation model of a high-speed electric train with an electromechanical shock absorber was built in the MATLAB Simulink environment. The main units of the simulation model were defined and described, owing to which it is possible to simulate the inclination of the body to a given angle and the simulation of vibration energy recovery. Based on the results of simulating the operation of an electromechanical shock absorber as part of the undercarriage of the electric locomotive, it was determined that the synthesis of this system makes it possible to tilt the body by 5 degrees in 2 seconds. It is also stated that the proposed system makes it possible to reduce the vibrations of the electric train body by 2 times, and to recover 84 W/h of vibration energy. The body tilt results are predetermined by the speed of the mechanism due to the absence of a compressor set used in the pneumatic system. The scope of application of the vibration damper also includes the automotive field, subject to additional research into the form, amplitude of road surface vibrations and changes in overall parameters in accordance with the requirements

Investigation of thermal behaviour and synergistic effect in co-pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge through thermogravimetric analysis

Municipal solid waste (MSW) and sewage sludge (SS) co-pyrolysis have the potential to revolutionize waste management and address energy challenges. Consequently, it is crucial to explore the thermal and synergistic effect of MSW, SS and their blends using thermogravimetric analysis. Different blending ratios (MSW90%SS10 %, MSW80%SS20 % and MSW65%SS35 %) were analyzed under an inert nitrogen (N2) gas atmosphere, at various heating rates (10,20 and 30 K min−1), from 30 °C to 900 °C. This paper specifically addressed the effect of heating rate and blending ratio on separate and jointed pyrolysis of the two raw materials. The analysis revealed two significant decomposition stages observed in the individual pyrolytic processes and their blends. Results showed that a higher heating rate slowed down the decomposition rate due to less effective heat transfer. The blending ratio of 35 % SS at 20 K min−1 exhibited a positive synergistic effect while an antagonistic effect was observed in another mixing ratio. Activation energy determined using the Coats-Redfern model in the second stage of active pyrolysis for MSW90%SS10 %, MSW80%SS20 % and MSW65%SS35 % was 41.879, 43.365 and 40.271 kJ mol−1 respectively. The negative ΔS (entropy) and positive ΔH (enthalpy) values indicated a decrease in disorder and an endothermic reaction respectively. This finding was consistent with the formation of complex products from the feedstock and the endothermic nature of the pyrolysis process. Therefore, strategic co-pyrolysis optimization of MSW and SS with the precise blending ratio of 35 % sewage sludge and controlled heating rate of 20 K min−1, exhibits substantial potential for advancing eco-friendly waste management practices while enabling effective energy recuperation.

Analysis of the Efficiency of a Power Generating Plant Operating on the Basis of the Brayton Thermodynamic Cycle and Energy Recuperation

The thermal scheme of a power generating plant with a remote heat exchanger operating according to the Brayton cycle with energy recuperation is considered. It is assumed that the plant will work on non-certified (cheap) biofuel. It is shown that, in contrast to the usual Brayton cycle, in the cycle with energy recuperation, the greatest influence on the thermal efficiency is the heating temperature of the working medium and the internal efficiency of the main components of the plant, such as the compressor and the turbine. Also, in contrast to the usual Brayton cycle, a higher efficiency of the plant is achieved with smaller degrees of pressure reduction (increase) in the turbine (compressor). It was established that even at a relatively low temperature of the working medium heating (500 ºC), with high efficiency of the compressor and turbine, it is possible to achieve good characteristics of the power plant as a whole. At a temperature of up to 850 ºC, a thermal efficiency of 40% is achieved, but in this case the cost of materials and production increases. For a final conclusion about the possibility of using the proposed plant and its efficiency, it is necessary to conduct additional studies, in particular, of its main elements, such as a compressor, turbine, heat exchanger and others.