Energy In Line Research Articles

Temperature Fluctuations in Power conductors: Analysis and Overcurrent Relay Adaptation Strategies for Mitigation

In electrical networks, the efficient flow of energy faces constraints primarily associated with the conductor’s temperature. By assessing transmission infrastructure, identifying critical geographical and climatic zones, one can compute the line’s temperature. Focusing on the importance of maintaining optimal conductor temperature for efficient power transmission, this paper evaluates the critical role of conductor temperature in overhead transmission lines and explores its dynamic variations influenced by various ambient conditions. Emphasizing the significance of maintaining optimal conductor temperature, the study delves into mitigation strategies and adaptive protection mechanism, with a focus on overcurrent relays, with specific emphasis on the efficacy of current-time graphs. By addressing these factors, the research aims to enhance the reliability and efficiency of power transmission systems, ensuring sustained performance under diverse environmental scenarios. Overall, the paper contributes valuable insights to optimize the flow of energy in overhead transmission lines, thereby enhance the robustness also, improving the resilience and functionality of electrical networks.

Modeling and Analysis of Productivity and Energy in Serial Production Lines With Setups

Modeling and Analysis of Productivity and Energy in Serial Production Lines With Setups

Power quality in the circuits of traction substation

Rail transport in Poland uses direct current electric traction to power vehicles (locomotives and multiple units). It is therefore necessary to convert the AC voltage of the power system into the DC voltage of the traction system. The conversion of alternating voltage into direct voltage takes place in traction substations. Rectifier units installed at traction substations are used for this purpose. As a result, electric traction should be classified as non-linear consumers. In addition, the traction substation load changes dynamically. All this makes the electric traction a recipient generating a number of disturbances to the network. These disturbances affect the quality of electricity in the power system from which the traction substations are supplied, and the quality of energy in auxiliary and non-traction lines. The article presents the results of the analysis of measurements of electricity quality indicators recorded at selected points of the traction substation line. Parameters characterizing the quality of electricity were recorded, among others, in in the main line supplying the traction substation, non-traction needs line and auxiliary circuits. The presented article is another in a series of publications related to the assessment of the impact of DC electric traction on the power system.

Economic analysis of biogas production from pineapple waste as alternative source of energy in a pineapple processing plant, case of Del Monte Kenya Limited

<p>This paper evaluates the economic aspect of utilizing biogas from pineapple waste as a source of energy in a pineapple processing plant, case of Del Monte Kenya Limited (DMKL). Del Monte Kenya Limited, a known exporter of canned pineapple, lies on approximately 10,000 acres of pineapple plantation. The company’s processing capacity of 100,000 tons of pineapple yearly produces approximately 23,000 tons of pineapple waste per year. Currently these wastes are sold to local farmers as animal feed at $20 per ton. A study was conducted at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT) that revealed that a ton of pineapple waste has the potential to generate 7.41 m<sup>3</sup>/day of biogas. Cost comparative analysis was conducted between employing anaerobic digester to treat pineapple wastes to generate biogas for usage within the plant and selling the waste to locals for feeding the livestock. The results revealed that it is more economical to use wastes to generate biogas as an alternative source of energy in the processing lines. The net present value (<em>NPV</em>) of $1,939,019 internal rate of return (<em>IRR</em>) of 16% and payback period of 4 years was estimated. The positive value of <em>NPV</em> shows that the project is viable.</p>

Peculiarities of Transfer and Heat Losses of Electromagnetic Energy in the Two-Wire Overhead Line with Alternating Electric Conduction Current

Peculiarities of Transfer and Heat Losses of Electromagnetic Energy in the Two-Wire Overhead Line with Alternating Electric Conduction Current

ハイブリッド鉄道車両の充放電制御に向けた強化学習モデルの構築

Hybrid railway vehicles have been introduced to save energy in non-electrified lines. However, their high degree of freedom makes it difficult to establish theories that will allow the development of optimal charge and discharge control methods. Nevertheless, it is possible to achieve optimal charge and discharge control by using reinforcement learning. Therefore, in this paper, reinforcement learning models are proposed for charge and discharge control in hybrid railway vehicles.

Oncolytic Avian Reovirus σA-Modulated Upregulation of the HIF-1α/C-myc/glut1 Pathway to Produce More Energy in Different Cancer Cell Lines Benefiting Virus Replication.

Our previous reports proved that the structural protein σA of avian reovirus (ARV) is an energy activator which can regulate cellular metabolism that is essential for virus replication. This study has further demonstrated that the ARV protein σA is able to upregulate the HIF-1α/myc/glut1 pathway in three cancer cell lines (A549, B16-F10, and HeLa) to alter the metabolic pathway of host cells. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting results have revealed that σA protein could enhance both mRNA and the protein levels of HIF-1α, c-myc, and glut1 in these cancer cell lines. In this work, ATeam immunofluorescence staining was used to reveal that knockdown of HIF-1α, c-myc, and glut1 by shRNAs decreased cellular ATP levels. Our data reveal that the ARV σA protein can downregulate lactate fermentation and upregulate glutaminolysis. The σA protein upregulates glutaminase, which converts glutamate into the TCA cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate, activating the TCA cycle. In the lactate fermentation pathway, ARV σA protein suppresses lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), implying the Warburg effect does not occur in these cancer cell lines. This study provides a novel finding revealing that ARV σA protein upregulates glycolysis and glutaminolysis to produce energy using the HIF-1α/c-myc/glut1 pathway to benefit virus replication in these cancer cell lines.

The Effect of Taheri Consciousness Fields on the ATP Production in HEK-293 Cell Line by Measuring Luciferase Activity

Various T-Consciousness Fields with different functions have been introduced by Mohammad Ali Taheri. Not only has the existence of these fields been investigated in the initial phase through various experiments, but also the empirical evidence of Mohammad Ali Taheri’s theories, such as the existence of the “mind in the matter”, has been observed. This study aimed to explore the effect of Taheri Consciousness Fields (TCFs) 1, 2, and 3 in the production process of ATP or biological energy in the human cell lines. In this experiment, a human HEK 293 cell line was used in a cell culture medium at the 24th hour of growth. The luciferase enzyme, the concentration of ATP in the sample under the influence of TCFs and control was measured and evaluated. Our findings showed that TCF 1, 2, and 3 resulted respectively in a 5, 11 and 7-fold increase in the number of ATP molecules, compared to the control samples. Due to the limited fuel cell resources and the brief treatment time (one hour) with TCFs, this increase in ATP levels cannot be attributed to the normal cytosolic and mitochondrial glucose oxidation pathways. Thus, there seems to be an alternative pathway. It is possible that TCFs influenced the ionization of water molecules in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and led to more ATP production by maintaining the proton gradient. The factor that makes this possible is nothing but the existence of a type of mind in the cells. According to Taheri’s theory, transmitted information through TCFs has been received by the mind of the cells, and as a result, has led to the ionization of water molecules in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In conclusion, it seems that regardless of the biological system, under the influence of TCFs, there is an alternative way to increase ATP at the immediate time, which is associated with an increase in information and a decrease in the entropy of the system.

Features of Transmission and Thermal Losses of Electromagnetic Energy in a Two-Wire Overhead Power Line with the Alternating Electric Current of Conductivity

The results of the research related to the establishment of basic features of transmission and thermal (joule) losses of electromagnetic energy in a homogeneous two-wire overhead power line with the metallic wires of eventual sizes (by the radius of r0 and length l0 >>r0) and alternating (impulsive) electric current of conductivity of i0(t) of different peak-temporal parameters are presented. With the view of the quantum-wave nature of electric current of conductivity of i0(t), it was found that in the metallic wires of probed overhead lines there appear the standing transversal electromagnetic waves (EMWs) that cannot be transmitted at the distance of electromagnetic energy. It is demonstrated that from a weak dispersion of the quantized longitudinal electronic de Broglie semi-waves on the crystal-line lattice sites of a metal (alloy) of wires of the investigated line, the thermal losses of energy are spotted on those lattice sites. The features of the influence of the transversal EMWs in the air envi-ronment of the studied lines on the process of transmission in the overhead power lines at a distance of electro-magnetic energy are established.

Energy and Productivity Analysis in Serial Production Lines With Setups

Energy and Productivity Analysis in Serial Production Lines With Setups

Influence of power setting on superior vena cava potential during right pulmonary vein isolation.

High-power short-duration (HP-SD) ablation could reduce collateral tissue damage by shortening the conductive heating phase. However, it is difficult to evaluate the transmural effect of ablation lesions during pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) procedures. The present study aimed to evaluate the change in superior vena cava (SVC) potential delay as a surrogate marker of collateral tissue damage during right PVI, which is adjacent to SVC. Out of 250 consecutive patients who underwent PVI, 86 patients in whom SVC potential during sinus rhythm was recorded both before and after right PVI were analyzed. In 46 of the patients, an HP-SD setting of 45-50W was used (HP-SD group). In the remaining 40 patients, a conventional power setting of 20-30W was used (conventional group). We compared the change in SVC potential delay after right PVI, radiofrequency energy, and mean contact force in the anterior-superior right PVI line, which was close to the posterior aspect of SVC, between the two groups. Although the total delivered radiofrequency energy (2,924J vs. 2,604J) and the mean contact force (18.5g vs. 16.0g) in the SVC overlapping area did not differ, the change in SVC potential delay after right PVI was significantly longer in the conventional group compared to the HP-SD group (5.0ms vs. 0.0ms, p < 0.001). The changes in SVC potential delay after right PVI might be a surrogate marker of collateral tissue damage according to the used energy settings.

The Alteration of L-Carnitine Transport and Pretreatment Effect under Glutamate Cytotoxicity on Motor Neuron-Like NSC-34 Lines.

L-Carnitine (LC) is essential for transporting fatty acids to the mitochondria for β-oxidation. This study was performed to examine the alteration of the LC transport system in wild type (WT, NSC-34/hSOD1WT) and mutant type (MT, NSC-34/hSOD1G93A) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) models. The uptake of [3H]L-carnitine was dependent on time, temperature, concentration, sodium, pH, and energy in both cell lines. The Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) value as well as maximum transport velocity (Vmax) indicated that the MT cell lines showed the higher affinity and lower capacity transport system, compared to that of the WT cell lines. Additionally, LC uptake was inhibited by organic cationic compounds but unaffected by organic anions. OCTN1/slc22a4 and OCTN2/slc22a5 siRNA transfection study revealed both transporters are involved in LC transport in NSC-34 cell lines. Additionally, slc22a4 and slc22a5 was significantly decreased in mouse MT models compared with that in ALS WT littermate models in the immune-reactivity study. [3H]L-Carnitine uptake and mRNA expression pattern showed the pretreatment of LC and acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) attenuated glutamate induced neurotoxicity in NSC-34 cell lines. These findings indicate that LC and ALC supplementation can prevent the neurotoxicity and neuro-inflammation induced by glutamate in motor neurons.

Exergetic and economic optimization of a solar-based cogeneration system applicable for desalination and power production

In this research, the optimum situation for the function of a combined cycle power plant (CCPP) which simultaneously generates water and electricity with parabolic solar collectors has been scrutinized. The CCPP includes two gas cycles and one steam cycle in which a multi-stage vapor desalination and a parabolic solar collector have been added. In this stage, first, the thermodynamic cycle of the CCPP has been modeled, and values of exergy and energy in each flow line and the power plant component were determined. Finally, exergy destruction in each section is calculated. For a better assessment of the system, an economic analysis of power plant is performed by using SPECO method. The results revealed that as the number of desalination effect increased from 4 to 8 and the exergy efficiency decreased from 52.7 to 52.4%. Moreover, there was an increase in the cost of electricity generation by 12%, and the interest rate of freshwater production increased from 6 to 12 due to the increase in the number of effects. The power plant optimization results show that the exergy efficiency increases to 53.62%, which indicates a growth of 1.74%.

Feasibility of Storing Lightning Energy Being Discharged t hrough a Lightning Arrester by a Capacitor

Lightning phenomenon over the years has been subject of debate of scientists as well as that of people. For some, it is the manifestation of their deities, and, for others it is nothing but a simple display of colors along with fearsome sounds with a destructive power. We know by the work of scientists like Benjamin Franklin (18th century) that it was not what we used to think, and, has some explanations. We now, have understood how the clouds get charged, and how they, in turn, induce charges on the surface of the earth below them. The different types of strokes were also better understood along the way. With the grasp of the real phenomenon, scientists worked out its multiple threats to transmission lines, and therefore, came up with some protective devices to avoid the total catastrophe that could occur should these strokes be left without any preventive measures. Hence, many protective devices came to life with special applications; one of which the lightning arrester. The latter one helps a lot, especially nearby substations by grounding lightning induced energy. We also know that scientists have been discussing the possibility of capturing lightning energy, and, use it to compensate the deficit in energy demand from the world needs in terms of energy. We are using here a capacitor-lightning arrester combination to try and store the lightning-induced energy in transmission lines. We shall carry out this work by making use of the ability of the capacitor while subjected to a surge, and then, find out about the energy it can store by getting charged up. we shall also make use of SmartDraw software for our designs and models. The aim here is to target how we could possibly break the grounds in the mastering of the ever-lost lightning energy to ground.

Feasibility study of multiplexing method using digital signal encoding technique

Radiation imaging systems consisting of a large number of channels greatly benefit from multiplexing methods to reduce the number of channels with minimizing the system complexity and development cost. In conventional pixelated radiation detector modules, such as anger logic, is used to reduce a large number of channels that transmit signals to a data acquisition system. However, these methods have limitations of electrical noise and distortion at the detector edge. To solve these problems, a multiplexing concept using a digital signal encoding technique based on a time delay method for signals from detectors was developed in this study.The digital encoding multiplexing (DEM) method was developed based on the time-over-threshold (ToT) method to provide more information including the activation time, position, and energy in one-bit line. This is the major advantage of the DEM method as compared with the traditional ToT method providing only energy information.The energy was measured and calibrated by the ToT method. The energy resolution and coincidence time resolution were observed as 16% and 2.4 ns, respectively, with DEM. The position was successfully distributed on each channel. This study demonstrated the feasibility that DEM was useful to reduce the number of detector channels.

Design of Hybrid Energy Harvesting Self-Powered Power Supply for Transmission Line Sensor

In order to realize the self-power supply of the wireless temperature sensor at the tension clamp of the high-voltage transmission line, the environmental energy is harvested and stored, and to power the transmission line sensor nodes. A hybrid environment energy harvesting system for the transmission line is designed, which harvests the solar energy and transmission line vibration energy in the environment and harvests the solar energy and the piezoelectric ceramic through the photovoltaic panel. The output voltage of the photovoltaic cell is low under weak light. A new type of energy harvesting circuit is designed for the low output voltage of the photovoltaic cell, which can efficiently harvest the light energy in the transmission line. However, the vibration frequency of the transmission line is low, the structure of piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is designed by finite element method, the natural frequency is close to the vibration frequency of the excitation source, and the energy utilization ratio is the largest. The two energy collectors are impedance matched respectively in order to increase the energy output power of the whole system. The system is controlled with supercapacitor by energy management mode, which provides stable electric energy for load and realizes the sustainable self-power supply of wireless temperature sensor.

Supply chain performance evaluation in the presence of undesirable products: A case on power industry

One of the most serious problems in electricity supply chain management is excessive energy consumption in oil and gas fields and power plant sections and the control wasted energy or power losses in transmission and distribution lines. The resource allocation and utilization to environmental preservation of pollution gas emissions play a fundamental role in the implementation progress of energy and power plant sections and transmission and distribution lines in the power industry. In fact, the purpose of this study is to examine the effects of activity level control to flare gas reduction and environmental protection in energy and power plant sections and power losses management in an electricity supply chain. In other words, this study proposes a DEA model for evaluating electricity supply chain management to sustainability and environmental preservation in economic activity. A real case on the Iran power industry is presented to demonstrate the applicability and practicability of the proposed method. To demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach, this framework is implemented for the performance evaluation of a supply chain identified by oil and gas companies, power plants, transmissions companies, dispatching companies and final consumers in Iran. One empirical implication has obtained from the model performance. As the results show approximately, power plants have earned efficient more than 80% of the total in supply chains but oil and gas fields need to make their efforts to reduce pollution substance emissions by flare gas recovery and putting out oil fields burners. Also, the results demonstrate excessive wasted energy in the transmission and distribution lines as they need to engineer workforce to power loses abatement. Besides, this study recommends that the energy, power plant, transmission and distribution networks should be equipped with improved engineering systems and specialist workforce to economic boom increase and energy losses abatement and environment preservation from industrial pollutions.

Fano resonance in the CsPbBr3 nanocrystal/Ag nanostructure through the exciton-plasmon coupling

Fano resonance (FR) has attracted more attention recently due to its outstanding properties, such as coherent interference at the resonant energy and intense changes in the spectral lines. Here, we studied the FR effects in the CsPbBr3 nanocrystal (NC)/Ag nanostructure coupling structure. The FR effects cause asymmetric line shapes in both the reflection and transmission spectra. A sharp variation was observed in the spectral line at the exciton energy of CsPbBr3 NC. The FR in this coupling structure is attributed to the configuration interaction between the exciton state and the surface plasmon (SP) states. From the coupling theory, we suggest that it is necessary to consider multiSP states in the interaction Hamiltonian, instead of a single SP state, which will induce more interesting effects. Moreover, we demonstrate that the FR effects are sensitively dependent on the spacing in the coupling structure. The sharp variation of the spectral line shape at the resonant energy and its sensitivity on the spacing in the coupling structure make the FR effects an important candidate as the optical monitoring methods in the application of real time artificial tunable optoelectronic device at the nanoscale.

Design of Energy Refinement Management System for Agricultural Machinery Painting Based on Internet of Things

At present, because of extensive energy management methods and manual meter reading collection methods, the domestic agricultural machinery manufacturing industry has caused serious energy waste in agricultural machinery production line, which can not meet the energy management needs of modern agricultural machinery enterprises. In view of the above problems, after thorough analysis of agricultural machinery production process and its demand for energy management, this paper takes full advantage of the characteristics of low cost and comprehensive perception of the Internet of Things, puts forward an energy refinement management system of painting workshop based on the Internet of Things, and achieves energy consumption tracking of production workpieces and energy refinement management of workshop. BP neural network is used to predict energy consumption and diagnose energy saving in workshop. Finally, the test application in the demonstration project shows that the system can real-time and accurate monitor the abnormal situation of energy consumption and energy consumption in the workshop, and realize the fine management of energy in the agricultural machinery painting production line, thus saving production energy and improving enterprise efficiency.

Controlled Synthesis and Microstructural Properties of Sol-Gel TiO₂ Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Cement Composites.

Titania nanoparticles are intensely studied for photodegradation applications. Control of nanoscale morphology and microstructural properties of these materials is critical for photocatalytic performance. Uniform anatase-type TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the sol-gel process using titanium isopropoxide as precursor. Controlled annealing up to 400 °C established crystallization and particle size ranging between 20 and 30 nm. Detailed thermal examination reveals that anatase phase transformation into rutile is affected by the annealing temperature and by the initial particle size. The anatase to rutile phase transformation occurs in the nanoparticles at 550 °C. The Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) study of the anatase nanoparticles shows a shift towards higher energy in the Ka Ti line of 10 eV, related to structural defects. These features were discussed in the photocatalytic behavior of several cement-based materials modified with the so-prepared anatase nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity of the anatase-type TiO2/cement mortar system is evaluated from the degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) under UV irradiation, monitored through the absorbance at 665 nm. The results show that the photocatalytic composites exhibit up to 76.6% degradation efficiency. Mechanical testing of the nano-TiO2 modified cementitious composites evinces a moderate reinforcement of the strength properties at long ages.