Energy Performance Certificates Research Articles

Assessing the energy performance certification effectiveness for the Spanish building stock in response to recent climate change data

This comprehensive study analyses the energy demand for heating and cooling in the building stock across different climatic zones in Spain, incorporating the effects of weather evolution over the past 30 years (from 1992 to 2022). In evaluating 7200 cases across four climatic years and six climatic zones which include six Spanish cities, the analysis examines the construction characteristics of the building stock. The focus is on the thermal envelop properties under two scenarios: the current state and a renovated state that complies with the new Spanish building code (in agreement with the EPBD EU-Directive EU/2024/1275).The study’s findings reveal potentially significant changes in energy demand due to climate. The heating demand decreases significantly due to increasing temperatures ranging from 17% in Madrid up to 37% in Almería. This effect is contrasted by a substantial increase in cooling demand, which has surged 223% in Barcelona, a surge closely linked to higher summer temperatures.The paper concludes that the current energy certification scheme fails to provide a real overview of the energy performance and needs of buildings in Spain. In particular, it underestimates actual sensible cooling demand by 56% in Barcelona and 41% in Almería. Additionally, the failure of existing building regulations to address the issue of indoor overheating is proven.

An investigation of the impact of energy performance certificate (EPC) ratings on residential property prices in Oxfordshire: a hedonic study

ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether energy performance ratings measured by Energy Efficiency Certificates (EPCs) affect the sales prices of residential properties in Oxfordshire, UK. The study makes use of 186,913 sales transactions that took place between 1995 and 2023. Using a hedonic regression estimation, a nonlinear pattern between energy efficiency levels and the sales prices of dwellings, are observed. The results also show that there is evidence of a significant positive relationship between EPC ratings and detached, semi-detached, terraced houses and flats. In the second part of this study, we examine the effects of age, county and type of dwelling on price premiums. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the only study, using the most comprehensive literature; and the largest, most up to date available data in analysing the Oxfordshire real-estate market, in terms of energy efficiency and price premiums.

A population-level framework to estimate unequal exposure to indoor heat and air pollution

As people in the UK spend 95% of their time indoors, buildings are an important modifier of exposure to both non-optimal temperatures and air pollution. High ambient temperature and high PM2.5 (particulate matter) concentrations often occur together in urban areas. Residential building types prone to overheating (e.g. purpose-built flats) are often also more common in urban areas. Together, this may lead to spatial and demographic inequalities in indoor exposure to heat and PM2.5 from outdoor sources. By combining building simulations (EnergyPlus), a spatially distributed description of the residential building stock—from publicly available Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) data, ambient temperature, PM2.5 data and area-level (40–250 households) socio-demographic data—we estimated these inequalities in exposure for the population of England and Wales. Maximum indoor temperature was higher in areas with larger ethnic minority and infant populations, and lower in areas with a higher proportion of people aged ≥ 65 years. Indoor concentrations of outdoor-source PM2.5 were higher in areas with larger ethnic minority and low-income populations. With rising inequality in England and Wales, housing and environmental conditions play an important role in contributing to health inequalities from social disadvantage. Policy relevance Differences in environmental exposures may partly explain inequalities in health outcomes. These differences are mediated by dwelling type and quality. Identifying the driving factors for differences in environmental exposures may allow for the development of interventions to address health inequalities more effectively. This study finds differences in indoor exposure across socio-demographic groups due to both location and housing. This could be of interest to national, regional and local authorities responsible for targeting building retrofit interventions across the housing stock.

Linking housing, socio-demographic, environmental and mental health data at scale

Mental disorders are a growing problem worldwide, putting pressure on healthcare systems and wider society. Anxiety and depression are estimated to cost the global economy US$1 trillion per year, yet only 2% of global median government healthcare expenditure goes towards mental health. There is growing evidence linking housing, socio-economic status and local environmental conditions with mental health inequalities. The aim of this paper is to link several open-access datasets at the local area level (N = 32,844) for England to clinical mental health metrics and describe initial statistical findings. Two mental health metrics were used: Small Area Mental Health Index (SAMHI) and diagnosed depression prevalence. To demonstrate the utility of the longitudinal mental health data, changes in depression prevalence were investigated over two study periods (2011–19, i.e. austerity; and 2019–22, i.e. COVID-19). These data were linked to housing data (energy efficiency, floor area, year built, type and tenure) from Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs); socio-demographic data (age, sex, income and education deprivation, household size) from administrative records; and local environment data (winter temperature, air pollution and access to green space). The linked dataset provides a useful resource with which to investigate the social and environmental determinants of mental health. Practice relevance Initial observations of the data revealed a non-linear relationship between home energy efficiency (EPC band) and the mental health metrics, with depression prevalence higher in local areas where the mode EPC bands were C and D, compared with B and E. Researchers can further investigate this relationship using the dataset through robust statistical analysis, adjusting for confounding variables. National and local governments may use the dataset to help allocate resources to prevent and treat mental health conditions. Practitioners can map and interrogate the data to describe their local areas and make preliminary conclusions about the relationships between the built environment and mental health. This preliminary analysis of the data demonstrated a gradient in SAMHI and depression prevalence with income and employment deprivation at the local area level.

Experimental and computational assessment of an energy-saving innovation in a customised testing cabin

The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of an energy-saving device, called ‘Thermocill’ in a customised test cabin, located in a controlled environment. With the UK domestic energy sector responsible for nearly 27 % of the total energy mix in 2022, and massive increases in the cost of energy on homeowners and tenants, simple and low-cost retrofit measures could potentially be of great value, if they prove to be effective at saving energy. The paper describes the experimental and computational methods in detail with the goal of setting an important example/standard for the assessment of similar energy-saving innovations under the UK Standard Assessment Procedure (SAP). This, in turn, would enable the performance of such innovations to be captured in the Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) for Building Regulation compliance. On that basis, a test cabin was constructed at Salford Energy house 2.0 to investigate Thermocill’s impacts on energy consumption and loss within the cabin. The experimental procedure is subsequently compared against a series of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted for a larger number of scenarios. The performance of Thermocill was explored at different room temperature setpoints (16, 21, and 24 °C), window types (air and argon-filled double-glazed), and with/without blinds. The results were presented for four main scenarios including ‘cabin without Thermocill/blind’, ‘cabin with blind’, ‘cabin with Thermocill’, and ‘cabin with blind/Thermocill’. The results were presented in the form of U-values and heat losses for the windows, while additional results were provided from CFD simulations. A good correlation between the experiments and the CFD was found, showing confidence in both methods. Findings demonstrated that, when Thermocill is in operation, it reduces the average U-value by around 3–4 %, which is considered a significant payback for a passive and economical measure. The methodology presented in this paper is expected to set an important example/standard for the assessment of similar energy-saving innovations under UK SAP. This, in turn, would enable the performance of such innovations to be captured in the EPCs for Building Regulation compliance.

Energy performance certificate calculation methodologies across Europe and accommodating new performance indicators

Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) are used across Europe to communicate the energy performance of buildings to a range of different end users. However, as new approaches are introduced and guided at the European level via the Energy Performance Buildings Directive (EPBD), the ability of assessment methodologies and assessors to accommodate these new forms is likely to differ due to the significantly different frameworks in each country. The Horizon-funded crossCert project investigates this by identifying how EPC methodologies differ across countries, highlighting the implications of these differences on the performance gap and what that means for future innovations. Results indicate that methodologies vary considerably regarding general approaches, from highly standardised to highly tailored and assessor qualifications. This paper will look at such differences and investigate how these differences can affect future efforts towards improving EPCs.

A data-driven standardised generalisable methodology to validate a large energy performance Certification dataset: A case of the application in Ireland

Energy performance certificate (EPC) databases are crucial for analysing building stocks and informing relevant policy interventions across Europe. Initially designed for building-to-building energy efficiency assessments, EPCs and resultant EPC databases, are now used to inter alia, evaluate stock energy efficiency, monitor impacts of national policies, and estimate financial viability of interventions. Consumers use EPCs when seeking financial incentives like “green” mortgages, while financial institutions use EPCs to consider renovation costs in mortgage assessments. The range of stakeholders using EPC data thus extends beyond those who are expert in building energy rating.Errors in manually inputting data from on-site surveys into calculations can undermine EPC results. Currently, no standardised method exists for validating EPC datasets. This research introduces the first automated, data-driven validation of an EPC dataset. It adapts as the database evolves. Seventeen unique filters were developed, revealing that 30% of EPC entries were erroneous and/or outlier data, with 80% related to misassessment of geometrical features. Errors in one field often correlated with errors in others, indicating some Assessors’ low responsibility towards data quality.The validation method, automated through Python and R language scripts, align the Irish EPC database taxonomy with Irish and European Building Stock Observatories, facilitating consistent future reporting. Recommendations are provided to enhance EPC data quality.

Unlocking Energy Efficiency: Debunking Myths on the Road to Decarbonization

Energy efficiency is widely recognized as the foundational and most critical strategy for decarbonizing the manufacturing sector. Misconceptions surrounding energy efficiency measures often hinder their widespread adoption. This article aims to debunk five common myths and provides data and resources to help implement efficiency projects faster and more effectively to achieve greater decarbonization. First, the article challenges the myth that organizations have exhausted all possible energy efficiency opportunities by achieving voluntary energy intensity goals or energy performance certification. Second, it also addresses the misconceptions that efficiency projects are capital-intensive, require many qualified specialists, and have long investment return periods. By presenting real-world case studies and referencing commonly found efficiency opportunities, the article illustrates that energy-savings opportunities are ubiquitous. Organizations can use various contracting mechanisms as well as financial and technical resources from utility companies and government programs to lessen their burden. The notion that efficiency measures can be implemented solely in proprietorship facilities is dispelled. This article emphasizes the importance of green leases and explains that aligning decarbonization goals between the lessor and lessee can help drive savings for both parties. Finally, using unbundled renewable energy certificates as the sole pathway to decarbonization is strongly discouraged. By debunking these prevalent myths, this article aims to foster a deeper understanding of energy efficiency’s potential as a cornerstone of decarbonization efforts and to embrace it as a critical pathway toward a sustainable future.

Quantifying the spatial variation of the energy performance gap for the existing housing stock in England and Wales

This paper evaluates the energy performance gap between Energy Performance Certificate predictions and annual gas meter reading measurements for the existing housing stock in England and Wales. Energy Performance Certificates predict energy using the SAP model, the UK regulatory tool for existing dwellings widely used in national and local housing energy policies. The results show an energy performance gap of between + 16.6 % and + 17.9 % at the national level. Of concern is that the performance gap is shown to vary greatly across different regions of England and Wales ( − 23.7 % to + 56.4 % for local authorities) and to vary with factors such as built form, construction age and predicted gas consumption. This suggests that there may be structural errors in the EPC/SAP approach resulting in certain spatial areas or dwelling types having more errors in their EPC predictions, impacting on future planning for housing stock retrofits.

Towards harmonising energy performance certificate indicators in Europe

Achieving the European Union's ambitious goal of transforming buildings into carbon-neutral assets is crucial for combating climate change and improving energy efficiency. The harmonization of Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) plays a vital role in this effort. It can provide a standardized measure of building energy performance, which is crucial for benchmarking and improving energy efficiency across Member States. In the context of the recast Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) of 2024, this study examines the progress made by EU Member States in standardizing EPCs. The research aims to evaluate the implementation of EPC indicators, focusing on data quality, calculation methods, and costs. The methodological procedure followed for the study led to the development of a dedicated Cross Comparative Matrix (CCM) to assess the implementation of EPC indicators across 27 EU Member States and their reading feature allowed the declination into three scenarios for different EPC data analysis: qualitative, quantitative and burden costs. The findings reveal significant disparities, particularly in areas such as thermal comfort and smart readiness, due to the lack of a common methodology and local regulatory differences. While key indicators like energy performance class and primary energy use are widely implemented, compliance with EU standards varies. The study concludes by recommending standardized methodologies and enhanced assessor training to improve EPC quality, harmonization, and effectiveness. This research contributes to policy discussions by offering a comprehensive framework for EPC evaluation and insights into improving data quality, reliability, and accessibility. The originality of this study lies in its cross-national analysis, highlighting the need for a unified EPC scheme to promote building sustainability across the EU.

Comprehensive bottom-up methodology for generating high-resolution yearly building load profiles: A case study in temperate oceanic climate

To facilitate the transition of residential buildings towards decarbonized energy sources, various energy systems are currently being investigated within the scientific community. The accurate sizing and performance evaluation of these systems heavily rely on the quality of input profiles. Addressing this necessity, a method for generating diverse, high-resolution, continuous, consistent demand and production profiles for a whole year is proposed. This method is structured in a modular fashion and draws upon a widely recognized demand model from literature. Each module of the method is systematically presented, and the parametrization process is detailed through a case study focusing on single-family houses in temperate climate. This comprehensive description facilitates the replication of the method in different geographical regions. Subsequently, a Monte Carlo simulation is employed, incorporating variations in weather conditions, building properties, and occupant behaviors. This simulation generates an openly accessible dataset comprising thermal, electrical and photovoltaic profiles for 3500 configurations. The generated weather and electricity demand profiles exhibit trends and variations that closely match the measured data. Photovoltaic production profiles were validated against PVGIS data, showing similar monthly variations and diversity. The generated dataset includes houses with energy consumption profiles that correspond to Energy Performance Certificates ranging from A to E.

Housing Characteristics and Hospital Admissions due to Falls on Stairs: A National Birth Cohort Study

To assess associations between housing characteristics and risk of hospital admissions related to falls on/from stairs in children, to help inform prevention measures. An existing dataset of birth records linked to hospital admissions up to age 5 for a cohort of 3,925,737 children born in England between 2008 and 2014, was linked to postcode-level housing data from Energy Performance Certificates. Association between housing construction age, tenure (eg, owner occupied), and built form and risk of stair-fall-related hospital admissions was estimated using Poisson regression. We stratified by age (<1 and 1-4 years), and adjusted for geographic region, Index of Multiple Deprivation, and maternal age. Incidence was higher in both age strata for children in neighborhoods with homes built before 1900 compared with homes built in 2003 or later (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.77 [age <1 year], 1.20, 95% CI 1.05-1.36 [age 1-4 years]). For ages 1-4 years, incidence was higher for those in neighborhoods with housing built 1900-1929, compared with 2003 or later (IRR 1.26, 95% CI 1.13-1.41), or with predominantly social-rented homes compared with owner occupied (IRR 1.21, 95% CI 1.13-1.29). Neighborhoods with predominantly houses compared with flats had higher incidence (IRR 1.24, 95% CI 1.08-1.42 [<1 year] and IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08-1.25 [1-4 years]). Changes in building regulations may explain reduced fall incidence in newer homes compared with older homes. Fall prevention campaigns should consider targeting neighborhoods with older or social-rented housing. Future analyses would benefit from data linkage to individual homes, as opposed to local area level.

Modeling building carbon emissions by using MARS algorithm: A case of Istanbul

Controlling carbon emissions is critical to mitigating the negative environmental impacts of carbon emissions, such as global warming and climate change. Identifying the factors that affect building emissions is important because they contribute significantly to global emissions. The study aimed to determine the building characteristics that affect building emissions for residential buildings in Istanbul using the MARS algorithm. The MARS algorithm was also used to estimate building emissions based on the energy performance certificate data for each building. The study revealed that building characteristics have specific thresholds that affect building emissions differently depending on whether they are above or below these thresholds. The feature selection analysis revealed that the thermal insulation properties, specifically the wall_u value, roof_u value, and window_u value, had the greatest impact on building emissions. Other factors identified were building age, heating power, and floor height. These factors alone explain about 77 % of the building emissions. The analysis identified the interactions between building characteristics that affect building emissions. This enables common, appropriate solutions to be developed in terms of building characteristics to reduce building emissions.

Does Energy Performance Rating Affect Office Rents? A Study of the UK Office Market

Environmental concerns and the rise in energy costs have heightened the focus on reducing CO2 emissions within the built environment. By concentrating on the office market in the UK, where a significant portion of a service-based economy operates, progress towards achieving emission reduction goals could be accelerated. Nevertheless, the speed at which this sector can enhance its environmental impact and whether individuals are willing to invest in energy-efficient measures and new energy-efficient buildings has remained uncertain. This paper investigates the influence of varying Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) ratings on the rental rates of office buildings in the UK, drawing on an extensive dataset spanning the years of 2011–2021. Our research seeks to determine whether there exists a willingness to pay for more energy-efficient office spaces by assessing whether there is a rental premium associated with office building with higher EPC ratings. Furthermore, we examine whether buildings failing to meet minimum energy efficiency standard (defined as EPC ratings of F and G) experience rental discounts. Our findings, which take into account heteroscedasticity and various disaggregations within the office market, consistently reveal a willingness to pay for energy-efficient office spaces.

Measuring the Decarbonisation Progress of Buildings Based on European Open Big Data

The European Commission (EC) has established climate neutrality by 2050 as one of its objectives. To achieve this, decarbonising the building stock is crucial since buildings are responsible for 36% of European greenhouse gas emissions. Monitoring the progress of decarbonisation is crucial to understand where we stand in terms of achieving long-term decarbonisation goals, facilitate evidence-based decision-making, promote accountability among member states (MS), and engage the public in these initiatives. However, data collection for monitoring the decarbonisation of buildings represents a challenge for MS, for which they may not be adequately prepared.To promote the collection and publication of open data, the EC has established frameworks for developing open data infrastructures within MS through various directives, offering comprehensive and well-organized information. Directives such as the Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE), which advocates for the collection and accessibility of data in diverse topics, and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), enabling the analysis of extensive information on the energy efficiency of constructed assets through the open publication of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC) databases, exemplify these efforts. However, this information often remains dispersed and narrowly focused, necessitating the integration of other data sources to extract meaningful insights.The paper delves into the benefits of georeferencing and automated cross-referencing of open data on buildings, enabling the monitoring of decarbonisation progress. To achieve this, we have developed a national-scale Urban Building Energy Model (UBEM) for Spain. This model is founded on EPCs and other open data derived from public information sources established through European directives. Additionally, we have investigated the prospect of integrating data from Digital Building Logbooks (DBL), which are emerging data repositories on buildings promoted by the EC in the forthcoming EPBD, into the UBEM to enhance the model.The study showcases significant potential in developing information on various topics, including characterising the Spanish building stock — a framework that may be extrapolated to other MS — in terms of energy performance based on location, archetype, and age. The study also focuses on estimating energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, monitoring the progress of renovations, evaluating the achieved energy savings, and identifying and characterising the least energy-efficient segments of the building stock.

Land management criteria for green building certification systems in Turkey.

The issue of energy holds significant implications for nations heavily reliant on it, such as Turkey. In recent times, legislative measures, including the Energy Efficiency Law and the Energy Performance Regulation of Buildings, have been enacted in Turkey. Despite the implementation of the Energy Performance Certificate for buildings, the absence of a national green building certification system remains conspicuous. To address this gap, an examination of globally recognized certification systems and relevant components concerning land management, pertinent to Turkey's context, was undertaken. This involved a comprehensive literature review to establish the foundation for survey inquiries. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with subject matter experts in Turkey to glean valuable insights and perspectives. Utilizing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology, the responses from these experts were collated and analyzed to delineate the criteria and sub-criteria germane to land management. This study delves into the discourse surrounding the establishment of a green building certification system within Turkey, specifically within the domain of land management, a sector of paramount importance, particularly within the purview of survey engineering. Through a structured survey, the criteria pertinent to land management were identified and subjected to rigorous analysis. Furthermore, the sub-criteria within the land management category were delineated, and their respective weights were computed, thereby providing a comprehensive framework for the envisioned green building certification system in Turkey.

Enhancing buildings' energy efficiency prediction through advanced data fusion and fuzzy classification

This study proposes a method to predict buildings' energy efficiency based on available descriptive information and without a physical visit, by merging diverse datasets and employing advanced classification techniques. By integrating geographical, structural, legal, and socio-economic data with Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) observations, our approach yields a rich learning set. Through variable selection methods like forward selection with KNN and simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation for fuzzy KNN, we refine model variables. Comparing fuzzy and hard classification using KNN, Kriging or Random Forest approaches, we find fuzzy classification more adept at capturing nuanced energy inefficiency indicators. Our study highlights the importance of mass energy efficiency prediction for sustainable renovation efforts.

Energy Performance of Buildings for Incentivisation in Energy-Efficient Structures: An Analysis of Secondary Data in Malta

High-performance green buildings mitigate the adverse environmental effects of energy consumption and carbon emissions while simultaneously demonstrating that sustainability does not mean compromising utility, productivity, or comfort. We need to address the identified gap in the evolution of energy-efficient structures facilitated in building applications to enhance energy usage without mitigating comfort. The aim of this study was to provide a review of the current methods used to assess energy efficiency in buildings in Malta through secondary data and to supplement this with qualitative data from interviews. The study investigated the importance of certification, compulsory legislation, and regulations implemented by local authorities and the European Union to incentivise energy performance measures. The findings, supplemented with qualitative data from representatives of public entities, show that most participants agreed that the current method of assessing needs requires a complete overhaul in order to promote a proactive approach to sustainable development. Recent public awareness has highlighted the limited understanding of sustainable practices implemented in buildings to capture and conserve energy. However, it is widely recognised that the building industry has significant potential for energy savings, which applies to both new constructions and existing structures, but the current level falls short of what is necessary in Malta. The study findings emphasise the primary energy users and pinpoint the obstacles in the implementation process. In conclusion, the use of software EPRDM, which may be applied to raise the importance of energy performance in building standards, lacks a value-driven focus, resulting in its full utilisation and potential being unexplored. Future applications of this study include the categorisation of old buildings for a possible bid in energy retrofit; campaigns to promote responsiveness; and the utilisation of advanced technological tools, such as DESIGNBUILDER and related software, to enable the simulation of an optimal building envelope. While increased energy efficiency may result in elevated rental and sale prices for buildings, this knowledge, when disseminated to prospective purchasers via the energy performance certificate (EPC) system, can catalyse investments in structures that are more energy efficient for the end user.

Developing a Data-Driven AI Model to Enhance Energy Efficiency in UK Residential Buildings

Residential buildings contribute 30% of the UK’s total final energy consumption. However, with less than one percent of its housing stock being replaced annually, retrofitting existing homes has significant importance in meeting energy-efficiency targets. Consequently, many physics-based and data-driven models and tools have been developed to analyse the effects of retrofit strategies from various points of view. This paper aims to develop a data-driven AI model that predicts buildings’ energy performance based on their features under various retrofit scenarios. In this context, four different machine learning models were developed based on the EPC (Energy Performance Certificate) dataset for residential buildings and standard assessment procedure (SAP) guidelines in the UK. Additionally, an interface was designed that enables users to analyse the effect of different retrofit strategies on a building’s energy performance using the developed AI models. The results of this study revealed the artificial neural network as the most accurate predictive model, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.82 and a mean percentage error of 11.9 percent. However, some conceptual irregularities were observed across all the models when dealing with different retrofit scenarios. All summary, such tools can be further improved to offer a potential alternative or support to physics-based models, enhancing the efficiency of retrofitting processes in buildings.

A Case Study of Nine Post-Hydrocarbon Ready Homes

A typical 2bed dwelling at Howgate Close, after 16months of occupation, has a daily average energy bill of 10pence/day/dwelling [1] It is proffered that Howgate Close may be the most energy efficient group of dwellings of its type, in the UK [2]. Howgate Close is a residential neighbourhood of nine single storey dwellings, operating free of fossil fuels, they are post-hydrocarbon ready. The development is located in Nottinghamshire, UK, and was completed in June 2022. All nine homes are a net annual generator of surplus renewable energy, with little to no heating demand. Six of the nine homes remain naturally heated, with no resort to the electric underfloor heating system. Exceptionally high levels of energy efficiency have been achieved with third-party verification, the As-Built SAP Rating of 143A [3] Such a rating places these homes in the top 0.01% of the 12million registered UK Energy Performance Certificate‘s (EPC) [4]. This paper provides a building Case Study that evidences performance standards making comparisons with the UK Building Regulation Compliance Standards [5] Howgate Close’s exceptional energy efficiency can be described as an aggregation of marginal gains [6] This paper is a prelude to more forensic analysis of Howgate’s in-use building performance, with the installation more advanced monitoring equipment in May 2024 for a period of two years. EWI Pro, Dr Harrall and Nottingham Trent University (NTU) are to undertake further data dissemination, providing a more forensic Howgate Case Study for ISEC 2025.