Energy In Kazakhstan Research Articles

Hydrogen Storage Materials: Promising Materials for Kazakhstan’s Hydrogen Storage Industry

Hydrogen, widely recognized as an efficient and clean energy carrier, holds significant promise for transforming future energy systems. Despite advances in hydrogen production and cost reduction, challenges in hydrogen storage continue to impede its widespread adoption. Traditional storage methods, such as high-pressure tanks and liquid hydrogen, have limitations related to high energy and resource costs. Solid-state materials offer a safer and more reliable alternative for hydrogen storage under various operating conditions. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of hydrogen storage materials, focusing on metal hydrides, complex hydrides, and carbon-based materials, with particular attention to their thermodynamic, structural, and kinetic properties. Additionally, the article explores the potential application of certain materials in Kazakhstan's hydrogen market, highlighting the country's rich mineral resources and existing industrial infrastructure. By leveraging these resources, Kazakhstan can play a crucial role in advancing hydrogen storage technologies and contributing to global decarbonization efforts. The review aims to offer comprehensive insights into the current state and prospects of solid-state hydrogen storage materials, emphasizing their relevance and potential impact on Kazakhstan's energy sector.

The impact of China’s direct investment on energy industry development in Kazakhstan

The purpose of the research is to study the impact of China’s direct investment on Kazakhstan's Energy industry, it enables them to fi gure out what type of Energy sources need more investment, and the demand level on the Energy services, which require for investigating the feasibility behind investing in Energy industry in Kazakhstan. Research methodology - a regression model of the impact of China’s direct investment on Kazakhstan's Energy industry is established to study the impact of Chinese direct investment on Kazakhstan's Energy industry from four variables: net foreign direct investment in Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan's GDP, China's direct investment in Kazakhstan, and China's direct investment in Kazakhstan's Energy industry. Original / value of the research – China's direct investment in Kazakhstan's Energy industry, compared with other factors, can have a more important impact on Kazakhstan's Energy industry, so Kazakhstan can through cooperation with foreign capital, especially China’s capital, the establishment of joint ventures, to improve the current situation in Kazakhstan's Energy industry bad development. Findings. The results show that the impact of net FDI in Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan's GDP, China's direct investment in Kazakhstan, and China's direct investment in Kazakhstan's Energy industry on Kazakhstan's Energy development is signifi cant and positively related.

The analysis of electricity consumption in Kazakhstan

The energy sector is a fundamental element of the economic structure of any state, determining its sustainability, competitiveness and ability to innovate. In this context, Kazakhstan, which has significant reserves of hydrocarbons, energy sources and renewable properties, finds itself at the crossroads of solving issues of energy policy, innovation and sustainable development. The electricity sector is a priority resource necessary to maintain the economic security of the country. This is relevant due to the rapid growth of industrial production and demography in order to maintain increasing demand and increase electricity generation in the country. The purpose of this scientific work is focused on the economic analysis of electricity generation and consumption, as well as the identification of shortcomings and the proposal of recommendations to ensure the sustainable development of the energy sector in Kazakhstan. Using the scientific method of analysis, the study aims to identify trends that determine the level of electricity consumption in the country, as well as to offer recommendations for the sustainable and effective development of this industry. The article is a valuable contribution to strengthening and modernizing the energy system of the country. The results of the research are: the current state of Kazakhstani energy sector is revealed against the background of anti-Russian sanctions, increased energy prices and global uncertainty; a comparative analysis of electricity production is carried out; an economic assessment of primary and final energy consumption from 2015 to 2023 was carried out; the reasons for changes in electricity generation and consumption from the perspective of industrial and consumer demand growth were substantiated; shortcomings were revealed and proposals were made to improve the development and consumption of electricity in the republic. The results obtained have significant potential to initiate certain transformations in the energy sector of Kazakhstan. The article is a scientific work contributing to the development of theory and practice in the field of energy in Kazakhstan. This research contributes to the further development of energy consumption and improvement of the country's energy infrastructure, ensuring its sustainability and competitiveness in the long term.

“Green” economy as a new type of development: situation and future of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article analyzes the features of the development of the “green” economy in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's energy sector needs deep modernization to meet growing energy needs and solve environmental problems, as the progress is hampered by outdated technologies. The capabilities of wind energy and traditional energy sources were compared. The authors have argued that the key factor in using “green” business in Kazakhstan is the need to reduce the negative impact of energy on the environment. This study confirms that renewable energy sources are a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels. Currently, the specific capital investments required for the construction of renewable energy facilities are equivalent to those required for traditional energy. However, there is a noticeable trend of increasing financial costs for equipment for traditional energy and decreasing for alternative energy. It is clear, that the sustainable development requires government support. Including renewable energy sources in a competitive energy market has a great value and importance. From an economic point of view, alternative energy sources are currently more cost-effective than traditional ones. From an environmental perspective, the competitiveness of renewable energy sources is affected by increasing pollution and waste disposal costs associated with nuclear power. Furthermore, from a political point of view, a country's energy potential directly affects its economic potential, so the development of alternative energy strengthens both political independence and national security.

О ПОТЕНЦИАЛЕ РАЗВИТИЯ ВИЭ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН

Recently, the issue of sustainable economic development is tightly connected with the theme of “green transition” and reducing the carbon footprint. Kazakhstan, as one of the key states of Central Asia, has also not abandoned the idea of decarbonization and the transition to renewable energy sources. The potential of renewable energy in Kazakhstan is significant compared to the global level. Nevertheless, its full implementation contradicts economic expediency and, taking into account the requirements of energy security, is not the most effective solution to achieve the goals of carbon neutrality of the Republic.

Knowledge of Energy Resources and Next Generation Energy Choice Behaviour: A Case Study of Kazakhstan

Renewable energy (RE) is key to averting the climate crisis, and public support is central to its successful implementation. In this study, we examined the impact that knowledge of energy policy and energy issues has on public support for different energy types. This was achieved through the use of an online survey of residents of Kazakhstan. As a resource-rich developing country with a history of nuclear testing, Kazakhstan provides an interesting case study. In this paper, we statistically analyze the effect of individual knowledge of energy policy on the choice behavior for next-generation energy, including RE, in Kazakhstan. First, those who support fossil fuel power generation knew that Kazakhstan has abundant natural gas reserves, and those who support wind and solar power generation were aware that Kazakhstan has huge potential for such forms of power generation. It was clear that knowledge of the positive and negative aspects of fossil fuel, nuclear, wind and solar power generation had an impact on the preferences of the respondents. Second, the reasons given for supporting RE included: unlike fossil fuels, there was no danger of them being exhausted; the rise in adoption of RE technology globally; reduction in carbon dioxide emissions; and, addressing climate change. Third, although many women were aware of the advantages and disadvantages of RE, there were high levels of both support and opposition. Respondents with lower income and lower educational attainment tended to oppose RE. People living in East Kazakhstan, the site of nuclear tests, tended to support RE, but due to the high rates of subsidy to the price of electricity, many people preferred the status quo. Finally, preference for next-generation energy in Kazakhstan was associated with higher awareness of the need to protect the global environment.

Realizing the benefits of a hydrogen industry in Kazakhstan

The prospects of hydrogen energy in Kazakhstan are mainly seen from an export-oriented perspective. There has been limited progress toward developing hydrogen-end use in Kazakhstan. This work presents a long-term vision on hydrogen end-use in the industry, transport and power sectors of Kazakhstan. The vision is fully aligned with the recently released Carbon-Neutrality Strategy of Kazakhstan and considers the experience of several countries which have developed a hydrogen strategy. Owing to the existing use of hydrogen in the chemical sector and refineries, these two were categorized as near-term end-use areas. The steel sector, heavy-duty transport (buses, trucks and railway) and hydrogen-fueled gas turbines are identified as mid-term end-use areas, as these options have fully matured to commercial use. Industrial heating, ships, aviation, power backup power and energy storage systems are long-term options. Developing hydrogen end-use requires dealing with technologies that have just entered the market and development stage technologies that are yet to reach commercial use. Both types rely on Kazakhstan's R&D and innovation capacity to make their economy cost-competitive. The analysis of R&D support in the country revealed systematic underfunding over the years compared with countries that have higher R&D capacity. The work also presents general approaches to hydrogen R&D in Kazakhstan for industry and academia, which are the main drivers of innovation.

Public Trust and Energy in Kazakhstan: Assessment of the Role of State Agencies

Public Trust and Energy in Kazakhstan: Assessment of the Role of State Agencies

Хищные птицы и ветроэнергетика в Казахстане: какие перспективы для орлов?

Хищные птицы и ветроэнергетика в Казахстане: какие перспективы для орлов?

«ЭкологическаяустойчивостьиперспективыводороднойэнергетикивКазахстане:глобальныйопытитенденции»

The article analyzes the development potential of hydrogen energy in Kazakhstan. Theapproach of considering international experience and determining the role of Kazakhstan in the globalhydrogenmarketischosen.Atthesametime,themainglobaldevelopmentincentivesareconsidered,suchasenvironmentalpolicyandtheprojectedgrowthindemandforenvironmentallyfriendlyhydrogen.Beingthesmallestelementofthechemicaltable,hydrogenrequiresaspecialtechnicalandregulatoryframeworkforproduction,storage,transportationandapplication,whichareinsufficientinKazakhstantoday.Onthe other hand, the existing oil and gas infrastructure and significant potential for the development ofrenewableenergysourcesinthecountryareasignificantadvantageforstartingwork.Inthecontextof growing global demand for green hydrogen, Kazakhstan not only has the possibility of large-scaleproduction for export, but also needs an environmentally friendly product to reduce carbon emissions intheenergysectorandnarrowlyfocusedindustry.Atthesametime,giventheincreasedlikelihoodofwaterscarcity and a number of serious technical limitations in working with hydrogen, the development of anewsectoroftheeconomywillrequireaphasedstrategicapproach

Казахстан и Узбекистан на мировом рынке ядерного топлива

Low-emission nuclear power industry is called upon to play an important role in the development of the global energy industry and contribute to the solution of the problem of decarbonization of economic growth. For countries betting on the development of nuclear energy, a critical issue is the sustainability of nuclear fuel supplies in the medium and long term. The countries of Central Asia, primarily Kazakhstan and, to a lesser extent, Uzbekistan, have significant resource of natural uranium and are geographically close to large consumers of nuclear fuel in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Both countries plan to reach carbon neutrality: Kazakhstan – by 2060, Uzbekistan – by 2050, which may be achieved through the construction of nuclear power plants. The article considers the strategy for the development of the uranium complex in both countries, the core of which is the wide access of foreign investors to the development of uranium reserves in exchange for access to export markets and modern technologies. The achievements of Kazakhstan in increasing uranium production, the barriers to the development of the national state company Kazatomprom upward the technological chain, the prospects for nuclear energy in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are analyzed. It is concluded that the current energy crisis enhances the global interest to the development of nuclear generation, but also emphasizes the importance of an adequate assessment of the availability of uranium reserves and the prospects for diversifying its supplies to the world market.

Software prototype development for non-centralized objects of wind flow amplification

This research is devoted to the development of software to increase the efficiency of autonomous wind-generating substations using panel structures, which will allow the use of wind energy to generate electricity with minimal losses and for the life support of buildings and structures. In the course of the work, a software and hardware system with a functional diagram for experimental measurements was developed. The paper also describes the process of modeling wind generation, collecting and transmitting real-time data to a web server via the HTTPS protocol. Due to the intensive development of wind energy in Kazakhstan, there is a need to apply methods to improve the energy generation process. In particular, the use of hardware and software to monitor and make decisions on optimizing the power generation process will help solve the problem of limited economic and labor resources. The results of the experiments revealed that the automatic control of the shield structures allows specialists to increase the effectiveness of the energy generation process by 25 % and, thus, a non-linear relationship between the power of the generated energy, the speed and direction of wind has been revealed. It should also be noted that the results obtained in the course of this research make it possible to solve the problem of saving electricity in the cities of Kazakhstan, since so far there are only large-scale wind farms, which is not always available in simple urban conditions. Moreover, the software developed during the study will allow autonomous control and analysis of the behavior of the wind farm, taking into account various weather conditions. In the future, the methods of data analysis will be applied to the data obtained via the process of modeling. A script for receiving and transmitting real-time data with wind speed and direction sensors has been developed

A Review of the Energy Potential of Residual Biomass for Coincineration in Kazakhstan

Although it has access to hydrocarbon reserves, Kazakhstan has developed a strategy for the transition to a low-carbon economy, which should include the use of renewable energy sources. In this framework, the use of biomass from waste could have the potential to reduce emissions from traditionally fueled energy generation, as well as adding value to the generated waste, which also improves waste management according to the principles of a circular economy. The analysis of the resources and energy potential from residual biomass in Kazakhstan presents an annual production of 37.26 × 106 tons of residual biomass, which could be capable of producing an energy potential of 466.74 PJ/year, little more than half to the total production from all the installed power plants in the country. Agricultural, animal and municipal solid waste are available to produce energy in Kazakhstan based on combustion technologies; however, animal waste and agricultural are the main potential sources with 61.02% and 38.34% of the theoretical total biomass potential energy analyses, respectively. Considering that 80% of Kazakhstan’s electricity generation comes from coal-fired plants, energy from agriculture could be co-fired for the gradual replacement of coal with biomass in operational power plants, without substantially increasing costs or infrastructure investments, thereby making the transition to a low-carbon economy and renewable energy sources in the country easier.

Computational modeling of pollutants in furnaces of pulverized coal boilers of the republic of Kazakhstan

Ecological situation in the world has forced to close coal plants. And renewable energy sources, which are characterized by volatility, mayn't be enough to provide countries with energy, so transition to “green energy” will be difficult. Kazakhstan's energy industry will gradually switch from coal to gas so that emissions correspond to European standards, but coal will remain the main fuel for the time being due to its cheapness. In this regard power units of energy plants require creating and mastering of new environmentally friendly coal technologies to reduce the negative impact on the environment.Pollutants formation depends on fuel type and conditions of burning. Thus a detailed study of the heat-mass transfer processes in combustion system is relevant. In proposed work, computational modelling of pollutants formation during burning of low-grade coal (A∼40%) was carried out. Proposed work is aimed at defining of the new physical, mathematical and chemical models, which were adapted and implemented into the CFD code. The results of the study showed a good correspondence of the numerical experiment with natural data. The proposed model can be useful in any energy systems running on low-grade fuel to obtain relevant data that contribute to the control of environmental pollution.

Most relevant factors and trends in energy cooperation between Kazakhstan and China, focused on renewable energy sources (RES)

This paper analyses the good political and legal environments, mutually beneficial strategic policy, along with level of economic development and growth, superior geographical conditions and cultural integration degree of the important effecting factors of the energy cooperation between Kazakhstan and China. By using the main points listed above this article refers to related trade and investment theories, and it’s divided into two aspects: Kazakhstan's export of Chinese energy products with time series data 1998-2014 and China's investment in Kazakhstan's energy sector with time series data 1998-2016 to construct the vector autoregressive model (VAR).We selected relevant variables and data to construct an econometric model from the perspectives of trade and investment to make an empirical analysis on the influencing factors of energy cooperation between Kazakhstan and China. Our results show that China's demand for large-scale market and for opening to the outside world as well as Kazakhstan’s great energy potential are the most important factors their cooperation. It can be stated that in our days Kazakh legislation is suitable for promoting the Chinese energy investments, but in the long run it would be beneficial to mobilize national capital especially in RES investments and research. In the end, we found the most important reserves in competitiveness of electricity and heat (both from fossil and renewable energy sources) are power grid consolidation and waste heat utilization in the short run. JEL CODE: F14; Q43

Financing environmental clean and renewable energy sources for sustainable development

One of the most dynamically developing sectors of the electric power industry is the production of electricity using renewable energy sources. An investor who intends to implement an investment project in the field of renewable energy will certainly be interested to know what benefits he has the right to believe in. The article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of investment activity in the field of renewable energy, analyzes the methods used for innovative financing of existing projects. Scientifically grounded proposals have been developed for the introduction and use of foreign experience of financing in the Republic of Kazakhstan. One of the leading areas of renewable energy is the construction of "green" bonds. The analysis of the state of renewable energy in Kazakhstan is carried out, the current problems and ways of their solution are identified, and the potential for its development is determined. On the example of developing countries, a number of measures are considered aimed at creating a favorable environment for the development of alternative energy sources, as well as attracting investments in renewable energy resources. The state strategy aimed at the development of renewable and other energy resources is considered.

ASSESSMENT OF THE PROSPECT FOR THE USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE WORLD AND KAZAKHSTAN

The world energy industry today is at a new stage of development, which is characterized by the strengthening of integration processes, the development of new
 technologies in the field of extraction and production of energy resources. The energy sector of Kazakhstan was designed with the understanding that it was part of the energy sector of the Soviet Union. Today Kazakhstan follows international development trends in the field of energy. To make a reliable forecast of the Kazakhstani energy sector, it is necessary to look at the global processes in the development of the world energy industry. There are several organizations that have this information. These are the International Energy Agency (IEA), the UN, the World Bank, large-scale international companies, etc. In forecasting energy consumption in Kazakhstan, as part of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), it is important to look at the forecasts for the EAEU member countries. This article provides basic information on forecasting the growth of electricity consumption in the world and in Kazakhstan, based on various sources. It also provides a comparative analysis of the use of various sources of electrical energy. A detailed analysis of the energy sector of Kazakhstan and the prospects for the use of renewable energy in Kazakhstan are considered.

Kazakhstan: Assessment of Renewable Energy Support and a Green Economy

The growth of renewable energy sources (RES) shows the desire of the government of Kazakhstan to meet challenges that affect the welfare and development of the state. National targets, government programs, policies influence renewable energy strategies. In the future, renewable energy technologies will act as sources of a green economy and sustainable economic growth. The state policy in the field of energy in Kazakhstan is aimed at improving the conditions for the development and support of renewable energy sources, amendments are being made to provide for the holding of auctions for new RES projects, which replaces the previously existing system of fixed tariffs. It is expected that the costs of traditional power plants for the purchase of renewable energy will skyrocket, provided that the goals in the field of renewable generation are achieved. This article provides an assessment of international experience in supporting renewable energy sources, as well as analyzes the current situation in the development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan and the impact on sustainable development and popularization of the «green» economy. The study shows that by supporting the development of renewable energy sources, economic growth is possible, which is achieved in an environmentally sustainable way.

A METHOD FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF A WIND TURBINE

The article discusses the possibilities of improving the energy efficiency of wind turbines. A brief analysis of the current state of development of alternative energy, in particular wind energy in Kazakhstan, is considered. It is shown that an increase in the power of a wind - power plant is possible due to the use of a system of simultaneously rotating rotors. A brief description of the Bidarier-2 wind turbine construction, which can significantly increase the power removed from the wind flow, is given. The possibility of further increasing the efficiency of the Bidarrieus-2 wind turbine by means of a concentrator is discussed. The unique method for the speed controlling of the wind flow with the help of sliding flaps of the guide concentrator in order to improve the performance of the wind turbine at high wind speed is proposed first time.

Renewable energy in Kazakhstan: Challenges to policy and governance

In light of sluggish progress in developing renewable energy generation in Kazakhstan, this paper aims to investigate the perceptions and opinions of actors in the field regarding policy design and effectiveness of governance for renewables. Known for its vast natural resources including oil, gas, and coal, Kazakhstan has been using fossil fuels as a principal driver of its economy since 1991, when it gained the status of an independent nation. While policy on renewables and governance has been institutionalised since 2006, progress has been slow. Based on the data from in-depth interviews, the study identified that actors viewed policy design as a preliminary, although necessary, stage, subject to adjustments. The investors were concerned with multiple gaps and inconsistencies in the governance structure, and many walked away. The paper concludes that the use of active power of central government appeared insufficient for delivering results in policy design and governance. Making changes to its policy and governance, the government also needs to use its agenda-setting and preference-shaping power to ensure the engagement of investors, interest groups, local communities, and consumers for increasing renewable energy generation.